{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:06:18Z","timestamp":1780067178675,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To establish a reference system for assessing the anteroposterior (A-P) position of the subnasal and lower-facial soft tissues for whole facial harmony.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n Forty Asian and 40 Caucasian females with attractive profiles were selected as the \u201cattractive\u201d samples, with \u201cordinary\u201d samples for comparison. Each profile was analyzed, and comparisons were made to reveal the interracial commonalities and differences. Esthetically essential parameters were established. An averaged attractive profile for each race was created by digital morphing and then modified into 30 variations based on combined variations of the esthetically essential parameters. Assessments were performed to investigate the esthetic ranges.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A-P position of the subnasal and lower-facial landmarks harmonized with the forehead for female profile esthetics. In addition to balanced soft tissue subnasale (sSn)- and soft titssue pogonion (Pos)-to-forehead A-P relations, harmonizing lower-facial soft tissues to sSn was indispensable for profile attractiveness. sSn-to-glabella, Pos-to-glabella, and Pos-to-sSn A-P relations were esthetically essential. Perceived by orthodontists, the attractive Asian female profiles had sSn-to-glabella A-P relations ranging from 0.5 mm to 4.5 mm, Pos-to-sSn from \u22129.0 mm to \u22125.5 mm, and Pos-to-glabella from \u22128.5 mm to \u22121.0 mm. Compared with Asians, the attractive Caucasian female profiles had more anteriorly and widely distributed sSn relative to the forehead, wider ranges of Pos-to-sSn A-P relations, and more prominent chins.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n A reference system comprising sSn-glabella, Pos-sSn, and Pos-glabella horizontal distances was constructed for facial profile analysis. This system could aid treatment planning for surgical or orthopedic repositioning of the maxilla and chin.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/022524-145.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T20:02:07Z","timestamp":1727208127000},"page":"86-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Harmonizing soft tissue subnasale and chin position in a forehead-based framework: interracial commonalities and differences between Asian and Caucasian females"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Tian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianrui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoran","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b01","series-title":"J Esthet Dent","first-page":"46","article-title":"The soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: a new view for a new century","volume":"12","author":"Proffit","year":"2000","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n The soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: a new view for a new century. J Esthet Dent. 2000;12:46\u201349."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b02","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics, 6th Edition","first-page":"657","author":"Proffit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR,\n \n \n Fields\n HW,\n \n \n Sarver\n DM.\n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics, 6th Edition. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018:657\u2013658."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"575","article-title":"Orthodontics about face: the re-emergence of the esthetic paradigm","volume":"117","author":"Sarver","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sarver\n DM,\n \n \n Ackerman\n JL.\n \n \n Orthodontics about face: the re-emergence of the esthetic paradigm. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117:575\u2013576. 10799119"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b04","series-title":"Clin Orthod Res","first-page":"49","article-title":"The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","volume":"2","author":"Ackerman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ackerman\n JL,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR,\n \n \n Sarver\n DM.\n \n \n The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Clin Orthod Res. 1999;2:49\u201352."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b05","series-title":"Clin Plas Surg","first-page":"369","article-title":"The aesthetic dentofacial analysis","volume":"34","author":"Sarver","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarver\n D,\n \n \n Jacobson\n RS.\n \n \n The aesthetic dentofacial analysis. Clin Plas Surg. 2007;34:369\u2013394."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I","volume":"84","author":"Holdaway","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holdaway\n RA.\n \n \n A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I. Am J Orthod. 1983;84:1\u201328."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"175","article-title":"Facial harmony","volume":"60","author":"Cox","year":"1971","unstructured":"Cox\n NH,\n \n \n Linden\n FPVD.\n \n \n Facial harmony. Am J Orthod. 1971;60:175\u2013183."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b08","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"0","article-title":"The use of three-dimensional techniques in facial esthetics","volume":"1","author":"Moss","year":"1995","unstructured":"Moss\n JP,\n \n \n Linney\n AD,\n \n \n Lowey\n MN.\n \n \n The use of three-dimensional techniques in facial esthetics. Semin Orthod. 1995;1:0\u201394."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"453","article-title":"A photometric analysis of the facial profile","volume":"41","author":"Stoner","year":"1955","unstructured":"Stoner\n MM.\n \n \n A photometric analysis of the facial profile. Am J Orthod. 1955;41:453\u2013469."