{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T08:51:39Z","timestamp":1780735899369,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To correlate the pharyngeal airway subregions with the positioning of the hyoid bone.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n The study examined 107 lateral cephalometric (LC) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Linear and volumetric measurements of the pharyngeal subregions were made and correlated to linear measurements using hyoid triangle analysis on images of LC and multiplanar (MPR) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of CBCT.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n There was significant correlation between linear measurements of the pharyngeal subregions and hyoid bone position in LC images and in MPR and 3D reconstructions of the CBCT. Correlations were more frequent in the oropharynx and hypopharynx, especially for LC images. No correlations were observed between LC images or CBCT reconstructions and the volumetric measurements of the pharyngeal subregions and the position of the hyoid bone.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The hyoid bone position showed more correlations with oropharynx and hypopharynx airway measurements. The hyoid triangle method was not applicable to 3D images, since it showed a smaller number of measures correlated to the hyoid bone position.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/022217-133.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]],"date-time":"2017-07-07T11:11:34Z","timestamp":1499425894000},"page":"688-695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Correlation between the position of hyoid bone and subregions of the pharyngeal airway space in lateral cephalometry and cone beam computed tomography"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Eliana Dantas","family":"da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD student, Division of Oral Radiology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina Delia","family":"Roque-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Associate. Center of Dental Research, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danieli Moura","family":"Brasil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD student, Division of Oral Radiology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frab Noberto","family":"B\u00f3scolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor. Division of Oral Radiology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange Maria","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor. Division of Oral Radiology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glaucia Maria Bovi","family":"Ambrosano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor. Department of Social Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"484","article-title":"Developmental changes in pharyngeal airway depth and hyoid bone position from childhood to young adulthood","volume":"79","author":"Sheng \n CM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sheng \n CM, \n \n \n Lin \n LH, \n \n \n Su \n Y, \n \n \n Tsai \n HH. \n \n \n Developmental changes in pharyngeal airway depth and hyoid bone position from childhood to young adulthood. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:484\u2013490."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b02","series-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg","first-page":"253","article-title":"Computerized cephalometric study of the pharyngeal airway space in patients submitted to orthognathic surgery","volume":"13","author":"Gon\u00e7ales \n ES,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7ales \n ES, \n \n \n Rocha \n JF, \n \n \n Gon\u00e7ales \n AG, \n \n \n Yaed\u00fa \n RY, \n \n \n Sant'Ana \n E. \n \n \n Computerized cephalometric study of the pharyngeal airway space in patients submitted to orthognathic surgery. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2014;13:253\u2013258."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b03","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"914","article-title":"Correlation between hyoid bone position and airway dimensions in Chinese adolescents by cone beam computed tomography analysis","volume":"45","author":"Jiang \n YY.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang \n YY. \n \n \n Correlation between hyoid bone position and airway dimensions in Chinese adolescents by cone beam computed tomography analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;45:914\u2013921."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"269","article-title":"Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth","volume":"51","author":"McNamara \n JA.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara \n JA. \n \n \n Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:269\u2013300."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b05","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"96","article-title":"An analysis of different approaches to the assessment of upper airway morphology: a CBCT study","volume":"13","author":"Lenza \n MG,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lenza \n MG, \n \n \n Lenza \n MM, \n \n \n Dalstra \n M, \n \n \n Melsen \n B, \n \n \n Cattaneo \n PM. \n \n \n An analysis of different approaches to the assessment of upper airway morphology: a CBCT study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2010;13:96\u2013105."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b06","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2174","article-title":"Airway growth and development: a computerized 3-dimensional analysis","volume":"70","author":"Schendel \n SA,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schendel \n SA, \n \n \n Jacobson \n R, \n \n \n Khalessi \n S. \n \n \n Airway growth and development: a computerized 3-dimensional analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:2174\u20132183."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b07","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"81","article-title":"Changes in hyoid position following treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions with a functional appliance","volume":"33","author":"Yassaei \n S,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yassaei \n S, \n \n \n Sorush \n M. \n \n \n Changes in hyoid position following treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions with a functional appliance. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2008;33:81\u201384."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"623","article-title":"Three-dimensional changes of the hyoid bone and airway volumes related to its relationship with horizontal anatomic planes after bimaxillary surgery in skeletal Class III patients","volume":"83","author":"Kim \n MA,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim \n MA, \n \n \n Kim \n BR, \n \n \n Choi \n JY, \n \n \n Youn \n JK, \n \n \n Kim \n YJ, \n \n \n Park \n YH. \n \n \n Three-dimensional changes of the hyoid bone and airway volumes related to its relationship with horizontal anatomic planes after bimaxillary surgery in skeletal Class III patients. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:623\u2013629."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b09","series-title":"Sci World J","article-title":"Cephalometric investigation of first cervical vertebrae morphology and hyoid position in young adults with different sagittal skeletal patterns","author":"Arslan \n SG,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arslan \n SG, \n \n \n Dilde\u015f \n N, \n \n \n Kama \n JD. \n \n \n Cephalometric investigation of first cervical vertebrae morphology and hyoid position in young adults with different sagittal skeletal patterns. Sci World J. 2014;2014:159.784."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b10","series-title":"Contemp Clin Dent","first-page":"187","article-title":"Evaluation of hyoid bone position and its correlation with pharyngeal airway space in different types of skeletal malocclusion","volume":"5","author":"Jose \n NP,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jose \n NP, \n \n \n Shetty \n S, \n \n \n Mogra \n S, \n \n \n Shetty \n VS, \n \n \n Rangarajan \n S, \n \n \n Mary \n L. \n \n \n Evaluation of hyoid bone position and its correlation with pharyngeal airway space in different types of skeletal malocclusion. Contemp Clin Dent. 2014;5:187\u2013189."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"993","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway space, hyoid bone position and head posture after orthognathic surgery in Class III patients","volume":"82","author":"Aydemir \n H,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aydemir \n H, \n \n \n Memiko\u011flu \n U, \n \n \n Karasu \n H. \n \n \n Pharyngeal airway space, hyoid bone position and head posture after orthognathic surgery in Class III patients. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:993\u20131000."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"92","article-title":"The hyoid triangle","volume":"80","author":"Bibby \n RE,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bibby \n RE, \n \n \n Preston \n CB. \n \n \n The hyoid triangle. Am J Orthod. 1981;80:92\u201397."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"683.e1","article-title":"Relationship of craniofacial morphology in 3-dimensional analysis of the pharynx","volume":"149","author":"Brasil \n DM,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brasil \n DM, \n \n \n Kurita \n LM, \n \n \n Groppo \n FC, \n \n \n Haiter-Neto \n F. \n \n \n Relationship of craniofacial morphology in 3-dimensional analysis of the pharynx. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;149:683.e1\u2013691.e1."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b14","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between upper airways and craniofacial morphology studied in 3D. A CBCT study","volume":"18","author":"Di Carlo \n G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di Carlo \n G, \n \n \n Polimeni \n A, \n \n \n Melsen \n B, \n \n \n Cattaneo \n P M. \n \n \n The relationship between upper airways and craniofacial morphology studied in 3D. A CBCT study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2015;18:1\u201311"},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b15","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"212","article-title":"3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry","volume":"99","author":"Katsumata \n A,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Katsumata \n A, \n \n \n Fujishita \n M, \n \n \n Maeda \n M, \n \n \n Ariji \n Y, \n \n \n Ariji \n E, \n \n \n Langlais \n RP. \n \n \n 3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99:212\u2013220."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b16","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"1116","article-title":"et ak. User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability","volume":"31","author":"Yushkevich \n PA,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yushkevich \n PA, \n \n \n Piven \n J, \n \n \n Hazlett \n HC, \n \n \n et ak. User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability. Neuroimage. 2006;31:1116\u20131128."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b17","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"363","article-title":"Three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis of airway anatomy","volume":"68","author":"Abramson \n ZR,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abramson \n ZR, \n \n \n Susarla \n S, \n \n \n Tagoni \n JR, \n \n \n Kaban \n L. \n \n \n Three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis of airway anatomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:363\u2013371."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b18","article-title":"Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics","author":"Szklo \n M,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Szklo \n M, \n \n \n Nieto \n FJ. \n \n \n Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics. 2nd ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and BartlettPublishers; 2007."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b19","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1497","article-title":"Three-dimensional cephalometric study of upper airway space in skeletal class II and III healthy patients","volume":"19","author":"Alves \n PVM,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alves \n PVM, \n \n \n Zhao \n L, \n \n \n O'Gara \n M, \n \n \n Patel \n PK, \n \n \n Bolognese \n AM. \n \n \n Three-dimensional cephalometric study of upper airway space in skeletal class II and III healthy patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19:1497\u20131507."