{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:33:37Z","timestamp":1789540417553,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To test the hypothesis that periodontal changes are similar between proclined and minimal-changed mandibular incisor position groups during presurgical orthodontic treatment for Class III orthognathic surgery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n The following measurements were performed before and after presurgical orthodontic treatment of 75 patients (proclination group, 39 subjects; minimal-change group, 36 subjects): clinical crown length, sulcus and bone probing depths, and width of attached gingiva from clinical examination; infradentale-to-MP (perpendicular distance of infradentale to mandibular plane) from examination of lateral cephalograms; and the distance between the cementoenamel junction and alveolar crest from examination of periapical radiographs. Data were compared between the two groups, and a regression analysis was performed to investigate factors affecting the periodontal changes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n In both groups, clinical crown length and bone probing depth increased during presurgical orthodontics (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). Infradentale-to-MP and the width of attached gingiva decreased more in the proclination group than in the minimal-change group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). Proclination and protrusion of the mandibular incisors, and treatment duration affected the periodontal changes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n The null hypothesis was rejected. Proclination of the mandibular incisors for decompensation in Class III surgery patients seems to result in labial alveolar bone recession and a decrease in width of attached gingiva. However, the amount of the periodontal recession appeared to be clinically insignificant.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/021414-110.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]],"date-time":"2014-08-04T11:36:38Z","timestamp":1407152198000},"page":"427-433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Periodontal consequences of mandibular incisor proclination during presurgical orthodontic treatment in Class III malocclusion patients"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Yoon Jeong","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, College of Dentistry, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chooryung J.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, College of Dentistry, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, College of Dentistry, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"314","article-title":"Changes of the marginal periodontium as a result of labial tooth movement in monkeys","volume":"52","author":"Steiner\n GG,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Steiner\n GG, \n \n Pearson\n JK, \n \n Ainamo\n J. \n \n Changes of the marginal periodontium as a result of labial tooth movement in monkeys. J Periodontol. 1981;52:314\u2013320."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"660","article-title":"Tissue changes resulting from facial tipping and extrusion of incisors in monkeys","volume":"45","author":"Batenhorst\n KF,","year":"1974","unstructured":"Batenhorst\n KF, \n \n Bowers\n GM, \n \n Williams\n JE\n Jr. \n \n Tissue changes resulting from facial tipping and extrusion of incisors in monkeys. J Periodontol. 1974;45:660\u2013668."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"307","article-title":"The width of keratinized gingiva during orthodontic treatment: its significance and impact on periodontal status","volume":"52","author":"Coatoam\n GW,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Coatoam\n GW, \n \n Behrents\n RG, \n \n Bissada\n NF. \n \n The width of keratinized gingiva during orthodontic treatment: its significance and impact on periodontal status. J Periodontol. 1981;52:307\u2013313."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"343","article-title":"Does labial movement of lower incisors influence the level of the gingival margin? A case-control study of adult orthodontic patients","volume":"25","author":"Allais\n D,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allais\n D, \n \n Melsen\n B. \n \n Does labial movement of lower incisors influence the level of the gingival margin? A case-control study of adult orthodontic patients. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:343\u2013352."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"238","article-title":"Correlation between mandibular central incisor proclination and gingival recession during fixed appliance therapy","volume":"72","author":"Djeu\n G,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Djeu\n G, \n \n Hayes\n C, \n \n Zawaideh\n S. \n \n Correlation between mandibular central incisor proclination and gingival recession during fixed appliance therapy. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:238\u2013245."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"100","article-title":"Does orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents cause gingival recession?","volume":"114","author":"Ruf\n S,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ruf\n S, \n \n Hansen\n K, \n \n Pancherz\n H. \n \n Does orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents cause gingival recession?\n Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:100\u2013106."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults","volume":"130","author":"Yared\n KF,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yared\n KF, \n \n Zenobio\n EG, \n \n Pacheco\n W. \n \n Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:6e1\u2013e8."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"225","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination. A study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism","volume":"91","author":"Artun\n J,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Artun\n J, \n \n Krogstad\n O. \n \n Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination. A study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:225\u2013232."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"Comparison of mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness in different facial skeletal types","volume":"40","author":"Kim\n YS,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim\n YS, \n \n Cha\n JY, \n \n Yu\n HS, \n \n Hwang\n CJ, \n \n Comparison of mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness in different facial skeletal types. Korean J Orthod. 2010;40:314\u2013324."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"533","article-title":"Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity","volume":"21","author":"Loe\n H,","year":"1963","unstructured":"Loe\n H, \n \n Silness\n J. \n \n Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533\u2013551."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"514","article-title":"Transgingival probing as a potential estimator of alveolar bone level","volume":"47","author":"Greenberg\n J,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Greenberg\n J, \n \n Laster\n L, \n \n Listgarten\n MA. \n \n Transgingival probing as a potential estimator of alveolar bone level. 