{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:07:21Z","timestamp":1780067241368,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To examine normal Overbite Depth Indicator (ODI) and Anteroposterior Dysplasia Indicator (APDI) values in African Americans and to compare them with mean values from white patients. Secondary aims were to compare mean ODI and APDI values among different age, gender, and combined age-gender groups in African American patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 160 African American patients (97 boys and 63 girls; age, 7 to 14 years) with normal occlusion and no history of orthodontic treatment were collected from the Bolton-Brush Growth Center. Cephalometric images were hand traced, and ODI and APDI values were assessed. Two-sample\n t<\/jats:italic>\n tests were used to compare mean ODI and APDI values between African American and white patients; and between male and female African American patients. One-way analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey test, was used to compare mean ODI and APDI values among different African American age and combined age-gender groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Mean ODI and APDI values were significantly lower (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0001) in African American than white patients with normal occlusion and no history of orthodontic treatment. Mean ODI and APDI values increased with age in African American patients, and there were no significant gender differences.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The mean ODI and APDI values in 7- to 14-year-old African Americans with normal occlusion and no history of orthodontic treatment were 70.9\u00b0 and 78.1\u00b0, respectively, and were significantly lower than the mean values for white patients in the same age range.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/021619-116.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T13:02:24Z","timestamp":1563195744000},"page":"897-902","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Overbite depth indicator and anteroposterior dysplasia indicator cephalometric norms for African Americans"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Obamiyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Sommers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Emile","family":"Rossouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Michelogiannakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; and Community Dentistry and Oral Disease Prevention, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b01","series-title":"Dent Clin North Am","first-page":"707","article-title":"What is cone-beam CT and how does it work?","volume":"52","author":"Scarfe \n WC,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scarfe \n WC, \n \n \n Farman \n AG. \n \n \n What is cone-beam CT and how does it work?\n Dent Clin North Am. 2008;52:707\u2013730, v."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"44","article-title":"A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia","volume":"1","author":"Broadbent \n BH.","year":"1931","unstructured":"Broadbent \n BH. \n \n \n A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. Angle Orthod. 1931;1:44\u201366"},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"503","article-title":"Determining cephalometric norms for Caucasians and African Americans in Birmingham","volume":"68","author":"Huang \n WJ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Huang \n WJ, \n \n \n Taylor \n RW, \n \n \n Dasanayake \n AP. \n \n \n Determining cephalometric norms for Caucasians and African Americans in Birmingham. Angle Orthod. 1998;68:503\u2013511; discussion 512."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b04","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"381","article-title":"Cephalometric analysis of Deutero-Malay Indonesians","volume":"40","author":"Munandar \n S,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Munandar \n S, \n \n \n Snow \n MD. \n \n \n Cephalometric analysis of Deutero-Malay Indonesians. Aust Dent J. 1995;40:381\u2013388."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"312","article-title":"Posteroanterior cephalometric norms for an adolescent Kuwaiti population","volume":"34","author":"Al-Azemi \n R,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Azemi \n R, \n \n \n Artun \n J. \n \n \n Posteroanterior cephalometric norms for an adolescent Kuwaiti population. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:312\u2013317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b06","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"19","article-title":"Cephalometric norms for the Chinese: a compilation of existing data","volume":"18","author":"Moate \n SJ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moate \n SJ, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA. \n \n \n Cephalometric norms for the Chinese: a compilation of existing data. Aust Orthod J. 2002;18:19\u201326."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"586","article-title":"Overbite depth indicator with particular reference to anterior open-bite","volume":"65","author":"Kim \n YH.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kim \n YH. \n \n \n Overbite depth indicator with particular reference to anterior open-bite. Am J Orthod. 1974;65:586\u2013611."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"619","article-title":"Anteroposterior dysplasia indicator: an adjunct to cephalometric differential diagnosis","volume":"73","author":"Kim \n YH,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kim \n YH, \n \n \n Vietas \n JJ. \n \n \n Anteroposterior dysplasia indicator: an adjunct to cephalometric differential diagnosis. Am J Orthod. 