{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:52:14Z","timestamp":1787025134229,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n In this retrospective case-control study, we aimed to evaluate the nasopharyngeal airway volume of children with Down syndrome (DS) and compare the results with those of control participants well matched for sex and age.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifteen children with DS (mean age = 9.43 \u00b1 0.38 years; 8 boys, 7 girls) and 15 control participants (mean age = 9.51 \u00b1 0.40 years; 8 boys, 7 girls) were enrolled. The nasopharyngeal airway volume and the cross-sectional morphology were measured with cone-beam computed tomography taken for orthodontic treatment. All measurements were assessed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparison tests. Covariates were body height and body weight, and the ANB angle and the mandibular plane angle. Significance was set at\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0019.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Nasal airway, superior airway, and total airway volumes of DS participants were significantly smaller than those of the control participants in ANCOVA results adjusted for ANB angle and mandibular plane angle (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .000). In ANCOVA results adjusted for body height and body weight, no statistically significant differences in the volume measurements were found.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The results indicate that the nasopharyngeal airway volume differs between children with and without DS and that the airway volume tends to be smaller in DS children than in children without DS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/022424-142.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:22:17Z","timestamp":1725322937000},"page":"78-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Three-dimensional assessment of the nasopharyngeal airway in Down syndrome during the mixed dentition period: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Hideomi","family":"Takizawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsutaro","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koutaro","family":"Maki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b01","series-title":"London Hospital Clinical Lecture Report","first-page":"259","article-title":"Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots","volume":"3","author":"Down,","year":"1866","unstructured":"Down,\n JLH.\n \n \n Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots. London Hospital Clinical Lecture Report. 1866;3:259\u2013262."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b02","series-title":"Am J Med Genet A","first-page":"1815","article-title":"Equipoise of recent estimated Down syndrome live births in Japan","volume":"179","author":"Sasaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sasaki\n A,\n \n \n Sago\n H.\n \n \n Equipoise of recent estimated Down syndrome live births in Japan. Am J Med Genet A. 2019;179:1815\u20131819."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b03","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2344","article-title":"Down syndrome","volume":"382","author":"Bull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bull\n MJ.\n \n \n Down syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2344\u20132352."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b04","series-title":"Clin Chest Med","first-page":"221","article-title":"Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Katz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Katz\n ES,\n \n \n D\u2019Ambrosio\n CM.\n \n \n Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31:221\u2013234."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b05","series-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol","first-page":"852","article-title":"Pediatric sleep apnea syndrome: an update","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li\n Z,\n \n \n Celestin\n J,\n \n \n Lockey\n R F.\n \n \n Pediatric sleep apnea syndrome: an update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;4:852\u2013861."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b06","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in younger school children with Down syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Austeng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Austeng\n ME,\n \n \n \u00d8verland\n B,\n \n \n Kv\u00e6rner\n KJ,\n \n et al.\n \n Obstructive sleep apnea in younger school children with Down syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78,1026\u20131029."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b07","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"132","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Marcus","year":"1991","unstructured":"Marcus\n CL,\n \n \n Keens\n TG,\n \n \n Bautista\n DB,\n \n \n Von Pechmann\n WS,\n \n \n Ward\n SLD.\n \n \n Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 1991;88:132\u2013139."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b08","series-title":"J Clin Sleep Med","first-page":"867","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children with down syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee\n CF,\n \n \n Lee\n CH,\n \n \n Hsueh\n WY,\n \n \n Lin\n MT,\n \n \n Kang\n KT.\n \n \n Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children with down syndrome: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14:867\u2013875."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b09","series-title":"Sleep","first-page":"699","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Maris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maris\n M,\n \n \n Verhulst\n S,\n \n \n Wojciechowski\n M,\n \n \n Van de Heyning\n P,\n \n \n Boudewyns\n A.\n \n \n Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome. Sleep. 2016;39:699\u2013704."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b10","series-title":"Sleep","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome: polygraphic findings in 108 children","volume":"26","author":"De Miguel-D\u00edez","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Miguel-D\u00edez\n J,\n \n \n Villa-Asensi\n JR,\n \n \n \u00c1lvarez-Sala\n JL.