{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:02:31Z","timestamp":1791298951555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate nasal soft and hard tissue changes immediately post\u2013rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and to assess the stability of these changes using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 35 treatment group (TG) patients (18 girls, 17 boys; 9.39 \u00b1 1.4) had a pre-RME CBCT and a post-RME CBCT approximately 66 days after expansion, and 25 patients had a follow-up CBCT 2.84 years later. A total of 28 control group (CG; no RME) patients (16 girls, 12 boys; 8.81 \u00b1 1.6) had an initial CBCT and a CBCT an average of 2.25 years later. Soft and hard tissue nasal landmarks were measured in transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes of space on CBCT scans. Differences within the same group were evaluated by paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Long-term comparisons between TG and CG were evaluated by independent-sample\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Immediately post-RME, there were statistically significant mean increases of 1.6 mm of alar base width, 1.77 mm of pyriform height, and 3.57 mm of pyriform width (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). CG showed the significant increases over 2.25 years (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). Compared with CG, the long-term evaluation of TG demonstrated only pyriform height and pyriform width showed a statistically significant difference (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Although RME produced some significant increase on the nasal soft tissue immediately after expansion, it regressed to the mean of normal growth and development over time. However, long-term evaluation of TG compared with CG showed only pyriform height and pyriform width to be affected by RME.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/022320-120.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T14:36:35Z","timestamp":1602513395000},"page":"46-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Short-term and long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the nasal soft and hard tissue:"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Cassie T.","family":"Truong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeran H.","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puttipong","family":"Sripinun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Tierney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Normand S.","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"200","article-title":"The treatment of maxillary deficiency by opening the midpalatal suture","volume":"35","author":"Haas","year":"1965","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ.\n \n \n The treatment of maxillary deficiency by opening the midpalatal suture.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle 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Orthod","first-page":"934","article-title":"Facial soft-tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion analyzed with 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetry: a randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"86","author":"Baysal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baysal\n A,\n \n \n Ozturk\n MA,\n \n \n Sahan\n AO,\n \n \n Uysal\n T.\n \n \n Facial soft-tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion analyzed with 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetry: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t86(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t934\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t942."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"250","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal mucociliary clearance","volume":"86","author":"Babacan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Babacan\n H,\n \n \n Doruk\n C,\n \n \n Uysal\n IO,\n \n \n Yuce\n S.\n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal mucociliary clearance.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle 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opening","volume":"58","author":"Wertz","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wertz\n RA.\n \n \n Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1970;\n\t\t\t\t\t58(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t41\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t66."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b32","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"12","article-title":"Effects of non-surgical rapid maxillary expansion on nasal structures and breathing: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Alyessary","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alyessary\n AS,\n \n \n Othman\n SA,\n \n \n Yap\n AUJ,\n \n \n Radzi\n Z,\n \n \n Rahman\n MT.\n \n \n Effects of non-surgical rapid maxillary expansion on nasal structures and breathing: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t17(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t12\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t19."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b33","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Immediate impact of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway dimensions and on the quality of life of mouth breathers","volume":"20","author":"Izuka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Izuka\n EN,\n \n \n Feres\n MF,\n \n \n Pignatari\n SS.\n \n \n Immediate impact of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway dimensions and on the quality of life of mouth breathers.\n\t\t\t\t\tDental Press J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t43\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t49."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b34","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"122","article-title":"Does rapid maxillary expansion increase nasopharyngeal space and improve nasal airway resistance?","volume":"75","author":"Langer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Langer\n MR,\n \n \n Itikawa\n CE,\n \n \n Valera\n FC,\n \n \n Matsumoto\n MA,\n \n \n Anselmo-Lima\n WT.\n \n \n Does rapid maxillary expansion increase nasopharyngeal space and improve nasal airway resistance?\n \n Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol\n .\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t75(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t122\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t125."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b35","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on the dimension of the nasal cavity and on facial morphology assessed by acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry","volume":"17","author":"Itikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Itikawa\n CE,\n \n \n Valera\n FC,\n \n \n Matsumoto\n MAN,\n \n \n Lima\n WTA.\n \n \n Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on the dimension of the nasal cavity and on facial morphology assessed by acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry.\n\t\t\t\t\tDental Press J Orthod2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t17(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t129\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t133."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b36","series-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy","first-page":"161","article-title":"Long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal area and nasal airway resistance","volume":"24","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matsumoto\n MA,\n \n \n Itikawa\n CE,\n \n \n Valera\n FC,\n \n \n Faria\n G,\n \n \n Anselmo-Lima\n WT.