1978;73:619\u2013633."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b09","series-title":"Int J MEAW","first-page":"11","article-title":"Overbite depth indicator, anteroposterior dysplasia indicator, combination factor and extraction index","volume":"1","author":"Kim \n YH,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kim \n YH, \n \n \n Caulfield \n Z, \n \n \n Chung \n WN, \n \n \n Chang \n YI. \n \n \n Overbite depth indicator, anteroposterior dysplasia indicator, combination factor and extraction index. Int J MEAW. 1994;1:11\u201332."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"162","article-title":"Adjusting A-N-B angles to reflect the effect of maxillary position","volume":"51","author":"Freeman \n RS.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Freeman \n RS. \n \n \n Adjusting A-N-B angles to reflect the effect of maxillary position. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:162\u2013171."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"75","article-title":"Overbite depth and anteroposterior dysplasia indicators: the relationship between occlusal and skeletal patterns using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis","volume":"22","author":"Freudenthaler \n JW,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Freudenthaler \n JW, \n \n \n Celar \n AG, \n \n \n Schneider \n B. \n \n \n Overbite depth and anteroposterior dysplasia indicators: the relationship between occlusal and skeletal patterns using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22:75\u201383."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b12","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"75","article-title":"Reliability of overbite depth indicator (ODI) and anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI) in the assessment of different vertical and sagittal dental malocclusions: a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis","volume":"21","author":"Fatima \n F,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fatima \n F, \n \n \n Fida \n M, \n \n \n Shaikh \n A. \n \n \n Reliability of overbite depth indicator (ODI) and anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI) in the assessment of different vertical and sagittal dental malocclusions: a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Dental Press J Orthod. 2016;21:75\u201381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"114","article-title":"Comparison of Japanese and European overbite depth indicator and antero-posterior dysplasia indicator values","volume":"34","author":"Freudenthaler \n J,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Freudenthaler \n J, \n \n \n Celar \n A, \n \n \n Kubota \n M, \n \n \n Akimoto \n S, \n \n \n Sato \n S, \n \n \n Schneider \n B. \n \n \n Comparison of Japanese and European overbite depth indicator and antero-posterior dysplasia indicator values. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:114\u2013118."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b14","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"38","article-title":"Growth patterns and overbite depth indicators of long and short faces in Korean adolescents: revisited through mixed-effects analysis","volume":"22","author":"Han \n SH,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han \n SH, \n \n \n Park \n YS. \n \n \n Growth patterns and overbite depth indicators of long and short faces in Korean adolescents: revisited through mixed-effects analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2019;22:38\u201345."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b15","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0134525","article-title":"Inter-rthnic\/racial facial variations: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis of photogrammetric studies","volume":"10","author":"Wen \n YF,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wen \n YF, \n \n \n Wong \n HM, \n \n \n Lin \n R, \n \n \n Yin \n G, \n \n \n McGrath \n C. \n \n \n Inter-rthnic\/racial facial variations: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis of photogrammetric studies. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0134525."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b16","series-title":"Niger J Clin Pract","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Radiographic features associated with temporomandibular joint disorders among African, white, Chinese, Hispanic, and Indian racial groups","volume":"21","author":"Obamiyi \n S,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Obamiyi \n S, \n \n \n Malik \n S, \n \n \n Wang \n Z, \n \n et al. \n Radiographic features associated with temporomandibular joint disorders among African, white, Chinese, Hispanic, and Indian racial groups. Niger J Clin Pract. 2018;21:1495\u20131500."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b17","series-title":"Malocclusion of the Teeth and Fractures of the Maxillae","author":"Angle \n EH.","year":"1900","unstructured":"Angle \n EH. \n \n \n Malocclusion of the Teeth and Fractures of the Maxillae. Philadelphia, PA: The SS White Dental Manufacturing Company;1900"},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b18","series-title":"Biometrics","first-page":"255","article-title":"A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility","volume":"45","author":"Lin \n LI.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lin \n LI. \n \n \n A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. Biometrics. 1989;45:255\u2013268."