\n \n \n Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome: polygraphic findings in 108 children. Sleep. 2003;26:1006\u20131009."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b11","series-title":"Am J Med Genet A","first-page":"889","article-title":"A predictive model for obstructive sleep apnea and Down syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Skotko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skotko\n BG,\n \n \n Macklin\n EA,\n \n \n Muselli\n M,\n \n et al.\n \n A predictive model for obstructive sleep apnea and Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:889\u2013896."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b12","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"629","article-title":"Down syndrome: identification and surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"99","author":"Lefaivre","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lefaivre\n JF,\n \n \n Cohen\n SR,\n \n \n Burstein\n FD,\n \n et al.\n \n Down syndrome: identification and surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:629\u2013637."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b13","series-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet","first-page":"131","article-title":"Down syndrome: common otolaryngologic manifestations","volume":"142","author":"Shott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shott\n SR.\n \n \n Down syndrome: common otolaryngologic manifestations. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2006;142:131\u2013140."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b14","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"43","article-title":"Oral dysfunction as a cause of malocclusion","volume":"22","author":"D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio\n L.\n \n \n Oral dysfunction as a cause of malocclusion. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2019;22:43\u201348."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b15","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1803","article-title":"Patency of nasopharynx and a cephalometric image in the children with orthodontic problems","volume":"73","author":"Wysocki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wysocki\n J,\n \n \n Krasny\n M,\n \n \n Skarzy\u0144ski\n PH.\n \n \n Patency of nasopharynx and a cephalometric image in the children with orthodontic problems. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:1803\u20131809."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b16","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"95","article-title":"Computer-assisted simulations in orthodontic diagnosis and the application of a new cone beam x-ray computed tomography","volume":"6","author":"Maki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maki\n K,\n \n \n Inou\n N,\n \n \n Takanishi\n A,\n \n \n Miller\n AJ.\n \n \n Computer-assisted simulations in orthodontic diagnosis and the application of a new cone beam x-ray computed tomography. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2003;6:95\u2013101."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b17","series-title":"Sleep Breath","first-page":"911","article-title":"CBCT assessment of upper airway changes and treatment outcomes of obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Alsufyani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alsufyani\n NA,\n \n \n Al-Saleh\n MAQ,\n \n \n Major\n PW.\n \n \n CBCT assessment of upper airway changes and treatment outcomes of obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review. Sleep Breath. 2013;17:911\u2013923."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b18","series-title":"Cranio","first-page":"379","article-title":"CBCT analysis of pharyngeal airway volume and comparison of airway volume among patients with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion: a retrospective study","volume":"39","author":"Nath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nath\n M,\n \n \n Ahmed\n J,\n \n \n Ongole\n R,\n \n \n Denny\n C,\n \n \n Shenoy\n N.\n \n \n CBCT analysis of pharyngeal airway volume and comparison of airway volume among patients with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion: a retrospective study. Cranio. 2021;39:379\u2013390."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"306.e1","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim\n YJ,\n \n \n Hong\n JS,\n \n \n Hwang\n YI,\n \n \n Park\n YH.\n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:306.e1\u2013306.e11."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b20","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"533","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the pharyngeal airway in Japanese preschoolers with orofacial clefts","volume":"130","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takahashi\n M,\n \n \n Yamaguchi\n T,\n \n \n Lee\n MK,\n \n et al.\n \n Three-dimensional assessment of the pharyngeal airway in Japanese preschoolers with orofacial clefts. Laryngoscope. 2020;130:533\u2013540."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b21","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"35","article-title":"Craniofacial features as assessed by lateral cephalometric measurements in children with Down syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Allareddy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Allareddy\n V,\n \n \n Ching\n N,\n \n \n Macklin\n EA,\n \n et al.\n \n Craniofacial features as assessed by lateral cephalometric measurements in children with Down syndrome. Prog Orthod. 2016;17:35."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b22","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Maxillomandibular advancement in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: a retrospective study on the sagittal cephalometric variables","volume":"4","author":"Ronchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ronchi\n P,\n \n \n Cinquini\n V,\n \n \n Ambrosoli\n A,\n \n \n Caprioglio\n A.