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Dimensional changes of upper airway after rapid maxillary expansion: a prospective cone-beam computed tomography study","volume":"143","author":"Chang \n Y,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang \n Y, \n \n \n Koenig \n LJ, \n \n \n Pruszynski \n JE, \n \n \n Bradley \n TG, \n \n \n Bosio \n JA, \n \n \n Liu \n D. \n \n \n Dimensional changes of upper airway after rapid maxillary expansion: a prospective cone-beam computed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:462\u2013470."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b21","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"20130059","article-title":"Comparison of observer reliability of three-dimensional cephalometric landmark identification on subject images from Galileos and i-CAT cone beam CT","volume":"42","author":"Katkar \n RA,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katkar \n RA, \n \n \n Kummet \n C, \n \n \n Dawson \n D, \n \n et al. \n Comparison of observer reliability of three-dimensional cephalometric landmark identification on subject images from Galileos and i-CAT cone beam CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20130059."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b22","series-title":"J Appl Oral Sci","first-page":"56","article-title":"Comparison between 3D volumetric rendering and multiplanar slices on the reliability of linear measurements on CBCT images: an in vitro study","volume":"23","author":"Fernandes \n TMF,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fernandes \n TMF, \n \n \n Adamczyk \n J, \n \n \n Poleti \n ML, \n \n \n Henriques \n JFC, \n \n \n Friedland \n B, \n \n \n Garib \n DG. \n \n \n Comparison between 3D volumetric rendering and multiplanar slices on the reliability of linear measurements on CBCT images: an in vitro study. J Appl Oral Sci. 2015;23:56\u201363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b23","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"132","article-title":"Relationship between the pharyngeal airway space and craniofacial morphology, taking into account head posture","volume":"35","author":"Muto \n T,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Muto \n T, \n \n \n Yamazaki \n A, \n \n \n Takeda \n S, \n \n et al. \n Relationship between the pharyngeal airway space and craniofacial morphology, taking into account head posture. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35:132\u2013136."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"484","article-title":"Developmental changes in pharyngeal airway depth and hyoid bone position from childhood to young adulthood","volume":"79","author":"Sheng \n CM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sheng \n CM, \n \n \n Lin \n LH, \n \n \n Su \n Y, \n \n \n Tsai \n HH. \n \n \n Developmental changes in pharyngeal airway depth and hyoid bone position from childhood to young adulthood. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:484\u2013490."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b02","series-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg","first-page":"253","article-title":"Computerized cephalometric study of the pharyngeal airway space in patients submitted to orthognathic surgery","volume":"13","author":"Gon\u00e7ales \n ES,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7ales \n ES, \n \n \n Rocha \n JF, \n \n \n Gon\u00e7ales \n AG, \n \n \n Yaed\u00fa \n RY, \n \n \n Sant'Ana \n E. \n \n \n Computerized cephalometric study of the pharyngeal airway space in patients submitted to orthognathic surgery. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2014;13:253\u2013258."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b03","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"914","article-title":"Correlation between hyoid bone position and airway dimensions in Chinese adolescents by cone beam computed tomography analysis","volume":"45","author":"Jiang \n YY.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang \n YY. \n \n \n Correlation between hyoid bone position and airway dimensions in Chinese adolescents by cone beam computed tomography analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;45:914\u2013921."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"269","article-title":"Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth","volume":"51","author":"McNamara \n JA.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara \n JA. \n \n \n Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:269\u2013300."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b05","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"96","article-title":"An analysis of different approaches to the assessment of upper airway morphology: a CBCT study","volume":"13","author":"Lenza \n MG,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lenza \n MG, \n \n \n Lenza \n MM, \n \n \n Dalstra \n M, \n \n \n Melsen \n B, \n \n \n Cattaneo \n PM. \n \n \n An analysis of different approaches to the assessment of upper airway morphology: a CBCT study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2010;13:96\u2013105."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b06","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2174","article-title":"Airway growth and development: a computerized 3-dimensional analysis","volume":"70","author":"Schendel \n SA,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schendel \n SA, \n \n \n Jacobson \n R, \n \n \n Khalessi \n S. \n \n \n Airway growth and development: a computerized 3-dimensional analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:2174\u20132183."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b07","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"81","article-title":"Changes in hyoid position following treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions with a functional appliance","volume":"33","author":"Yassaei \n S,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yassaei \n S, \n \n \n Sorush \n M. \n \n \n Changes in hyoid position following treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions with a functional appliance. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2008;33:81\u201384."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"623","article-title":"Three-dimensional changes of the hyoid bone and airway volumes related to its relationship with horizontal anatomic planes after bimaxillary surgery in skeletal Class III patients","volume":"83","author":"Kim \n MA,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim \n MA, \n \n \n Kim \n BR, \n \n \n Choi \n JY, \n \n \n Youn \n JK, \n \n \n Kim \n YJ, \n \n \n Park \n YH. \n \n \n Three-dimensional changes of the hyoid bone and airway volumes related to its relationship with horizontal anatomic planes after bimaxillary surgery in skeletal Class III patients. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:623\u2013629."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b09","series-title":"Sci World J","article-title":"Cephalometric investigation of first cervical vertebrae morphology and hyoid position in young adults with different sagittal skeletal patterns","author":"Arslan \n SG,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arslan \n SG, \n \n \n Dilde\u015f \n N, \n \n \n Kama \n JD. \n \n \n Cephalometric investigation of first cervical vertebrae morphology and hyoid position in young adults with different sagittal skeletal patterns. Sci World J. 2014;2014:159.784."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b10","series-title":"Contemp Clin Dent","first-page":"187","article-title":"Evaluation of hyoid bone position and its correlation with pharyngeal airway space in different types of skeletal malocclusion","volume":"5","author":"Jose \n NP,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jose \n NP, \n \n \n Shetty \n S, \n \n \n Mogra \n S, \n \n \n Shetty \n VS, \n \n \n Rangarajan \n S, \n \n \n Mary \n L. \n \n \n Evaluation of hyoid bone position and its correlation with pharyngeal airway space in different types of skeletal malocclusion. Contemp Clin Dent. 2014;5:187\u2013189."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"993","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway space, hyoid bone position and head posture after orthognathic surgery in Class III patients","volume":"82","author":"Aydemir \n H,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aydemir \n H, \n \n \n Memiko\u011flu \n U, \n \n \n Karasu \n H. \n \n \n Pharyngeal airway space, hyoid bone position and head posture after orthognathic surgery in Class III patients. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:993\u20131000."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"92","article-title":"The hyoid triangle","volume":"80","author":"Bibby \n RE,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bibby \n RE, \n \n \n Preston \n CB. \n \n \n The hyoid triangle. Am J Orthod. 1981;80:92\u201397."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"683.e1","article-title":"Relationship of craniofacial morphology in 3-dimensional analysis of the pharynx","volume":"149","author":"Brasil \n DM,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brasil \n DM, \n \n \n Kurita \n LM, \n \n \n Groppo \n FC, \n \n \n Haiter-Neto \n F. \n \n \n Relationship of craniofacial morphology in 3-dimensional analysis of the pharynx. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;149:683.e1\u2013691.e1."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b14","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between upper airways and craniofacial morphology studied in 3D. A CBCT study","volume":"18","author":"Di Carlo \n G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di Carlo \n G, \n \n \n Polimeni \n A, \n \n \n Melsen \n B, \n \n \n Cattaneo \n P M. \n \n \n The relationship between upper airways and craniofacial morphology studied in 3D. A CBCT study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2015;18:1\u201311"},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b15","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"212","article-title":"3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry","volume":"99","author":"Katsumata \n A,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Katsumata \n A, \n \n \n Fujishita \n M, \n \n \n Maeda \n M, \n \n \n Ariji \n Y, \n \n \n Ariji \n E, \n \n \n Langlais \n RP. \n \n \n 3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99:212\u2013220."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b16","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"1116","article-title":"et ak. User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability","volume":"31","author":"Yushkevich \n PA,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yushkevich \n PA, \n \n \n Piven \n J, \n \n \n Hazlett \n HC, \n \n \n et ak. User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability. Neuroimage. 2006;31:1116\u20131128."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b17","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"363","article-title":"Three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis of airway anatomy","volume":"68","author":"Abramson \n ZR,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abramson \n ZR, \n \n \n Susarla \n S, \n \n \n Tagoni \n JR, \n \n \n Kaban \n L. \n \n \n Three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis of airway anatomy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:363\u2013371."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b18","article-title":"Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics","author":"Szklo \n M,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Szklo \n M, \n \n \n Nieto \n FJ. \n \n \n Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics. 2nd ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and BartlettPublishers; 2007."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b19","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1497","article-title":"Three-dimensional cephalometric study of upper airway space in skeletal class II and III healthy patients","volume":"19","author":"Alves \n PVM,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alves \n PVM, \n \n \n Zhao \n L, \n \n \n O'Gara \n M, \n \n \n Patel \n PK, \n \n \n Bolognese \n AM. \n \n \n Three-dimensional cephalometric study of upper airway space in skeletal class II and III healthy patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19:1497\u20131507."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-5-688-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"462","article-title":"Dimensional changes of upper airway after rapid maxillary expansion: a prospective cone-beam computed tomography study","volume":"143","author":"Chang \n Y,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang \n Y, \n \n \n Koenig \n LJ, \n \n \n Pruszynski \n JE, \n \n \n Bradley \n TG, \n \n \n Bosio \n JA, \n \n \n Liu \n D. \n \n \n Dimensional changes of upper airway after rapid maxillary expansion: a prospective cone-beam computed tomography study. 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