{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:10:06Z","timestamp":1789092606225,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To compare growth-related changes of skeletal and upper airway features of unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects (UCLP) with non-cleft control (NCC) subjects by using lateral cephalograms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n The sample comprised 238 subjects, collected cross-sectionally, divided into 2 groups: 94 with UCLP, and 144 NCC, subdivided into 4 groups according to their growth stages by using cervical vertebral maturation stage (CVMS). The subgroups were defined as early childhood (stage 1), prepubertal (stage 2: CVMS I and II), pubertal (stage 3: CVMS III and IV), and postpubertal (stage 4: CVMS V and VI).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The maxilla was more retrognathic at stages 2, 3, and 4 in females with UCLP. The mandible was more retrognathic in UCLP at stage 1 in males, and stages 2 and 3 in females. ANB (angle between NA plane and NB plane) was significantly smaller in UCLP subjects at stage 4 for both sexes. A vertical growth pattern was seen in UCLP subjects except males at stages 2 and 3, and females at stage 2. Posterior airway space was significantly narrower at all stages in males and after stage 1 in females. Middle airway space was significantly wider at all stages in females and after stage 1 in males. Epiglottic airway space was significantly narrower in males at stage 3.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Age- and sex-dependent differences in skeletal morphology and upper-airway widths of the UCLP subjects were identified when compared with controls.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/022518-155.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T13:50:22Z","timestamp":1548769822000},"page":"575-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Upper airway features of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients in different growth stages"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Bengisu","family":"Akarsu-Guven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jale","family":"Karakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Figen","family":"Ozgur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Esthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muge","family":"Aksu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b01","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"618","article-title":"Dentocraniofacial morphology of 21 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: a cephalometric study","volume":"42","author":"Corbo \n M,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Corbo \n M, \n \n \n Dujardin \n T, \n \n \n de Maertelaer \n V, \n \n \n Malevez \n C, \n \n \n Glineur \n R. \n \n \n Dentocraniofacial morphology of 21 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: a cephalometric study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42:618\u2013624."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b02","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"28","article-title":"Craniofacial development in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"44","author":"Do\u011fan \n S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Do\u011fan \n S, \n \n \n On\u00e7a\u011f \n G, \n \n \n Akin \n Y. \n \n \n Craniofacial development in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;44:28\u201333."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b03","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"512","article-title":"Vertical and sagittal growth in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate-a retrospective cephalometric evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Holst \n AI,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holst \n AI, \n \n \n Holst \n S, \n \n \n Nkenke \n E, \n \n \n Fenner \n M, \n \n \n Hirschfelder \n U. \n \n \n Vertical and sagittal growth in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate-a retrospective cephalometric evaluation. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2009;46:512\u2013520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b04","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"e16","article-title":"Craniofacial morphology characteristics of operated unilateral complete cleft lip and palate patients in mixed dentition","volume":"112","author":"Liu \n R,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu \n R, \n \n \n Lu \n D, \n \n \n Wamalwa \n P, \n \n \n Li \n C, \n \n \n Hu \n H, \n \n \n Zou \n S. \n \n \n Craniofacial morphology characteristics of operated unilateral complete cleft lip and palate patients in mixed dentition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112:e16\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Sagittal mandibular development effects on the dimensions of the awake pharyngeal airway passage","volume":"80","author":"Jena \n AK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jena \n AK, \n \n \n Singh \n SP, \n \n \n Utreja \n AK. \n \n \n Sagittal mandibular development effects on the dimensions of the awake pharyngeal airway passage. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:1061\u20131067."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"306.e1","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns","volume":"137","author":"Kim \n YJ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim \n YJ, \n \n \n Hong \n JS, \n \n \n Hwang \n YI, \n \n \n Park \n YH. \n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:306.e1\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions","volume":"35","author":"El \n H,","year":"2013","unstructured":"El \n H, \n \n \n Palomo \n JM. \n \n \n An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:262\u2013270."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"985","article-title":"Three-dimensional airway evaluation in 387 subjects from one university orthodontic clinic using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Chiang \n CC,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiang \n CC, \n \n \n Jeffres \n MN, \n \n \n Miller \n A, \n \n \n Hatcher \n DC. \n \n \n Three-dimensional airway evaluation in 387 subjects from one university orthodontic clinic using cone beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:985\u2013992."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b09","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"282","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal characteristics in children with cleft lip and palate","volume":"29","author":"Smahel \n Z,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smahel \n Z, \n \n \n M\u00fcllerov\u00e1 \n I. \n \n \n Nasopharyngeal characteristics in children with cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1992;29:282\u2013286."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b10","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"e75","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of nasopharyngeal airways of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients using three-dimensional and two-dimensional methods","volume":"49","author":"Aras \n I,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aras \n I, \n \n \n Olmez \n S, \n \n \n Dogan \n S. \n \n \n Comparative evaluation of nasopharyngeal airways of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients using three-dimensional and two-dimensional methods. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2012;49:e75\u201381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"780","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of the pharyngeal airway volumes in patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"145","author":"Celikoglu \n M,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celikoglu \n M, \n \n \n Buyuk \n SK, \n \n \n Sekerci \n AE, \n \n \n Ucar \n FI, \n \n \n Cantekin \n K. \n \n \n Three-dimensional evaluation of the pharyngeal airway volumes in patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;145:780\u2013786."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"189","article-title":"Comparison of the sizes of adenoidal tissues and upper airways of subjects with and without cleft lip and palate","volume":"122","author":"Imamura \n N,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Imamura \n N, \n \n \n Ono \n T, \n \n \n Hiyama \n S, \n \n \n Ishiwata \n Y, \n \n \n Kuroda \n T. \n \n \n Comparison of the sizes of adenoidal tissues and upper airways of subjects with and without cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122:189\u2013194."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S92","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of the pharyngeal airway morphology in growing Japanese girls with and without cleft lip and palate","volume":"141","author":"Yoshihara \n M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoshihara \n M, \n \n \n Terajima \n M, \n \n \n Yanagita \n N, \n \n et al. \n Three-dimensional analysis of the pharyngeal airway morphology in growing Japanese girls with and without cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141(4 Suppl):S92\u2013101."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b14","series-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent","first-page":"297","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of adenoids, upper airway, maxilla, velum length, need ratio for determining velopharyngeal incompetency in subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"32","author":"Gohilot \n A,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gohilot \n A, \n \n \n Pradhan \n T, \n \n \n Keluskar \n KM. \n \n \n Cephalometric evaluation of adenoids, upper airway, maxilla, velum length, need ratio for determining velopharyngeal incompetency in subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2014;32:297\u2013303."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"335","article-title":"Mandibular growth as related to cervical vertebral maturation and body height","volume":"118","author":"Franchi \n L,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Franchi \n L, \n \n \n Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Mandibular growth as related to cervical vertebral maturation and body height. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;118:335\u2013340."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"8","article-title":"Cephalometrics in clinical practice","volume":"29","author":"Steiner \n CC.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Steiner \n CC. \n \n \n Cephalometrics in clinical practice. Angle Orthod. 1959;29:8\u201329."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b17","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effects of maxillary distraction osteogenesis on the upper-airway size and nasal resistance in subjects with cleft lip and palate","volume":"7","author":"Mochida \n M,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mochida \n M, \n \n \n Ono \n T, \n \n \n Saito \n K, \n \n \n Tsuiki \n S, \n \n \n Ohyama \n K. \n \n \n Effects of maxillary distraction osteogenesis on the upper-airway size and nasal resistance in subjects with cleft lip and palate. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7:189\u2013197."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"576","article-title":"Growth-related changes of skeletal and upper-airway features in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients","volume":"148","author":"Akarsu-Guven \n B,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akarsu-Guven \n B, \n \n \n Karakaya \n J, \n \n \n Ozgur \n F, \n \n \n Aksu \n M. \n \n \n Growth-related changes of skeletal and upper-airway features in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:576\u2013586."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b19","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1028","article-title":"Influence of gender and age on upper-airway length during development","volume":"120","author":"Ronen \n O,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ronen \n O, \n \n \n Malhotra \n A, \n \n \n Pillar \n G. \n \n \n Influence of gender and age on upper-airway length during development. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e1028\u20131034."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b20","series-title":"Cleft Palate J","first-page":"215","article-title":"Craniofacial growth in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate: a roentgeno-cephalometric study","volume":"13","author":"Hayashi \n I,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hayashi \n I, \n \n \n Sakuda \n M, \n \n \n Takimoto \n K, \n \n \n Miyazaki \n T. \n \n \n Craniofacial growth in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate: a roentgeno-cephalometric study. Cleft Palate J. 1976;13:215\u2013237."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b21","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1396","article-title":"Craniofacial morphology in children with operated complete unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"19","author":"Goyenc \n YB,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goyenc \n YB, \n \n \n Gurel \n HG, \n \n \n Memili \n B. \n \n \n Craniofacial morphology in children with operated complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19:1396\u20131401."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b22","series-title":"Int J of Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"956","article-title":"Cleft size at the time of palate repair in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate as an indicator of maxillary growth","volume":"39","author":"Liao \n YF,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liao \n YF, \n \n \n Prasad \n NK, \n \n \n Chiu \n YT, \n \n \n Yun \n C, \n \n \n Chen \n PK. \n \n \n Cleft size at the time of palate repair in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate as an indicator of maxillary growth. Int J of Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39:956\u2013961."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S102","article-title":"Severity of alveolar cleft before palatoplasty affects vertical maxillofacial growth in 6-year-old patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"141","author":"Tomita \n Y,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tomita \n Y, \n \n \n Kuroda \n S, \n \n \n Katsura \n T, \n \n et al. \n Severity of alveolar cleft before palatoplasty affects vertical maxillofacial growth in 6-year-old patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:S102\u2013109."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b24","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"295","article-title":"Skeletal response to maxillary protraction in patients with cleft lip and palate before age 10 years","volume":"31","author":"Tindlund \n RS.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tindlund \n RS. \n \n \n Skeletal response to maxillary protraction in patients with cleft lip and palate before age 10 years. 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Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42:618\u2013624."