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Angle Orthod. 1996;66:95\u2013109; discussion 109\u2013110."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"38","article-title":"Morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region in adult skeletal Class III crossbite and openbite malocclusions","volume":"78","author":"Chung\n CJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chung\n CJ, \n \n Jung\n S, \n \n Baik\n HS. \n \n Morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region in adult skeletal Class III crossbite and openbite malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:38\u201343."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Clinical Interrelation of Orthodontics and Periodontics","author":"Zachrisson\n BU.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Zachrisson\n BU. \n \n Clinical Interrelation of Orthodontics and Periodontics. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:432.e431\u2013e436; discussion 432\u2013433."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"26","article-title":"Gingival condition associated with orthodontic treatment","volume":"42","author":"Zachrisson\n S,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Zachrisson\n S, \n \n Zachrisson\n BU. \n \n Gingival condition associated with orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1972;42:26\u201334."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"676","article-title":"Alveolar bone loss around incisors in surgical skeletal Class III patients","volume":"79","author":"Kim\n Y,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim\n Y, \n \n Park\n JU, \n \n Kook\n YA. \n \n Alveolar bone loss around incisors in surgical skeletal Class III patients. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:676\u2013682."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Gingival recessions and the change of inclination of mandibular incisors during orthodontic treatment","volume":"35","author":"Renkema\n AM,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Renkema\n AM, \n \n Fudalej\n PS, \n \n Renkema\n A, \n \n Bronkhorst\n E, \n \n Katsaros\n C. \n \n Gingival recessions and the change of inclination of mandibular incisors during orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:249\u2013255."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"623","article-title":"The relationship between the width of keratinized gingiva and gingival health","volume":"43","author":"Lang\n NP,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lang\n NP, \n \n Loe\n H. \n \n The relationship between the width of keratinized gingiva and gingival health. J Periodontol. 1972;43:623\u2013627."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"727","article-title":"Effects of mandibular orthognathic treatment on mucogingival tissues","volume":"56","author":"Foushee\n DG,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Foushee\n DG, \n \n Moriarty\n JD, \n \n Simpson\n DM. \n \n Effects of mandibular orthognathic treatment on mucogingival tissues. J Periodontol. 1985;56:727\u2013733."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"552","article-title":"Factors of importance for the development of dehiscences during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients","volume":"127","author":"Melsen\n B,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Melsen\n B, \n \n Allais\n D. \n \n Factors of importance for the development of dehiscences during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:552\u2013561; quiz 625."},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Dtsch Zahnarztl Z","first-page":"136","article-title":"The significance of the width and thickness of the gingiva in orthodontic treatment","volume":"45","author":"Wennstr\u00f6m\n JL.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wennstr\u00f6m\n JL. \n \n The significance of the width and thickness of the gingiva in orthodontic treatment. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z. 1990;45:136\u2013141."},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Implant Dent","first-page":"406","article-title":"Labial bone thickness in area of anterior maxillary implants associated with crestal labial soft tissue thickness","volume":"21","author":"Le\n BT,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Le\n BT, \n \n Borzabadi-Farahani\n A. \n \n Labial bone thickness in area of anterior maxillary implants associated with crestal labial soft tissue thickness. Implant Dent. 2012;21:406\u2013410."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"314","article-title":"Changes of the marginal periodontium as a result of labial tooth movement in monkeys","volume":"52","author":"Steiner\n GG,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Steiner\n GG, \n \n Pearson\n JK, \n \n Ainamo\n J. \n \n Changes of the marginal periodontium as a result of labial tooth movement in monkeys. J Periodontol. 1981;52:314\u2013320."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"660","article-title":"Tissue changes resulting from facial tipping and extrusion of incisors in monkeys","volume":"45","author":"Batenhorst\n KF,","year":"1974","unstructured":"Batenhorst\n KF, \n \n Bowers\n GM, \n \n Williams\n JE\n Jr. \n \n Tissue changes resulting from facial tipping and extrusion of incisors in monkeys. J Periodontol. 1974;45:660\u2013668."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"307","article-title":"The width of keratinized gingiva during orthodontic treatment: its significance and impact on periodontal status","volume":"52","author":"Coatoam\n GW,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Coatoam\n GW, \n \n Behrents\n RG, \n \n Bissada\n NF. \n \n The width of keratinized gingiva during orthodontic treatment: its significance and impact on periodontal status. J Periodontol. 1981;52:307\u2013313."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"343","article-title":"Does labial movement of lower incisors influence the level of the gingival margin? A case-control study of adult orthodontic patients","volume":"25","author":"Allais\n D,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allais\n D, \n \n Melsen\n B. \n \n Does labial movement of lower incisors influence the level of the gingival margin? A case-control study of adult orthodontic patients. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:343\u2013352."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"238","article-title":"Correlation between mandibular central incisor proclination and gingival recession during fixed appliance therapy","volume":"72","author":"Djeu\n G,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Djeu\n G, \n \n Hayes\n C, \n \n Zawaideh\n S. \n \n Correlation between mandibular central incisor proclination and gingival recession during fixed appliance therapy. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:238\u2013245."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"100","article-title":"Does orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents cause gingival recession?","volume":"114","author":"Ruf\n S,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ruf\n S, \n \n Hansen\n K, \n \n Pancherz\n H. \n \n Does orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents cause gingival recession?