\n \n \n Maxillomandibular advancement in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: a retrospective study on the sagittal cephalometric variables. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2013;4:1\u20139. 24422033"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b23","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"32","article-title":"Evaluation of masseter muscle morphology in different types of malocclusions using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"12","author":"Becht","year":"2014","unstructured":"Becht\n MP,\n \n \n Mah\n J,\n \n \n Martin\n C,\n \n \n Razmus\n T,\n \n \n Gunel\n E,\n \n \n Ngan\n P.\n \n \n Evaluation of masseter muscle morphology in different types of malocclusions using cone beam computed tomography. Int Orthod. 2014;12:32\u201348."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b24","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"1","article-title":"Three dimensional assessment of the pharyngeal airway in individuals with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate","volume":"7","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheung\n T,\n \n \n Oberoi\n S.\n \n \n Three dimensional assessment of the pharyngeal airway in individuals with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. PLoS One. 2012;7:1\u20135."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b25","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"177","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of craniofacial features in patients with Down syndrome during the mixed dentition period: a case-control study","volume":"59","author":"Takizawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takizawa\n H,\n \n \n Takahashi\n M,\n \n \n Maki\n K.\n \n \n Three-dimensional assessment of craniofacial features in patients with Down syndrome during the mixed dentition period: a case-control study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2022;59:177\u2013184."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b26","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1460","article-title":"The palate and Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"276","author":"Shapiro","year":"1967","unstructured":"Shapiro\n BL,\n \n \n Gorlin\n RJ,\n \n \n Redman\n RS,\n \n \n Bruhl\n HH.\n \n \n The palate and Down\u2019s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1967;276:1460\u20131463."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b27","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"585","article-title":"Down syndrome: analysis of airway size and a guide for appropriate intubation","volume":"110","author":"Shott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shott\n SR.\n \n \n Down syndrome: analysis of airway size and a guide for appropriate intubation. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:585\u2013592."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b28","series-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev","first-page":"49","article-title":"The evaluation and management of respiratory disease in children with Down syndrome (DS)","volume":"26","author":"Alsubie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alsubie\n HS,\n \n \n Rosen\n D.\n \n \n The evaluation and management of respiratory disease in children with Down syndrome (DS). Paediatr Respir Rev. 2018;26:49\u201354. 29033214"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b29","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"1","article-title":"Respiratory and sleep characteristics based on frequency distribution of craniofacial skeletal patterns in Korean adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim\n SJ,\n \n \n Ahn\n HW,\n \n \n Hwang\n KJ,\n \n \n Kim\n SW.\n \n \n Respiratory and sleep characteristics based on frequency distribution of craniofacial skeletal patterns in Korean adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea. PLoS One. 2020;15:1\u201316."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b30","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"861","article-title":"Cranial base, maxillary and mandibular morphology in Down syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Suri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suri\n S,\n \n \n Tompson\n BD,\n \n \n Cornfoot\n L.\n \n \n Cranial base, maxillary and mandibular morphology in Down syndrome. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:861\u2013869."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b31","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1281","article-title":"Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"361","author":"Roizen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roizen\n NJ,\n \n \n Patterson\n D.\n \n \n Down\u2019s syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361:1281\u20131289."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b32","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study","volume":"84","author":"El","year":"2014","unstructured":"El\n H,\n \n \n Palomo\n JM.\n \n \n Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:265\u2013273."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b33","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"401","article-title":"The efficacy of adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"157","author":"Nation","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nation\n J,\n \n \n Brigger\n M.\n \n \n The efficacy of adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157:401\u2013408."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b34","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Down syndrome: otolaryngological effects of rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"122","author":"De Moura","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Moura\n CP,\n \n \n Andrade\n D,\n \n \n Cunha\n LM,\n \n et al.\n \n Down syndrome: otolaryngological effects of rapid maxillary expansion. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122:1318\u20131324."