{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T03:15:30Z","timestamp":1791774930288,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the prevalence and severity of vestibular gingival recession of mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatment and to evaluate possible contributing factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From the record pool of patients who completed orthodontic treatment from 1999\u20132006 at the Department of Orthodontics, University of Oslo, Norway, 588 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Intraoral color slides were used for the evaluation of gingival recessions (based on Miller classification), presence of visible plaque, and gingival inflammation. Cephalometric radiographs were used to assess the sagittal intermaxillary relation, mandibular and intermaxillary angles, and the position of the lower incisors. A control group was drawn from the same pool of 588 patients. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of gingival recessions after orthodontic treatment was 10.3%. Most (8.6%) were classified as Miller Class I, and 1.7% were classified as Miller Class II. Gingival recession was predominantly found on central incisors. Reduction of the sagittal intermaxillary angle and retroclination of the lower incisors was correlated with the development of a more severe gingival recession.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study indicates that vestibular gingival recession of mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatment is of minor prevalence and severity. The presence of gingival recession or retroclination of the incisors with mesial basal relations increases the risk of more severe gingival recession.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/021411-108.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,7]],"date-time":"2011-07-07T16:00:20Z","timestamp":1310054420000},"page":"42-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Prevalence and severity of vestibular recession in mandibular incisors after orthodontic treatment"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Gisela","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist in Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Kjellsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist in Periodontics, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Preus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaska","family":"Vandevska-Radunovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn Frode","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b01","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"46","article-title":"Mucogingival considerations in orthodontic treatment.","volume":"2","author":"Wennstr\u00f6m, J. L.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wennstr\u00f6m, J. L.\n          \n          Mucogingival considerations in orthodontic treatment.\n          Semin Orthod\n          1996. 2:46\u201354."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b02","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"30","article-title":"Gingival recession, gingival bleeding and dental calculus in adults 30\u00a0years of age and older in the United States, 1988\u20131994.","volume":"70","author":"Albandar, J. M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Albandar, J. M. and A.Kingman. Gingival recession, gingival bleeding and dental calculus in adults 30\u00a0years of age and older in the United States, 1988\u20131994.J Periodontol1999. 70:30\u201343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b03","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"316","article-title":"Prevalence and etiology of gingival recession.","volume":"38","author":"Gorman, W. J.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gorman, W. J.\n          \n          Prevalence and etiology of gingival recession.\n          J Periodontol\n          1967. 38:316\u2013322."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b04","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"413","article-title":"The effects of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health: a systematic review of controlled evidence.","volume":"139","author":"Bollen, A. M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bollen, A. M., J.Cunha-Cruz, D. W.Bakko, G. J.Huang, and P.Hujoel. The effects of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health: a systematic review of controlled evidence.J Am Dent Assoc2008. 139:413\u2013422."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b05","series-title":"Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. 5th ed","first-page":"955","article-title":"Mucogingival therapy\u2014periodontal plastic surgery.","author":"Wennstr\u00f8m, J. L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wennstr\u00f8m, J. L., G.Zucchelli, and G. P. P.Prato. Mucogingival therapy\u2014periodontal plastic surgery.InLindhe, J., N. P.Lang, and T.Karrinng. eds.Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. 5th ed. Oxford, UKBlackwell Munksgaard. 2008. 955\u20131028."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"652","article-title":"Gingival recession in young adults: occurrence, severity, and relationship to past orthodontic treatment and oral piercing.","volume":"134","author":"Slutzkey, S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Slutzkey, S. and L.Levin. Gingival recession in young adults: occurrence, severity, and relationship to past orthodontic treatment and oral piercing.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2008. 134:652\u2013656."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b07","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"2087","article-title":"The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health.","volume":"79","author":"Levin, L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levin, L., G. R.Samorodnitzky-Naveh, and E. E.Machtei. The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health.J Periodontol2008. 79:2087\u20132092."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"51","article-title":"Long-term periodontal status after orthodontic treatment.","volume":"93","author":"Polson, A. M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Polson, A. M., J. D.Subtelny, S. W.Meitner, A. P.Polson, E. W.Sommers, H. P.Iker, and B. E.Reed. Long-term periodontal status after orthodontic treatment.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1988. 93:51\u201358."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"225","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination: a study in adults with surgically mandibular prognathism.","volume":"91","author":"\u00c5rtun, J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"\u00c5rtun, J. and O.Krogstad. Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination: a study in adults with surgically mandibular prognathism.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1987. 91:225\u2013232."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"6.e1","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults.","volume":"130","author":"Yared, K. F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yared, K. F., E. G.Zenobio, and W.Pacheco. Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2006. 130:6.e1\u20136.e8."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"100","article-title":"Does orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents cause gingival recession?","volume":"114","author":"Ruf, S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ruf, S., K.Hansen, and H.Pancherz. 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Factors of importance for the development of dehiscences during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2005. 127:552\u2013561."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b14","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"229","article-title":"The association between spontaneous reversal of gingival recession in mandibular incisors and dentofacial changes in children: a 3-year longitudinal study.","volume":"16","author":"Andlin-Sobocki, A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Andlin-Sobocki, A. and M.Persson. The association between spontaneous reversal of gingival recession in mandibular incisors and dentofacial changes in children: a 3-year longitudinal study.Eur J Orthod1994. 16:229\u2013239."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b15","series-title":"Int J Periodont Restorative Dent","first-page":"8","article-title":"A classification of marginal tissue recession.","volume":"5","author":"Miller, P. 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The natural history of periodontal disease in man: prevalence, severity, and extent of gingival recession.J Periodontol1992. 63:489\u2013495."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b18","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"220","article-title":"The etiology and prevalence of gingival recession.","volume":"134","author":"Kassab, M. M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kassab, M. M. and R. E.Cohen. The etiology and prevalence of gingival recession.J Am Dent Assoc2003. 134:220\u2013225."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"277","article-title":"Longitudinal study of periodontal condition associated with orthodontic treatment in adolescents.","volume":"76","author":"Alstad, S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Alstad, S. and B.Zachrisson. 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L.\n          \n          Mucogingival considerations in orthodontic treatment.\n          Semin Orthod\n          1996. 2:46\u201354."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b02","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"30","article-title":"Gingival recession, gingival bleeding and dental calculus in adults 30\u00a0years of age and older in the United States, 1988\u20131994.","volume":"70","author":"Albandar, J. M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Albandar, J. M. and A.Kingman. Gingival recession, gingival bleeding and dental calculus in adults 30\u00a0years of age and older in the United States, 1988\u20131994.J Periodontol1999. 70:30\u201343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b03","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"316","article-title":"Prevalence and etiology of gingival recession.","volume":"38","author":"Gorman, W. J.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gorman, W. 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Mucogingival therapy\u2014periodontal plastic surgery.InLindhe, J., N. P.Lang, and T.Karrinng. eds.Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. 5th ed. Oxford, UKBlackwell Munksgaard. 2008. 955\u20131028."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"652","article-title":"Gingival recession in young adults: occurrence, severity, and relationship to past orthodontic treatment and oral piercing.","volume":"134","author":"Slutzkey, S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Slutzkey, S. and L.Levin. Gingival recession in young adults: occurrence, severity, and relationship to past orthodontic treatment and oral piercing.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2008. 134:652\u2013656."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b07","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"2087","article-title":"The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health.","volume":"79","author":"Levin, L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levin, L., G. 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The natural history of periodontal disease in man: prevalence, severity, and extent of gingival recession.J Periodontol1992. 63:489\u2013495."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b18","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"220","article-title":"The etiology and prevalence of gingival recession.","volume":"134","author":"Kassab, M. M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kassab, M. M. and R. E.Cohen. The etiology and prevalence of gingival recession.J Am Dent Assoc2003. 134:220\u2013225."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"277","article-title":"Longitudinal study of periodontal condition associated with orthodontic treatment in adolescents.","volume":"76","author":"Alstad, S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Alstad, S. and B.Zachrisson. Longitudinal study of periodontal condition associated with orthodontic treatment in adolescents.Am J Orthod1979. 76:277\u2013286."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"343","article-title":"Does labial movement of lower incisors influence the level of the gingival margin? A case-control study of adult orthodontic patients.","volume":"25","author":"Allais, D.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allais, D. and B.Melsen. Does labial movement of lower incisors influence the level of the gingival margin? A case-control study of adult orthodontic patients.Eur J Orthod2003. 25:343\u2013352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-42-b21","series-title":"J Dent Child","first-page":"257","article-title":"A clinical evaluation of localized gingival recession in children.","volume":"31","author":"Parfitt, G. J.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Parfitt, G. J. and I. A.Mjor. 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