\n Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:100\u2013106."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults","volume":"130","author":"Yared\n KF,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yared\n KF, \n \n Zenobio\n EG, \n \n Pacheco\n W. \n \n Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:6e1\u2013e8."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"225","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination. A study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism","volume":"91","author":"Artun\n J,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Artun\n J, \n \n Krogstad\n O. \n \n Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination. A study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:225\u2013232."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"Comparison of mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness in different facial skeletal types","volume":"40","author":"Kim\n YS,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim\n YS, \n \n Cha\n JY, \n \n Yu\n HS, \n \n Hwang\n CJ, \n \n Comparison of mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness in different facial skeletal types. Korean J Orthod. 2010;40:314\u2013324."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"533","article-title":"Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity","volume":"21","author":"Loe\n H,","year":"1963","unstructured":"Loe\n H, \n \n Silness\n J. \n \n Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533\u2013551."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"514","article-title":"Transgingival probing as a potential estimator of alveolar bone level","volume":"47","author":"Greenberg\n J,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Greenberg\n J, \n \n Laster\n L, \n \n Listgarten\n MA. \n \n Transgingival probing as a potential estimator of alveolar bone level. J Periodontol. 1976;47:514\u2013517."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"99","article-title":"Relationship of occlusion and periodontal disease: part IX\u2014incisor inclination and periodontal status","volume":"46","author":"Geiger\n AM,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Geiger\n AM, \n \n Wasserman\n BH. \n \n Relationship of occlusion and periodontal disease: part IX\u2014incisor inclination and periodontal status. Angle Orthod. 1976;46:99\u2013110."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"95","article-title":"The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae","volume":"66","author":"Handelman\n CS.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Handelman\n CS. \n \n The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae. Angle Orthod. 1996;66:95\u2013109; discussion 109\u2013110."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"38","article-title":"Morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region in adult skeletal Class III crossbite and openbite malocclusions","volume":"78","author":"Chung\n CJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chung\n CJ, \n \n Jung\n S, \n \n Baik\n HS. \n \n Morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region in adult skeletal Class III crossbite and openbite malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:38\u201343."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Clinical Interrelation of Orthodontics and Periodontics","author":"Zachrisson\n BU.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Zachrisson\n BU. \n \n Clinical Interrelation of Orthodontics and Periodontics. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:432.e431\u2013e436; discussion 432\u2013433."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"26","article-title":"Gingival condition associated with orthodontic treatment","volume":"42","author":"Zachrisson\n S,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Zachrisson\n S, \n \n Zachrisson\n BU. \n \n Gingival condition associated with orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1972;42:26\u201334."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"676","article-title":"Alveolar bone loss around incisors in surgical skeletal Class III patients","volume":"79","author":"Kim\n Y,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim\n Y, \n \n Park\n JU, \n \n Kook\n YA. \n \n Alveolar bone loss around incisors in surgical skeletal Class III patients. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:676\u2013682."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Gingival recessions and the change of inclination of mandibular incisors during orthodontic treatment","volume":"35","author":"Renkema\n AM,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Renkema\n AM, \n \n Fudalej\n PS, \n \n Renkema\n A, \n \n Bronkhorst\n E, \n \n Katsaros\n C. \n \n Gingival recessions and the change of inclination of mandibular incisors during orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:249\u2013255."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"623","article-title":"The relationship between the width of keratinized gingiva and gingival health","volume":"43","author":"Lang\n NP,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lang\n NP, \n \n Loe\n H. \n \n The relationship between the width of keratinized gingiva and gingival health. J Periodontol. 1972;43:623\u2013627."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"727","article-title":"Effects of mandibular orthognathic treatment on mucogingival tissues","volume":"56","author":"Foushee\n DG,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Foushee\n DG, \n \n Moriarty\n JD, \n \n Simpson\n DM. \n \n Effects of mandibular orthognathic treatment on mucogingival tissues. J Periodontol. 1985;56:727\u2013733."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"552","article-title":"Factors of importance for the development of dehiscences during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients","volume":"127","author":"Melsen\n B,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Melsen\n B, \n \n Allais\n D. \n \n Factors of importance for the development of dehiscences during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:552\u2013561; quiz 625."},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Dtsch Zahnarztl Z","first-page":"136","article-title":"The significance of the width and thickness of the gingiva in orthodontic treatment","volume":"45","author":"Wennstr\u00f6m\n JL.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wennstr\u00f6m\n JL. \n \n The significance of the width and thickness of the gingiva in orthodontic treatment. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z. 1990;45:136\u2013141."},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Implant Dent","first-page":"406","article-title":"Labial bone thickness in area of anterior maxillary implants associated with crestal labial soft tissue thickness","volume":"21","author":"Le\n BT,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Le\n BT, \n \n Borzabadi-Farahani\n A. \n \n Labial bone thickness in area of anterior maxillary implants associated with crestal labial soft tissue thickness. 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