{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:47:39Z","timestamp":1792032459764,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the effects of exendin-4 on orthodontic tooth movement distance, root resorption, and expression levels of osteoclast-related cytokines in a mouse model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n A 10-g NiTi coil spring was placed between the anterior alveolar bone and upper left first molar of 8-week-old male C57BL\/6 mice. Twenty microliters of exendin-4 solution (containing 0.2 \u03bcg, 4 \u03bcg, or 20 \u03bcg exendin-4) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were injected on the buccal side of the upper left first molar at 2-day intervals (4 mice per group). Mice were sacrificed on day 12; silicone impressions were taken to record tooth movement distance. The left maxillae of the PBS and 20 \u03bcg exendin-4 groups were also excised for histological analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Orthodontic tooth movement distance was smaller in the 20 \u03bcg exendin-4 group than in the PBS group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01). Compared with the PBS group, the 20 \u03bcg exendin-4 group showed lower osteoclast number (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05), odontoclast number (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05), and root resorption surface percentage (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). Relative to maxillae with PBS injections, maxillae with 20 \u03bcg exendin-4 injections had lower receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) mRNA expression (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05), TNF-\u03b1 mRNA expression (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05), and RANKL\/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01). There were no differences in the expression of OPG mRNA.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Exendin-4 inhibits orthodontic tooth movement. Therefore, additional attention is needed for orthodontic patients who receive exendin-4 for diabetes treatment. GLP-1 receptor may be a treatment target for patients with severe root resorption.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/021320-103.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T16:30:58Z","timestamp":1600101058000},"page":"111-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Local administration of high-dose diabetes medicine exendin-4 inhibits orthodontic tooth movement in mice"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Wei-Ren","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Kitaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saika","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumitoshi","family":"Ohori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Noguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aseel","family":"Marahleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Nara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramusita","family":"Adya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itaru","family":"Mizoguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-91-1-111-b01","series-title":"Eur 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