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b35","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"4","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway changes following maxillary expansion or protraction: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee\n W-C,\n \n \n Tu\n Y-K,\n \n \n Huang\n C-S,\n \n \n Chen\n R,\n \n \n Fu\n M-W,\n \n \n Fu\n E.\n \n \n Pharyngeal airway changes following maxillary expansion or protraction: a meta-analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2018: 21(1):4\u201311."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b36","series-title":"Sleep Med","first-page":"933","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a 12-year follow-up","volume":"16","author":"Pirelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pirelli\n P,\n \n \n Saponara\n M,\n \n \n Guilleminault\n C.\n \n \n Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a 12-year follow-up. Sleep Med. 2015;16:933\u2013935."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b37","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1712","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Camacho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Camacho\n M,\n \n \n Chang\n ET,\n \n \n Song\n SA,\n \n et al.\n \n Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:1712\u20131719."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b38","series-title":"Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Comparison of the effects on the pharyngeal airway space of maxillary protraction appliances according to the methods of anchorage","volume":"39","author":"Seo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seo\n W-G,\n \n \n Han\n S-J.\n \n \n Comparison of the effects on the pharyngeal airway space of maxillary protraction appliances according to the methods of anchorage. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;39(1):3."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b39","series-title":"Diagnostics","first-page":"1322","article-title":"Three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of changes in naso-maxillary complex associated with rapid palatal expansion","volume":"13","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Georgiadis\n T,\n \n \n Angelopoulos\n C,\n \n \n Papadopoulos\n MA,\n \n \n Kolokitha\n O-E.\n \n \n Three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of changes in naso-maxillary complex associated with rapid palatal expansion. Diagnostics. 2023;13:1322."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b40","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"129","article-title":"Long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion: a posteroanterior cephalometric evaluation","volume":"121","author":"Cameron","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cameron\n CG,\n \n \n Franchi\n L,\n \n \n Baccetti\n T,\n \n \n McNamara\n JA.\n \n \n Long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion: a posteroanterior cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;121:129\u2013135."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b41","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"381","article-title":"The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance","volume":"92","author":"Hartgerink","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hartgerink\n D V,\n \n \n Vig\n PS,\n \n \n Abbott\n DW.\n \n \n The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;92:381\u2013389."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b42","series-title":"Rhinology","first-page":"138","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion and nasal patency in children with Down syndrome","volume":"43","author":"de Moura","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Moura\n CP,\n \n \n Vales\n F,\n \n \n Andrade\n D,\n \n et al.\n \n Rapid maxillary expansion and nasal patency in children with Down syndrome. Rhinology. 2005;43:138\u2013142."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b01","series-title":"London Hospital Clinical Lecture Report","first-page":"259","article-title":"Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots","volume":"3","author":"Down,","year":"1866","unstructured":"Down,\n JLH.\n \n \n Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots. London Hospital Clinical Lecture Report. 1866;3:259\u2013262."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b02","series-title":"Am J Med Genet A","first-page":"1815","article-title":"Equipoise of recent estimated Down syndrome live births in Japan","volume":"179","author":"Sasaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sasaki\n A,\n \n \n Sago\n H.\n \n \n Equipoise of recent estimated Down syndrome live births in Japan. Am J Med Genet A. 2019;179:1815\u20131819."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b03","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2344","article-title":"Down syndrome","volume":"382","author":"Bull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bull\n MJ.\n \n \n Down syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2344\u20132352."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b04","series-title":"Clin Chest Med","first-page":"221","article-title":"Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Katz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Katz\n ES,\n \n \n D\u2019Ambrosio\n CM.\n \n \n Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31:221\u2013234."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b05","series-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol","first-page":"852","article-title":"Pediatric sleep apnea syndrome: an update","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li\n Z,\n \n \n Celestin\n J,\n \n \n Lockey\n R F.\n \n \n Pediatric sleep apnea syndrome: an update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;4:852\u2013861."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b06","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in younger school children with Down syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Austeng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Austeng\n ME,\n \n \n \u00d8verland\n B,\n \n \n Kv\u00e6rner\n KJ,\n \n et al.