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"324","article-title":"Comparison of linear cephalometric dimensions in Americans of European descent (Ann Arbor, Cleveland, Philadelphia) and Americans of African descent (Nashville)","volume":"72","author":"Dibbets \n JM,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dibbets \n JM, \n \n \n Nolte \n K. \n \n \n Comparison of linear cephalometric dimensions in Americans of European descent (Ann Arbor, Cleveland, Philadelphia) and Americans of African descent (Nashville). Angle Orthod. 2002;72:324\u2013330."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"213","article-title":"The Downs analysis applied to three other ethnic groups","volume":"21","author":"Cotton \n WN,","year":"1951","unstructured":"Cotton \n WN, \n \n \n Takano \n WS, \n \n \n Wong \n WM. \n \n \n The Downs analysis applied to three other ethnic groups. Angle Orthod. 1951;21:213\u2013220."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b21","series-title":"Observations on the bones of the skull in white and negro fetuses and infants","first-page":"205","volume":"23","author":"Limson \n M.","year":"1932","unstructured":"Limson \n M. \n \n \n Observations on the bones of the skull in white and negro fetuses and infants. Contrib Embryol23: 205\u2013222; 1932."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"121","article-title":"Mesh diagram analysis: developing a norm for African Americans","volume":"67","author":"Faustini \n MM,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Faustini \n MM, \n \n \n Hale \n C, \n \n \n Cisneros \n GJ. \n \n \n Mesh diagram analysis: developing a norm for African Americans. Angle Orthod. 1997;67:121\u2013128."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b23","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years","volume":"5","author":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A, \n \n \n Skieller \n V. \n \n \n Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years. 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Dis Esophagus. 1997;10:51\u201354."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b26","series-title":"Proc R Soc Lond","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Reproduction and longevity among the British peerage: the effect of frailty and health selection","volume":"270","author":"Dolbhammer \n G,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dolbhammer \n G, \n \n \n Oeppen \n J. \n \n \n Reproduction and longevity among the British peerage: the effect of frailty and health selection. Proc R Soc Lond. 2003;270:1541\u20131547."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b27","series-title":"Am J Hum Biol","first-page":"533","article-title":"Is there a trade-off between fertility and longevity? A comparative study of women from three large historical databases accounting for mortality selection","volume":"21","author":"Gagnon \n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gagnon \n A, \n \n \n Smith \n KR, \n \n \n Tremblay \n M, \n \n \n V\u00e9zina \n H, \n \n \n Par\u00e9 \n P-P, \n \n \n Desjardins \n B. \n \n \n Is there a trade-off between fertility and longevity? A comparative study of women from three large historical databases accounting for mortality selection. Am J Hum Biol. 2009;21:533\u2013540."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b28","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"458","article-title":"Craniofacial growth, maturation, and change: teens to midadulthood","volume":"21","author":"Ross \n AH,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ross \n AH, \n \n \n Williams \n SE. \n \n \n Craniofacial growth, maturation, and change: teens to midadulthood. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21:458\u2013461."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"19","article-title":"Late adult skeletofacial growth after adolescent Herbst therapy: a 32-year longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"147","author":"Pancherz \n H,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pancherz \n H, \n \n \n Bjerklin \n K, \n \n \n Hashemi \n K. \n \n \n Late adult skeletofacial growth after adolescent Herbst therapy: a 32-year longitudinal follow-up study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147:19\u201328."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b30","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"438","article-title":"Residual craniofacial growth: a cephalometric study of 50 cases","volume":"14","author":"Oualalou \n Y,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oualalou \n Y, \n \n \n Antouri \n MA, \n \n \n Pujol \n A, \n \n \n Zaoui \n F, \n \n \n Azaroual \n MF. \n \n \n Residual craniofacial growth: a cephalometric study of 50 cases. Int Orthod. 2016;14:438\u2013448."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b01","series-title":"Dent Clin North Am","first-page":"707","article-title":"What is cone-beam CT and how does it work?","volume":"52","author":"Scarfe \n WC,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scarfe \n WC, \n \n \n Farman \n AG. \n \n \n What is cone-beam CT and how does it work?\n Dent Clin North Am. 2008;52:707\u2013730, v."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"44","article-title":"A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia","volume":"1","author":"Broadbent \n BH.","year":"1931","unstructured":"Broadbent \n BH. \n \n \n A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. Angle Orthod. 1931;1:44\u201366"},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"503","article-title":"Determining cephalometric norms for Caucasians and African Americans in Birmingham","volume":"68","author":"Huang \n WJ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Huang \n WJ, \n \n \n Taylor \n RW, \n \n \n Dasanayake \n AP. \n \n \n Determining cephalometric norms for Caucasians and African Americans in Birmingham. Angle Orthod. 