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b02","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"28","article-title":"Craniofacial development in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"44","author":"Do\u011fan \n S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Do\u011fan \n S, \n \n \n On\u00e7a\u011f \n G, \n \n \n Akin \n Y. \n \n \n Craniofacial development in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;44:28\u201333."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b03","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"512","article-title":"Vertical and sagittal growth in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate-a retrospective cephalometric evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Holst \n AI,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holst \n AI, \n \n \n Holst \n S, \n \n \n Nkenke \n E, \n \n \n Fenner \n M, \n \n \n Hirschfelder \n U. \n \n \n Vertical and sagittal growth in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate-a retrospective cephalometric evaluation. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2009;46:512\u2013520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b04","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"e16","article-title":"Craniofacial morphology characteristics of operated unilateral complete cleft lip and palate patients in mixed dentition","volume":"112","author":"Liu \n R,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu \n R, \n \n \n Lu \n D, \n \n \n Wamalwa \n P, \n \n \n Li \n C, \n \n \n Hu \n H, \n \n \n Zou \n S. \n \n \n Craniofacial morphology characteristics of operated unilateral complete cleft lip and palate patients in mixed dentition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112:e16\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Sagittal mandibular development effects on the dimensions of the awake pharyngeal airway passage","volume":"80","author":"Jena \n AK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jena \n AK, \n \n \n Singh \n SP, \n \n \n Utreja \n AK. \n \n \n Sagittal mandibular development effects on the dimensions of the awake pharyngeal airway passage. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:1061\u20131067."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"306.e1","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns","volume":"137","author":"Kim \n YJ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim \n YJ, \n \n \n Hong \n JS, \n \n \n Hwang \n YI, \n \n \n Park \n YH. \n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:306.e1\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions","volume":"35","author":"El \n H,","year":"2013","unstructured":"El \n H, \n \n \n Palomo \n JM. \n \n \n An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:262\u2013270."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"985","article-title":"Three-dimensional airway evaluation in 387 subjects from one university orthodontic clinic using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Chiang \n CC,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiang \n CC, \n \n \n Jeffres \n MN, \n \n \n Miller \n A, \n \n \n Hatcher \n DC. \n \n \n Three-dimensional airway evaluation in 387 subjects from one university orthodontic clinic using cone beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:985\u2013992."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b09","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"282","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal characteristics in children with cleft lip and palate","volume":"29","author":"Smahel \n Z,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smahel \n Z, \n \n \n M\u00fcllerov\u00e1 \n I. \n \n \n Nasopharyngeal characteristics in children with cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1992;29:282\u2013286."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b10","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"e75","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of nasopharyngeal airways of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients using three-dimensional and two-dimensional methods","volume":"49","author":"Aras \n I,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aras \n I, \n \n \n Olmez \n S, \n \n \n Dogan \n S. \n \n \n Comparative evaluation of nasopharyngeal airways of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients using three-dimensional and two-dimensional methods. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2012;49:e75\u201381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"780","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of the pharyngeal airway volumes in patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"145","author":"Celikoglu \n M,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celikoglu \n M, \n \n \n Buyuk \n SK, \n \n \n Sekerci \n AE, \n \n \n Ucar \n FI, \n \n \n Cantekin \n K. \n \n \n Three-dimensional evaluation of the pharyngeal airway volumes in patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;145:780\u2013786."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"189","article-title":"Comparison of the sizes of adenoidal tissues and upper airways of subjects with and without cleft lip and palate","volume":"122","author":"Imamura \n N,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Imamura \n N, \n \n \n Ono \n T, \n \n \n Hiyama \n S, \n \n \n Ishiwata \n Y, \n \n \n Kuroda \n T. \n \n \n Comparison of the sizes of adenoidal tissues and upper airways of subjects with and without cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122:189\u2013194."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S92","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of the pharyngeal airway morphology in growing Japanese girls with and without cleft lip and palate","volume":"141","author":"Yoshihara \n M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoshihara \n M, \n \n \n Terajima \n M, \n \n \n Yanagita \n N, \n \n et al. \n Three-dimensional analysis of the pharyngeal airway morphology in growing Japanese girls with and without cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141(4 Suppl):S92\u2013101."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b14","series-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent","first-page":"297","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of adenoids, upper airway, maxilla, velum length, need ratio for determining velopharyngeal incompetency in subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"32","author":"Gohilot \n A,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gohilot \n A, \n \n \n Pradhan \n T, \n \n \n Keluskar \n KM. \n \n \n Cephalometric evaluation of adenoids, upper airway, maxilla, velum length, need ratio for determining velopharyngeal incompetency in subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2014;32:297\u2013303."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"335","article-title":"Mandibular growth as related to cervical vertebral maturation and body height","volume":"118","author":"Franchi \n L,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Franchi \n L, \n \n \n Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Mandibular growth as related to cervical vertebral maturation and body height. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;118:335\u2013340."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-4-575-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"8","article-title":"Cephalometrics in clinical practice","volume":"29","author":"Steiner \n CC.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Steiner \n CC. \n \n \n Cephalometrics in clinical practice. 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