\n \n Obstructive sleep apnea in younger school children with Down syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;78,1026\u20131029."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b07","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"132","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Marcus","year":"1991","unstructured":"Marcus\n CL,\n \n \n Keens\n TG,\n \n \n Bautista\n DB,\n \n \n Von Pechmann\n WS,\n \n \n Ward\n SLD.\n \n \n Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics. 1991;88:132\u2013139."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b08","series-title":"J Clin Sleep Med","first-page":"867","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children with down syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee\n CF,\n \n \n Lee\n CH,\n \n \n Hsueh\n WY,\n \n \n Lin\n MT,\n \n \n Kang\n KT.\n \n \n Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children with down syndrome: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14:867\u2013875."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b09","series-title":"Sleep","first-page":"699","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Maris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maris\n M,\n \n \n Verhulst\n S,\n \n \n Wojciechowski\n M,\n \n \n Van de Heyning\n P,\n \n \n Boudewyns\n A.\n \n \n Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome. Sleep. 2016;39:699\u2013704."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b10","series-title":"Sleep","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome: polygraphic findings in 108 children","volume":"26","author":"De Miguel-D\u00edez","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Miguel-D\u00edez\n J,\n \n \n Villa-Asensi\n JR,\n \n \n \u00c1lvarez-Sala\n JL.\n \n \n Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome: polygraphic findings in 108 children. Sleep. 2003;26:1006\u20131009."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b11","series-title":"Am J Med Genet A","first-page":"889","article-title":"A predictive model for obstructive sleep apnea and Down syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Skotko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skotko\n BG,\n \n \n Macklin\n EA,\n \n \n Muselli\n M,\n \n et al.\n \n A predictive model for obstructive sleep apnea and Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:889\u2013896."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b12","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"629","article-title":"Down syndrome: identification and surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"99","author":"Lefaivre","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lefaivre\n JF,\n \n \n Cohen\n SR,\n \n \n Burstein\n FD,\n \n et al.\n \n Down syndrome: identification and surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:629\u2013637."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b13","series-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet","first-page":"131","article-title":"Down syndrome: common otolaryngologic manifestations","volume":"142","author":"Shott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shott\n SR.\n \n \n Down syndrome: common otolaryngologic manifestations. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2006;142:131\u2013140."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b14","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"43","article-title":"Oral dysfunction as a cause of malocclusion","volume":"22","author":"D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio\n L.\n \n \n Oral dysfunction as a cause of malocclusion. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2019;22:43\u201348."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b15","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1803","article-title":"Patency of nasopharynx and a cephalometric image in the children with orthodontic problems","volume":"73","author":"Wysocki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wysocki\n J,\n \n \n Krasny\n M,\n \n \n Skarzy\u0144ski\n PH.\n \n \n Patency of nasopharynx and a cephalometric image in the children with orthodontic problems. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73:1803\u20131809."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b16","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"95","article-title":"Computer-assisted simulations in orthodontic diagnosis and the application of a new cone beam x-ray computed tomography","volume":"6","author":"Maki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maki\n K,\n \n \n Inou\n N,\n \n \n Takanishi\n A,\n \n \n Miller\n AJ.\n \n \n Computer-assisted simulations in orthodontic diagnosis and the application of a new cone beam x-ray computed tomography. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2003;6:95\u2013101."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b17","series-title":"Sleep Breath","first-page":"911","article-title":"CBCT assessment of upper airway changes and treatment outcomes of obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Alsufyani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alsufyani\n NA,\n \n \n Al-Saleh\n MAQ,\n \n \n Major\n PW.\n \n \n CBCT assessment of upper airway changes and treatment outcomes of obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review. Sleep Breath. 2013;17:911\u2013923."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b18","series-title":"Cranio","first-page":"379","article-title":"CBCT analysis of pharyngeal airway volume and comparison of airway volume among patients with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion: a retrospective study","volume":"39","author":"Nath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nath\n M,\n \n \n Ahmed\n J,\n \n \n Ongole\n R,\n \n \n Denny\n C,\n \n \n Shenoy\n N.\n \n \n CBCT analysis of pharyngeal airway volume and comparison of airway volume among patients with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion: a retrospective study. Cranio. 2021;39:379\u2013390."