1998;68:503\u2013511; discussion 512."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b04","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"381","article-title":"Cephalometric analysis of Deutero-Malay Indonesians","volume":"40","author":"Munandar \n S,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Munandar \n S, \n \n \n Snow \n MD. \n \n \n Cephalometric analysis of Deutero-Malay Indonesians. Aust Dent J. 1995;40:381\u2013388."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"312","article-title":"Posteroanterior cephalometric norms for an adolescent Kuwaiti population","volume":"34","author":"Al-Azemi \n R,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Azemi \n R, \n \n \n Artun \n J. \n \n \n Posteroanterior cephalometric norms for an adolescent Kuwaiti population. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:312\u2013317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b06","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"19","article-title":"Cephalometric norms for the Chinese: a compilation of existing data","volume":"18","author":"Moate \n SJ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moate \n SJ, \n \n \n Darendeliler \n MA. \n \n \n Cephalometric norms for the Chinese: a compilation of existing data. Aust Orthod J. 2002;18:19\u201326."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"586","article-title":"Overbite depth indicator with particular reference to anterior open-bite","volume":"65","author":"Kim \n YH.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kim \n YH. \n \n \n Overbite depth indicator with particular reference to anterior open-bite. Am J Orthod. 1974;65:586\u2013611."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"619","article-title":"Anteroposterior dysplasia indicator: an adjunct to cephalometric differential diagnosis","volume":"73","author":"Kim \n YH,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kim \n YH, \n \n \n Vietas \n JJ. \n \n \n Anteroposterior dysplasia indicator: an adjunct to cephalometric differential diagnosis. Am J Orthod. 1978;73:619\u2013633."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b09","series-title":"Int J MEAW","first-page":"11","article-title":"Overbite depth indicator, anteroposterior dysplasia indicator, combination factor and extraction index","volume":"1","author":"Kim \n YH,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kim \n YH, \n \n \n Caulfield \n Z, \n \n \n Chung \n WN, \n \n \n Chang \n YI. \n \n \n Overbite depth indicator, anteroposterior dysplasia indicator, combination factor and extraction index. Int J MEAW. 1994;1:11\u201332."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"162","article-title":"Adjusting A-N-B angles to reflect the effect of maxillary position","volume":"51","author":"Freeman \n RS.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Freeman \n RS. \n \n \n Adjusting A-N-B angles to reflect the effect of maxillary position. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:162\u2013171."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"75","article-title":"Overbite depth and anteroposterior dysplasia indicators: the relationship between occlusal and skeletal patterns using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis","volume":"22","author":"Freudenthaler \n JW,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Freudenthaler \n JW, \n \n \n Celar \n AG, \n \n \n Schneider \n B. \n \n \n Overbite depth and anteroposterior dysplasia indicators: the relationship between occlusal and skeletal patterns using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22:75\u201383."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b12","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"75","article-title":"Reliability of overbite depth indicator (ODI) and anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI) in the assessment of different vertical and sagittal dental malocclusions: a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis","volume":"21","author":"Fatima \n F,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fatima \n F, \n \n \n Fida \n M, \n \n \n Shaikh \n A. \n \n \n Reliability of overbite depth indicator (ODI) and anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI) in the assessment of different vertical and sagittal dental malocclusions: a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Dental Press J Orthod. 2016;21:75\u201381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"114","article-title":"Comparison of Japanese and European overbite depth indicator and antero-posterior dysplasia indicator values","volume":"34","author":"Freudenthaler \n J,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Freudenthaler \n J, \n \n \n Celar \n A, \n \n \n Kubota \n M, \n \n \n Akimoto \n S, \n \n \n Sato \n S, \n \n \n Schneider \n B. \n \n \n Comparison of Japanese and European overbite depth indicator and antero-posterior dysplasia indicator values. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:114\u2013118."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-897-b14","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"38","article-title":"Growth patterns and overbite depth indicators of long and short faces in Korean adolescents: revisited through mixed-effects analysis","volume":"22","author":"Han \n SH,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han \n SH, \n \n \n Park \n YS. \n \n \n Growth patterns and overbite depth indicators of long and short faces in Korean adolescents: revisited through mixed-effects analysis. 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