{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:04:20Z","timestamp":1780067060973,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the most effective ways to correct lower lip sucking in preschool children, minimizing impacts on their Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) and improving malocclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>83 children aged 3\u20136 years were divided into behavioral therapy (Group A, n = 27), lip bumper therapy (Group B, n = 27), and Twin Block therapy (Group C, n = 29) groups. After 6 months of treatment, oral exams, model analysis, cephalometrics, and the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) were used for assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Success rates in Groups A, B, and C were 33.33%, 73.08%, and 96.43%, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05). Groups A and B had no significant measurement differences (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; .05). Group C showed significant changes in overjet, SNA, SNB, ANB, U1SN, and L1MP (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05). The ECOHIS scores of all groups first rose, then fell (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twin Block appliances are highly effective for correcting lower lip sucking. They have a higher success rate than other methods and can reduce skeletal malocclusion severity in children with specific dental conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/021925-148.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:45:30Z","timestamp":1763739930000},"page":"192-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Approaches to correct lower lip sucking in preschool children: a clinical study on effectiveness, oral health-related quality of life impact, and malocclusion improvement"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Xueqiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Student, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chongqing; and Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Women and Children\u2019s Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaju","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master\u2019s Student, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Jiaozhou Central Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao People's Hospital Group (Jiaozhou), Jiaozhou, Qingdao, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD student, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zishuo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master\u2019s Student, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education; and Chongqing Municipal Health Commission Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b01","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"145","article-title":"The association between nutritive, non-nutritive sucking habits and primary dental occlusion","volume":"18","author":"Ling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ling HTB,\nSum F,\nZhang L, et al. The association between nutritive, non-nutritive sucking habits and primary dental occlusion. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):145."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b02","series-title":"Healthcare (Basel)","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of malocclusion among preschool children in Huizhou, China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin L,\nChen W,\nZhong D,\nCai X,\nChen J,\nHuang F. Prevalence and associated factors of malocclusion among preschool children in Huizhou, China: a cross-sectional study. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(7)."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b03","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1260","article-title":"Deleterious sucking habits and atypical swallowing in children with otitis media with effusion","volume":"75","author":"Ralli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ralli G,\nRuoppolo G,\nMora R,\nGuastini L. Deleterious sucking habits and atypical swallowing in children with otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75(10):1260\u20131264."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b04","series-title":"JBI Evid Synth","first-page":"3372","article-title":"Association of deleterious sucking habits with the occurrence of otitis in newborns, infants, preschool children, and children: a systematic review protocol","volume":"19","author":"Castro-Cunha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castro-Cunha AC,\nGoncalves IC,\nMartins-Junior PA, et al. Association of deleterious sucking habits with the occurrence of otitis in newborns, infants, preschool children, and children: a systematic review protocol. JBI Evid Synth. 2021;19(12):3372\u20133377."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"Dentofacial features of children with distal occlusions, large overjets, and deepbites in the early mixed dentition","volume":"130","author":"Keski-Nisula","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keski-Nisula K,\nKeski-Nisula L,\nMakela P,\nMaki-Torkko T,\nVarrela J. Dentofacial features of children with distal occlusions, large overjets, and deepbites in the early mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130(3):292\u2013299."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b06","series-title":"Clin Pract","first-page":"718","article-title":"Oral habits in childhood and occlusal pathologies: a cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Santos Barrera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Santos Barrera M,\nRibas-Perez D,\nCaleza Jimenez C,\nCortes Lillo O,\nMendoza-Mendoza A. Oral habits in childhood and occlusal pathologies: a cohort study. Clin Pract. 2024;14(3):718\u2013728."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b07","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"665","article-title":"Evaluation of modified clear Twin Block aligner in treating adolescents with skeletal class II malocclusion: a two-centre cephalometric study","volume":"27","author":"Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng Q,\nJiang F,\nWang H, et al. Evaluation of modified clear Twin Block aligner in treating adolescents with skeletal class II malocclusion: a two-centre cephalometric study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2024;27(4):665\u2013673."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b08","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"233","article-title":"Timing of myofunctional appliance therapy","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh S,\nSingh M,\nSaini A,\nMisra V,\nSharma VP,\nSingh GK. Timing of myofunctional appliance therapy. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010;35(2):233\u2013240."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b09","series-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci","first-page":"S797","article-title":"Lip biting scar and its treatment - a rare case report","volume":"15","author":"Raaj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raaj V,\nAnbuselvan GJ,\nSalam S, et al. Lip biting scar and its treatment - a rare case report. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2023;15(Suppl 1):S797\u2014S798."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b10","series-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes","article-title":"Parental perceptions of children\u2019s oral health: the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS)","volume":"5","author":"Pahel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pahel BT,\nRozier RG,\nSlade GD. Parental perceptions of children\u2019s oral health: the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007;5:6."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b11","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"3923","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) of preschool children's anterior teeth restored with zirconia crowns versus resin-bonded composite strip crowns: a 12-month prospective clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Elheeny","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elheeny AAH,\nAbdelmotelb MA. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) of preschool children's anterior teeth restored with zirconia crowns versus resin-bonded composite strip crowns: a 12-month prospective clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(5):3923\u20133938."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b12","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"399","article-title":"Translation and validation of a Chinese language version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS)","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee GH,\nMcGrath C,\nYiu CK,\nKing NM. Translation and validation of a Chinese language version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009;19(6):399\u2013405."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b13","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"372","article-title":"Sensitivity and responsiveness of the Chinese ECOHIS to dental treatment under general anaesthesia","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee GH,\nMcGrath C,\nYiu CK,\nKing NM. Sensitivity and responsiveness of the Chinese ECOHIS to dental treatment under general anaesthesia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011;39(4):372\u2013377."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b14","series-title":"J Dent Sci. 020","first-page":"513","article-title":"Translation and validation of Taiwanese version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS)","volume":"15","author":"Sheen","unstructured":"Sheen MH,\nHsiao SY,\nHuang ST. Translation and validation of Taiwanese version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). J Dent Sci. 020;15(4):513\u2013518."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b15","series-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes","first-page":"182","article-title":"Responsiveness of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) is related to dental treatment complexity","volume":"15","author":"Novaes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Novaes TF,\nPontes LRA,\nFreitas JG, et al. Responsiveness of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) is related to dental treatment complexity. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):182."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b16","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"125","article-title":"Comparison between clear aligners and twin-block in treating class II malocclusion in children: a retrospective study","volume":"48","author":"He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He J,\nHu L,\nYuan Y, et al. Comparison between clear aligners and twin-block in treating class II malocclusion in children: a retrospective study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2024;48(5):125\u2013130."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b17","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"649","article-title":"Validation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ 11-14)","volume":"84","author":"Foster Page","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foster Page LA,\nThomson WM,\nJokovic A,\nLocker D. Validation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ 11-14). J Dent Res. 2005;84(7):649\u2013652."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b18","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"185","article-title":"Evaluation of a quality of life measure for children with malocclusion","volume":"34","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien C,\nBenson PE,\nMarshman Z. Evaluation of a quality of life measure for children with malocclusion. J Orthod. 2007;34(3):185\u2013193; discussion 176."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b19","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"21","article-title":"Parental-caregiver perception of child oral-health related quality of life following zirconia crown placement and non-restoration of carious primary anterior teeth","volume":"19","author":"Sonbol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sonbol HN,\nAl-Bitar ZB,\nShraideh AZ,\nAl-Omiri MK. Parental-caregiver perception of child oral-health related quality of life following zirconia crown placement and non-restoration of carious primary anterior teeth. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2018;19(1):21\u201328."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b20","series-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes","first-page":"78","article-title":"Impact of traumatic dental injuries and malocclusions on quality of life of young children","volume":"9","author":"Aldrigui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aldrigui JM,\nAbanto J,\nCarvalho TS, et al. Impact of traumatic dental injuries and malocclusions on quality of life of young children. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:78."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"492","article-title":"Deciduous-dentition malocclusion predicts orthodontic treatment needs later: findings from a population-based birth cohort study","volume":"147","author":"Peres","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peres KG,\nPeres MA,\nThomson WM,\nBroadbent J,\nHallal PC,\nMenezes AB. Deciduous-dentition malocclusion predicts orthodontic treatment needs later: findings from a population-based birth cohort study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147(4):492\u2013498."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b01","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"145","article-title":"The association between nutritive, non-nutritive sucking habits and primary dental occlusion","volume":"18","author":"Ling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ling HTB,\nSum F,\nZhang L, et al. The association between nutritive, non-nutritive sucking habits and primary dental occlusion. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):145."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b02","series-title":"Healthcare (Basel)","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of malocclusion among preschool children in Huizhou, China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin L,\nChen W,\nZhong D,\nCai X,\nChen J,\nHuang F. Prevalence and associated factors of malocclusion among preschool children in Huizhou, China: a cross-sectional study. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(7)."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b03","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1260","article-title":"Deleterious sucking habits and atypical swallowing in children with otitis media with effusion","volume":"75","author":"Ralli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ralli G,\nRuoppolo G,\nMora R,\nGuastini L. Deleterious sucking habits and atypical swallowing in children with otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75(10):1260\u20131264."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b04","series-title":"JBI Evid Synth","first-page":"3372","article-title":"Association of deleterious sucking habits with the occurrence of otitis in newborns, infants, preschool children, and children: a systematic review protocol","volume":"19","author":"Castro-Cunha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castro-Cunha AC,\nGoncalves IC,\nMartins-Junior PA, et al. Association of deleterious sucking habits with the occurrence of otitis in newborns, infants, preschool children, and children: a systematic review protocol. JBI Evid Synth. 2021;19(12):3372\u20133377."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"Dentofacial features of children with distal occlusions, large overjets, and deepbites in the early mixed dentition","volume":"130","author":"Keski-Nisula","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keski-Nisula K,\nKeski-Nisula L,\nMakela P,\nMaki-Torkko T,\nVarrela J. Dentofacial features of children with distal occlusions, large overjets, and deepbites in the early mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130(3):292\u2013299."