\n \n \n Long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal area and nasal airway resistance.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Rhinol Allergy.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t24(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t161\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t165."},{"issue":"(7)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b37","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on the dimension of the nasal cavity and on nasal air resistance","volume":"70","author":"Enoki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Enoki\n C,\n \n \n Valera\n FC,\n \n \n Lessa\n FC,\n \n \n Elias\n AM,\n \n \n Matsumoto\n MA,\n \n \n Anselmo-Lima\n WT.\n \n \n Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on the dimension of the nasal cavity and on nasal air resistance.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t70(7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1225\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1230."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b38","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"281","article-title":"Effects on nasal airflow and resistance using two different RME appliances: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Bazargani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bazargani\n F,\n \n \n Magnuson\n A,\n \n \n Ludwig\n B.\n \n \n Effects on nasal airflow and resistance using two different RME appliances: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t281\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t284."},{"issue":"(10)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b39","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0162918","article-title":"Measuring and characterizing the human nasal cycle","volume":"11","author":"Kahana-Zweig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahana-Zweig\n R,\n \n \n Geva-Sagiv\n M,\n \n \n Weissbrod\n A,\n \n \n Secundo\n L,\n \n \n Soroker\n N,\n \n \n Sobel\n N.\n \n \n Measuring and characterizing the human nasal cycle.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t11(10):\n\t\t\t\t\te0162918."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b40","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"28","article-title":"The human nasal cycle","volume":"52","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hasegawa\n M,\n \n \n Kern\n EB.\n \n \n The human nasal cycle.\n\t\t\t\t\tMayo Clin Proc.\n\t\t\t\t\t1977;\n\t\t\t\t\t52(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t28\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t34."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b41","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"238","article-title":"Detection of the nasal cycle with acoustic rhinometry: techniques and applications","volume":"120","author":"Gungor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gungor\n A,\n \n \n Moinuddin\n R,\n \n \n Nelson\n RH,\n \n \n Corey\n JP.\n \n \n Detection of the nasal cycle with acoustic rhinometry: techniques and applications.\n\t\t\t\t\tOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t120(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t238\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t247."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b42","series-title":"J Orthod Sci","first-page":"115","article-title":"Alar width changes due to surgically-assisted rapid palatal expansion: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee\n KC,\n \n \n Perrino\n M.\n \n \n Alar width changes due to surgically-assisted rapid palatal expansion: a meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthod Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t6(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t115\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t122."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b43","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"773","article-title":"Influence of CBCT exposure conditions on radiation dose","volume":"105","author":"Palomo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Palomo\n JM,\n \n \n Rao\n PS,\n \n \n Hans\n MG.\n \n \n Influence of CBCT exposure conditions on radiation dose.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t105(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t773\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t782."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b44","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.","article-title":"Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study","author":"El","year":"2010","unstructured":"El\n H,\n \n \n Palomo\n JM.\n \n \n Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t137(4 suppl):S50 e51\u2013e59; discussion S50\u2013S52."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b45","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"317","article-title":"Image quality produced by different cone-beam computed tomography settings","volume":"133","author":"Kwong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kwong\n JC,\n \n \n Palomo\n JM,\n \n \n Landers\n MA,\n \n \n Figueroa\n A,\n \n \n Hans\n MG.\n \n \n Image quality produced by different cone-beam computed tomography settings.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t133(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t317\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t327."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b46","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1803","article-title":"Cone beam computed tomography: an innovative tool for airway assessment","volume":"106","author":"Osorio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Osorio\n F,\n \n \n Perilla\n M,\n \n \n Doyle\n DJ,\n \n \n Palomo\n JM.\n \n \n Cone beam computed tomography: an innovative tool for airway assessment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnesth Analg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t106(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1803\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1807."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b47","series-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"149","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the alar base width of patients submitted to surgically assisted maxillary expansion","volume":"14","author":"de Assis","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Assis\n DS,\n \n \n Duarte\n MA,\n \n \n Goncales\n ES.\n \n \n Clinical evaluation of the alar base width of patients submitted to surgically assisted maxillary expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t14(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t149\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t154."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"200","article-title":"The treatment of maxillary deficiency by opening the midpalatal suture","volume":"35","author":"Haas","year":"1965","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ.\n \n \n The treatment of maxillary deficiency by opening the midpalatal suture.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1965;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t200\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t217."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"57","author":"Haas","year":"1970","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ.\n \n \n Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1970;\n\t\t\t\t\t57(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t219\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t255."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"189","article-title":"Long-term posttreatment evaluation of rapid palatal expansion","volume":"50","author":"Haas","year":"1980","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ.\n \n \n Long-term posttreatment evaluation of rapid palatal expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t50(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t189\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t217."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"155","article-title":"Long-term dental arch changes after rapid maxillary expansion treatment: a systematic review","volume":"75","author":"Lagravere","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lagravere\n MO,\n \n \n Major\n PW,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n Long-term dental arch changes after rapid maxillary expansion treatment: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t75(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t155\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t161."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"563","article-title":"Photographic analysis of facial changes associated with maxillary expansion","volume":"116","author":"Berger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berger\n JL,\n \n \n Pangrazio-Kulbersh\n V,\n \n \n Thomas\n BW,\n \n \n Kaczynski\n R.\n \n \n Photographic analysis of facial changes associated with maxillary expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t116(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t563\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t571."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b06","series-title":"J Appl Oral Sci","first-page":"535","article-title":"Photographic assessment of nasal morphology following rapid maxillary expansion in children","volume":"19","author":"Silva Filho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Silva Filho\n OG,\n \n \n Lara\n TS,\n \n \n Ayub\n PV,\n \n \n Ohashi\n AS,\n \n \n Bertoz\n FA.\n \n \n Photographic assessment of nasal morphology following rapid maxillary expansion in children.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Appl Oral Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t19(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t535\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t543."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"995","article-title":"Changes in soft tissue nasal widths associated with rapid maxillary expansion in prepubertal and postpubertal subjects","volume":"80","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson\n BM,\n \n \n McNamara\n JA,\n \n \n Bandeen\n RL,\n \n \n Baccetti\n T.\n \n \n Changes in soft tissue nasal widths associated with rapid maxillary expansion in prepubertal and postpubertal subjects.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t80(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t995\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1001."},{"issue":"(9)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b08","series-title":"Minerva Stomatol","first-page":"307","article-title":"Analysis of rapid maxillary expansion effects on nasal soft tissues widths","volume":"63","author":"Santariello","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santariello\n C,\n \n \n Nota\n A,\n \n \n Baldini\n A,\n \n \n Ballanti\n F,\n \n \n Cozza\n P.\n \n \n Analysis of rapid maxillary expansion effects on nasal soft tissues widths.\n\t\t\t\t\tMinerva Stomatol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t63(9):\n\t\t\t\t\t307\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t314."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b09","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"157","article-title":"Evaluation of immediate soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim\n KB AD,\n \n \n Ara\u00fajo\n EA,\n \n \n Behrents\n RG.\n \n \n Evaluation of immediate soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tDental Press J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t17(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t157\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t164."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b10","series-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"196","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion in mouth breathers: a short-term skeletal and soft-tissue effect on the nose","volume":"84","author":"Badreddine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Badreddine\n FR,\n \n \n Fujita\n RR,\n \n \n Alves\n F,\n \n \n Cappellette\n M\n Jr.\n \n \n Rapid maxillary expansion in mouth breathers: a short-term skeletal and soft-tissue effect on the nose.\n\t\t\t\t\tBraz J Otorhinolaryngol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t84(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t196\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t205."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b11","series-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"478","article-title":"Short-term evaluation of tegumentary changes of the nose in oral breathers undergoing rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"84","author":"Badreddine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Badreddine\n FR,\n \n \n Fujita\n RR,\n \n \n Cappellette\n M\n Jr.\n \n \n Short-term evaluation of tegumentary changes of the nose in oral breathers undergoing rapid maxillary expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tBraz J Otorhinolaryngol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t84(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t478\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t485."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"382","article-title":"The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements","volume":"83","author":"Houston","year":"1983","unstructured":"Houston\n WJ.\n \n \n The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1983;\n\t\t\t\t\t83(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t382\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t390."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"934","article-title":"Facial soft-tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion analyzed with 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetry: a randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"86","author":"Baysal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baysal\n A,\n \n \n Ozturk\n MA,\n \n \n Sahan\n AO,\n \n \n Uysal\n T.\n \n \n Facial soft-tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion analyzed with 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetry: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t86(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t934\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t942."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"250","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal mucociliary clearance","volume":"86","author":"Babacan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Babacan\n H,\n \n \n Doruk\n C,\n \n \n Uysal\n IO,\n \n \n Yuce\n S.\n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal mucociliary clearance.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t86(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t250\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t254."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"590","article-title":"Effects of different rapid maxillary expansion appliances on facial soft tissues using three-dimensional imaging","volume":"86","author":"Altindis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Altindis\n S,\n \n \n Toy\n E,\n \n \n Basciftci\n FA.\n \n \n Effects of different rapid maxillary expansion appliances on facial soft tissues using three-dimensional imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t86(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t590\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t598."