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"306.e1","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim\n YJ,\n \n \n Hong\n JS,\n \n \n Hwang\n YI,\n \n \n Park\n YH.\n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:306.e1\u2013306.e11."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b20","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"533","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the pharyngeal airway in Japanese preschoolers with orofacial clefts","volume":"130","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takahashi\n M,\n \n \n Yamaguchi\n T,\n \n \n Lee\n MK,\n \n et al.\n \n Three-dimensional assessment of the pharyngeal airway in Japanese preschoolers with orofacial clefts. Laryngoscope. 2020;130:533\u2013540."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b21","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"35","article-title":"Craniofacial features as assessed by lateral cephalometric measurements in children with Down syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Allareddy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Allareddy\n V,\n \n \n Ching\n N,\n \n \n Macklin\n EA,\n \n et al.\n \n Craniofacial features as assessed by lateral cephalometric measurements in children with Down syndrome. Prog Orthod. 2016;17:35."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b22","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Maxillomandibular advancement in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: a retrospective study on the sagittal cephalometric variables","volume":"4","author":"Ronchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ronchi\n P,\n \n \n Cinquini\n V,\n \n \n Ambrosoli\n A,\n \n \n Caprioglio\n A.\n \n \n Maxillomandibular advancement in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients: a retrospective study on the sagittal cephalometric variables. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2013;4:1\u20139. 24422033"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b23","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"32","article-title":"Evaluation of masseter muscle morphology in different types of malocclusions using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"12","author":"Becht","year":"2014","unstructured":"Becht\n MP,\n \n \n Mah\n J,\n \n \n Martin\n C,\n \n \n Razmus\n T,\n \n \n Gunel\n E,\n \n \n Ngan\n P.\n \n \n Evaluation of masseter muscle morphology in different types of malocclusions using cone beam computed tomography. Int Orthod. 2014;12:32\u201348."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b24","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"1","article-title":"Three dimensional assessment of the pharyngeal airway in individuals with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate","volume":"7","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheung\n T,\n \n \n Oberoi\n S.\n \n \n Three dimensional assessment of the pharyngeal airway in individuals with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. PLoS One. 2012;7:1\u20135."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b25","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"177","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of craniofacial features in patients with Down syndrome during the mixed dentition period: a case-control study","volume":"59","author":"Takizawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takizawa\n H,\n \n \n Takahashi\n M,\n \n \n Maki\n K.\n \n \n Three-dimensional assessment of craniofacial features in patients with Down syndrome during the mixed dentition period: a case-control study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2022;59:177\u2013184."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b26","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1460","article-title":"The palate and Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"276","author":"Shapiro","year":"1967","unstructured":"Shapiro\n BL,\n \n \n Gorlin\n RJ,\n \n \n Redman\n RS,\n \n \n Bruhl\n HH.\n \n \n The palate and Down\u2019s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1967;276:1460\u20131463."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b27","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"585","article-title":"Down syndrome: analysis of airway size and a guide for appropriate intubation","volume":"110","author":"Shott","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shott\n SR.\n \n \n Down syndrome: analysis of airway size and a guide for appropriate intubation. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:585\u2013592."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b28","series-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev","first-page":"49","article-title":"The evaluation and management of respiratory disease in children with Down syndrome (DS)","volume":"26","author":"Alsubie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alsubie\n HS,\n \n \n Rosen\n D.\n \n \n The evaluation and management of respiratory disease in children with Down syndrome (DS). Paediatr Respir Rev. 2018;26:49\u201354. 29033214"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b29","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"1","article-title":"Respiratory and sleep characteristics based on frequency distribution of craniofacial skeletal patterns in Korean adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim\n SJ,\n \n \n Ahn\n HW,\n \n \n Hwang\n KJ,\n \n \n Kim\n SW.\n \n \n Respiratory and sleep characteristics based on frequency distribution of craniofacial skeletal patterns in Korean adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea. PLoS One. 2020;15:1\u201316."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b30","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"861","article-title":"Cranial base, maxillary and mandibular morphology in Down syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Suri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suri\n S,\n \n \n Tompson\n BD,\n \n \n Cornfoot\n L.\n \n \n Cranial base, maxillary and mandibular morphology in Down syndrome. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:861\u2013869."