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b06","series-title":"Clin Pract","first-page":"718","article-title":"Oral habits in childhood and occlusal pathologies: a cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Santos Barrera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Santos Barrera M,\nRibas-Perez D,\nCaleza Jimenez C,\nCortes Lillo O,\nMendoza-Mendoza A. Oral habits in childhood and occlusal pathologies: a cohort study. Clin Pract. 2024;14(3):718\u2013728."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b07","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"665","article-title":"Evaluation of modified clear Twin Block aligner in treating adolescents with skeletal class II malocclusion: a two-centre cephalometric study","volume":"27","author":"Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng Q,\nJiang F,\nWang H, et al. Evaluation of modified clear Twin Block aligner in treating adolescents with skeletal class II malocclusion: a two-centre cephalometric study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2024;27(4):665\u2013673."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b08","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"233","article-title":"Timing of myofunctional appliance therapy","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh S,\nSingh M,\nSaini A,\nMisra V,\nSharma VP,\nSingh GK. Timing of myofunctional appliance therapy. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010;35(2):233\u2013240."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b09","series-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci","first-page":"S797","article-title":"Lip biting scar and its treatment - a rare case report","volume":"15","author":"Raaj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raaj V,\nAnbuselvan GJ,\nSalam S, et al. Lip biting scar and its treatment - a rare case report. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2023;15(Suppl 1):S797\u2014S798."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b10","series-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes","article-title":"Parental perceptions of children\u2019s oral health: the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS)","volume":"5","author":"Pahel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pahel BT,\nRozier RG,\nSlade GD. Parental perceptions of children\u2019s oral health: the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007;5:6."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b11","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"3923","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) of preschool children's anterior teeth restored with zirconia crowns versus resin-bonded composite strip crowns: a 12-month prospective clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Elheeny","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elheeny AAH,\nAbdelmotelb MA. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) of preschool children's anterior teeth restored with zirconia crowns versus resin-bonded composite strip crowns: a 12-month prospective clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(5):3923\u20133938."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b12","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"399","article-title":"Translation and validation of a Chinese language version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS)","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee GH,\nMcGrath C,\nYiu CK,\nKing NM. Translation and validation of a Chinese language version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009;19(6):399\u2013405."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b13","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"372","article-title":"Sensitivity and responsiveness of the Chinese ECOHIS to dental treatment under general anaesthesia","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee GH,\nMcGrath C,\nYiu CK,\nKing NM. Sensitivity and responsiveness of the Chinese ECOHIS to dental treatment under general anaesthesia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011;39(4):372\u2013377."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b14","series-title":"J Dent Sci. 020","first-page":"513","article-title":"Translation and validation of Taiwanese version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS)","volume":"15","author":"Sheen","unstructured":"Sheen MH,\nHsiao SY,\nHuang ST. Translation and validation of Taiwanese version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). J Dent Sci. 020;15(4):513\u2013518."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b15","series-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes","first-page":"182","article-title":"Responsiveness of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) is related to dental treatment complexity","volume":"15","author":"Novaes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Novaes TF,\nPontes LRA,\nFreitas JG, et al. Responsiveness of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) is related to dental treatment complexity. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):182."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b16","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"125","article-title":"Comparison between clear aligners and twin-block in treating class II malocclusion in children: a retrospective study","volume":"48","author":"He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He J,\nHu L,\nYuan Y, et al. Comparison between clear aligners and twin-block in treating class II malocclusion in children: a retrospective study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2024;48(5):125\u2013130."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b17","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"649","article-title":"Validation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ 11-14)","volume":"84","author":"Foster Page","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foster Page LA,\nThomson WM,\nJokovic A,\nLocker D. Validation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ 11-14). J Dent Res. 2005;84(7):649\u2013652."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b18","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"185","article-title":"Evaluation of a quality of life measure for children with malocclusion","volume":"34","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien C,\nBenson PE,\nMarshman Z. Evaluation of a quality of life measure for children with malocclusion. J Orthod. 2007;34(3):185\u2013193; discussion 176."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b19","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"21","article-title":"Parental-caregiver perception of child oral-health related quality of life following zirconia crown placement and non-restoration of carious primary anterior teeth","volume":"19","author":"Sonbol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sonbol HN,\nAl-Bitar ZB,\nShraideh AZ,\nAl-Omiri MK. Parental-caregiver perception of child oral-health related quality of life following zirconia crown placement and non-restoration of carious primary anterior teeth. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2018;19(1):21\u201328."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b20","series-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes","first-page":"78","article-title":"Impact of traumatic dental injuries and malocclusions on quality of life of young children","volume":"9","author":"Aldrigui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aldrigui JM,\nAbanto J,\nCarvalho TS, et al. Impact of traumatic dental injuries and malocclusions on quality of life of young children. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:78."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-2-192-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"492","article-title":"Deciduous-dentition malocclusion predicts orthodontic treatment needs later: findings from a population-based birth cohort study","volume":"147","author":"Peres","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peres KG,\nPeres MA,\nThomson WM,\nBroadbent J,\nHallal PC,\nMenezes AB. Deciduous-dentition malocclusion predicts orthodontic treatment needs later: findings from a population-based birth cohort study. 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