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b16","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"193","article-title":"Soft tissue changes in the orofacial region after rapid maxillary expansion: a cone beam computed tomography study","volume":"78","author":"Torun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torun\n GS.\n \n \n Soft tissue changes in the orofacial region after rapid maxillary expansion: a cone beam computed tomography study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t78(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t193\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t200."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"73","article-title":"Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture","volume":"31","author":"Haas","year":"1961","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ.\n \n \n Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod1961;\n\t\t\t\t\t31(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t73\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t90."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"239","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on Holdaway soft tissue measurements","volume":"30","author":"Kilic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kilic\n N,\n \n \n Kiki\n A,\n \n \n Oktay\n H,\n \n \n Erdem\n A.\n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on Holdaway soft tissue measurements.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t30(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t239\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t243."},{"issue":"(11)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b19","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1547","article-title":"Effects of orthopedic maxillary expansion on nasal cavity size in growing subjects: a low dose computer tomography clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Cordasco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cordasco\n G,\n \n \n Nucera\n R,\n \n \n Fastuca\n R,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Effects of orthopedic maxillary expansion on nasal cavity size in growing subjects: a low dose computer tomography clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t76(11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1547\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1551."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"458","article-title":"Use of conventional tomography to evaluate changes in the nasal cavity with rapid palatal expansion","volume":"132","author":"Palaisa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Palaisa\n J,\n \n \n Ngan\n P,\n \n \n Martin\n C,\n \n \n Razmus\n T.\n \n \n Use of conventional tomography to evaluate changes in the nasal cavity with rapid palatal expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial 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Stereophotogrammetric study of growth and development of the nose.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;\n\t\t\t\t\t96(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t144\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t151."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b23","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"309","article-title":"Three-dimensional study of growth and development of the nose","volume":"34","author":"Ferrario","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ferrario\n VF,\n \n \n Sforza\n C,\n \n \n Poggio\n CE,\n \n \n Schmitz\n JH.\n \n \n Three-dimensional study of growth and development of the nose.\n\t\t\t\t\tCleft Palate Craniofac J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t309\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t317."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b24","series-title":"Am J Rhinol","first-page":"385","article-title":"Nasal airway measurements in children treated by rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"20","author":"Compadretti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Compadretti\n GC,\n \n \n Tasca\n I,\n \n \n Bonetti\n GA.\n \n \n Nasal airway measurements in children treated by rapid maxillary expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Rhinol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t385\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t393."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b25","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"343","article-title":"Treatment timing for rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"71","author":"Baccetti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baccetti\n T,\n \n \n Franchi\n L,\n \n \n Cameron\n CG,\n \n \n McNamara\n JA\n Jr.\n \n \n Treatment timing for rapid maxillary expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t71(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t343\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t350."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b26","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1046","article-title":"Long-term skeletal changes with rapid maxillary expansion: a systematic review","volume":"75","author":"Lagravere","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lagravere\n MO,\n \n \n Major\n PW,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n Long-term skeletal changes with rapid maxillary expansion: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t75(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1046\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1052."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b27","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"44","article-title":"Meta-analysis of immediate changes with rapid maxillary expansion treatment","volume":"137","author":"Lagravere","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lagravere\n MO,\n \n \n Heo\n G,\n \n \n Major\n PW,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n Meta-analysis of immediate changes with rapid maxillary expansion treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Dent Assoc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t137(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t44\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t53."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"146","article-title":"Does rapid maxillary expansion have long-term effects on airway dimensions and breathing?","volume":"140","author":"Baratieri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baratieri\n C,\n \n \n 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dimensions?","volume":"72","author":"Basciftci","year":"2002","unstructured":"Basciftci\n FA,\n \n \n Mutlu\n N,\n \n \n Karaman\n AI,\n \n \n Malkoc\n S,\n \n \n Kucukkolbasi\n H.\n \n \n Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions?\n \n Angle Orthod\n .\n\t\t\t\t\t2002;\n\t\t\t\t\t72(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t118\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t123."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b31","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening","volume":"58","author":"Wertz","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wertz\n RA.\n \n \n Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1970;\n\t\t\t\t\t58(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t41\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t66."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b32","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"12","article-title":"Effects of non-surgical rapid maxillary expansion on nasal structures and breathing: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Alyessary","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alyessary\n AS,\n \n \n Othman\n SA,\n \n \n Yap\n AUJ,\n \n \n Radzi\n Z,\n \n \n Rahman\n MT.