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b31","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1281","article-title":"Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"361","author":"Roizen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roizen\n NJ,\n \n \n Patterson\n D.\n \n \n Down\u2019s syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361:1281\u20131289."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b32","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study","volume":"84","author":"El","year":"2014","unstructured":"El\n H,\n \n \n Palomo\n JM.\n \n \n Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:265\u2013273."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b33","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"401","article-title":"The efficacy of adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"157","author":"Nation","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nation\n J,\n \n \n Brigger\n M.\n \n \n The efficacy of adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157:401\u2013408."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b34","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Down syndrome: otolaryngological effects of rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"122","author":"De Moura","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Moura\n CP,\n \n \n Andrade\n D,\n \n \n Cunha\n LM,\n \n et al.\n \n Down syndrome: otolaryngological effects of rapid maxillary expansion. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122:1318\u20131324."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b35","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"4","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway changes following maxillary expansion or protraction: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee\n W-C,\n \n \n Tu\n Y-K,\n \n \n Huang\n C-S,\n \n \n Chen\n R,\n \n \n Fu\n M-W,\n \n \n Fu\n E.\n \n \n Pharyngeal airway changes following maxillary expansion or protraction: a meta-analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2018: 21(1):4\u201311."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b36","series-title":"Sleep Med","first-page":"933","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a 12-year follow-up","volume":"16","author":"Pirelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pirelli\n P,\n \n \n Saponara\n M,\n \n \n Guilleminault\n C.\n \n \n Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a 12-year follow-up. Sleep Med. 2015;16:933\u2013935."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b37","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1712","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Camacho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Camacho\n M,\n \n \n Chang\n ET,\n \n \n Song\n SA,\n \n et al.\n \n Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:1712\u20131719."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b38","series-title":"Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Comparison of the effects on the pharyngeal airway space of maxillary protraction appliances according to the methods of anchorage","volume":"39","author":"Seo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seo\n W-G,\n \n \n Han\n S-J.\n \n \n Comparison of the effects on the pharyngeal airway space of maxillary protraction appliances according to the methods of anchorage. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;39(1):3."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b39","series-title":"Diagnostics","first-page":"1322","article-title":"Three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of changes in naso-maxillary complex associated with rapid palatal expansion","volume":"13","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Georgiadis\n T,\n \n \n Angelopoulos\n C,\n \n \n Papadopoulos\n MA,\n \n \n Kolokitha\n O-E.\n \n \n Three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of changes in naso-maxillary complex associated with rapid palatal expansion. Diagnostics. 2023;13:1322."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b40","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"129","article-title":"Long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion: a posteroanterior cephalometric evaluation","volume":"121","author":"Cameron","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cameron\n CG,\n \n \n Franchi\n L,\n \n \n Baccetti\n T,\n \n \n McNamara\n JA.\n \n \n Long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion: a posteroanterior cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;121:129\u2013135."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b41","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"381","article-title":"The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance","volume":"92","author":"Hartgerink","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hartgerink\n D V,\n \n \n Vig\n PS,\n \n \n Abbott\n DW.\n \n \n The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;92:381\u2013389."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-78-b42","series-title":"Rhinology","first-page":"138","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion and nasal patency in children with Down syndrome","volume":"43","author":"de Moura","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Moura\n CP,\n \n \n Vales\n F,\n \n \n Andrade\n D,\n \n et al.\n \n Rapid maxillary expansion and nasal patency in children with Down syndrome. Rhinology. 2005;43:138\u2013142."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p78.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/95\/1\/78\/3465575\/i1945-7103-95-1-78.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p78.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p78.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:45:52Z","timestamp":1780065952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p78.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/022424-142.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-7103","0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}