\n \n \n Effects of non-surgical rapid maxillary expansion on nasal structures and breathing: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t17(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t12\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t19."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b33","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Immediate impact of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway dimensions and on the quality of life of mouth breathers","volume":"20","author":"Izuka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Izuka\n EN,\n \n \n Feres\n MF,\n \n \n Pignatari\n SS.\n \n \n Immediate impact of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway dimensions and on the quality of life of mouth breathers.\n\t\t\t\t\tDental Press J 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rhinomanometry","volume":"17","author":"Itikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Itikawa\n CE,\n \n \n Valera\n FC,\n \n \n Matsumoto\n MAN,\n \n \n Lima\n WTA.\n \n \n Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on the dimension of the nasal cavity and on facial morphology assessed by acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry.\n\t\t\t\t\tDental Press J Orthod2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t17(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t129\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t133."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b36","series-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy","first-page":"161","article-title":"Long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal area and nasal airway resistance","volume":"24","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matsumoto\n MA,\n \n \n Itikawa\n CE,\n \n \n Valera\n FC,\n \n \n Faria\n G,\n \n \n Anselmo-Lima\n WT.\n \n \n Long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal area and nasal airway resistance.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Rhinol 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trial","volume":"40","author":"Bazargani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bazargani\n F,\n \n \n Magnuson\n A,\n \n \n Ludwig\n B.\n \n \n Effects on nasal airflow and resistance using two different RME appliances: a randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t40(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t281\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t284."},{"issue":"(10)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b39","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0162918","article-title":"Measuring and characterizing the human nasal cycle","volume":"11","author":"Kahana-Zweig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahana-Zweig\n R,\n \n \n Geva-Sagiv\n M,\n \n \n Weissbrod\n A,\n \n \n Secundo\n L,\n \n \n Soroker\n N,\n \n \n Sobel\n N.\n \n \n Measuring and characterizing the human nasal cycle.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t11(10):\n\t\t\t\t\te0162918."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b40","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"28","article-title":"The human nasal cycle","volume":"52","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hasegawa\n M,\n \n \n Kern\n EB.\n \n \n The human nasal cycle.\n\t\t\t\t\tMayo Clin Proc.\n\t\t\t\t\t1977;\n\t\t\t\t\t52(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t28\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t34."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b41","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"238","article-title":"Detection of the nasal cycle with acoustic rhinometry: techniques and applications","volume":"120","author":"Gungor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gungor\n A,\n \n \n Moinuddin\n R,\n \n \n Nelson\n RH,\n \n \n Corey\n JP.\n \n \n Detection of the nasal cycle with acoustic rhinometry: techniques and applications.\n\t\t\t\t\tOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999;\n\t\t\t\t\t120(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t238\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t247."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b42","series-title":"J Orthod Sci","first-page":"115","article-title":"Alar width changes due to surgically-assisted rapid palatal expansion: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee\n KC,\n \n \n Perrino\n M.\n \n \n Alar width changes due to surgically-assisted rapid palatal expansion: a meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthod Sci.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t6(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t115\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t122."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b43","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"773","article-title":"Influence of CBCT exposure conditions on radiation dose","volume":"105","author":"Palomo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Palomo\n JM,\n \n \n Rao\n PS,\n \n \n Hans\n MG.\n \n \n Influence of CBCT exposure conditions on radiation dose.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t105(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t773\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t782."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b44","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.","article-title":"Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study","author":"El","year":"2010","unstructured":"El\n H,\n \n \n Palomo\n JM.\n \n \n Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t137(4 suppl):S50 e51\u2013e59; discussion S50\u2013S52."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b45","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"317","article-title":"Image quality produced by different cone-beam computed tomography settings","volume":"133","author":"Kwong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kwong\n JC,\n \n \n Palomo\n JM,\n \n \n Landers\n MA,\n \n \n Figueroa\n A,\n \n \n Hans\n MG.\n \n \n Image quality produced by different cone-beam computed tomography settings.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t133(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t317\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t327."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b46","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1803","article-title":"Cone beam computed tomography: an innovative tool for airway assessment","volume":"106","author":"Osorio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Osorio\n F,\n \n \n Perilla\n M,\n \n \n Doyle\n DJ,\n \n \n Palomo\n JM.\n \n \n Cone beam computed tomography: an innovative tool for airway assessment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnesth Analg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t106(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1803\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1807."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-91-1-46-b47","series-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"149","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the alar base width of patients submitted to surgically assisted maxillary expansion","volume":"14","author":"de Assis","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Assis\n DS,\n \n \n Duarte\n MA,\n \n \n Goncales\n ES.\n \n \n Clinical evaluation of the alar base width of patients submitted to surgically assisted maxillary expansion.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t14(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t149\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t154."}],"container-title":["The Angle 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