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"14","article-title":"Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth","volume":"27","author":"Ricketts","year":"1957","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM.\n \n \n Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth. Angle Orthod. 1957;27:14\u201337."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"The integumental profile","volume":"44","author":"Burstone","year":"1958","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ.\n \n \n The integumental profile. Am J Orthod. 1958;44:1\u201325."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"93","article-title":"Integumental contour and extension patterns","volume":"29","author":"Burstone","year":"1957","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ.\n \n \n Integumental contour and extension patterns. Angle Orthod. 1957;29:93\u2013104."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"804","article-title":"The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics","volume":"52","author":"Merrifield","year":"1966","unstructured":"Merrifield\n LL.\n \n \n The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics. Am J Orthod. 1966;52:804\u2013822."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning","volume":"53","author":"Burstone","year":"1967","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ.\n \n \n Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning. Am J Orthod. 1967;53:262\u2013284."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"316","article-title":"Assessment of the anteroposterior soft tissue contour of the lower facial third in the ideal young adult","volume":"79","author":"Spradley","year":"1981","unstructured":"Spradley\n FL,\n \n \n Jacobs\n JD,\n \n \n Crowe\n DP.\n \n \n Assessment of the anteroposterior soft tissue contour of the lower facial third in the ideal young adult. Am J Orthod. 1981;79:316\u2013325."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b16","series-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res","first-page":"172","article-title":"Soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic treatment with or without tooth extractions in Class I malocclusion patients: a comparative study","volume":"9","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freitas\n BV,\n \n \n Rodrigues\n VP,\n \n \n Rodrigues\n MF,\n \n et al.\n \n Soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic treatment with or without tooth extractions in Class I malocclusion patients: a comparative study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2019;9:172\u2013176."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b17","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"628","article-title":"Assessing the influence of chin prominence on profile esthetics: a survey study","volume":"46","author":"Pi\u015firen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pi\u015firen\n A,\n \n \n Arman-\u00d6z\u00e7\u0131rp\u0131c\u0131\n A,\n \n \n Tun\u00e7er\n N.\n \n \n Assessing the influence of chin prominence on profile esthetics: a survey study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2018;46:628\u2013634."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b18","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"393e","article-title":"Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the lower face","volume":"140","author":"de Maio","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Maio\n M,\n \n \n Wu\n WTL,\n \n \n Goodman\n GJ,\n \n et al.\n \n Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the lower face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140:393e\u2013404e."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"662","article-title":"AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females","volume":"78","author":"Andrews","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andrews\n WA.\n \n \n AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:662\u2013669."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b01","series-title":"J Esthet Dent","first-page":"46","article-title":"The soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: a new view for a new century","volume":"12","author":"Proffit","year":"2000","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR.\n \n \n The soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: a new view for a new century. J Esthet Dent. 2000;12:46\u201349."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b02","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics, 6th Edition","first-page":"657","author":"Proffit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR,\n \n \n Fields\n HW,\n \n \n Sarver\n DM.\n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics, 6th Edition. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018:657\u2013658."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"575","article-title":"Orthodontics about face: the re-emergence of the esthetic paradigm","volume":"117","author":"Sarver","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sarver\n DM,\n \n \n Ackerman\n JL.\n \n \n Orthodontics about face: the re-emergence of the esthetic paradigm. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117:575\u2013576. 10799119"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b04","series-title":"Clin Orthod Res","first-page":"49","article-title":"The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning","volume":"2","author":"Ackerman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ackerman\n JL,\n \n \n Proffit\n WR,\n \n \n Sarver\n DM.\n \n \n The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Clin Orthod Res. 1999;2:49\u201352."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b05","series-title":"Clin Plas Surg","first-page":"369","article-title":"The aesthetic dentofacial analysis","volume":"34","author":"Sarver","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarver\n D,\n \n \n Jacobson\n RS.\n \n \n The aesthetic dentofacial analysis. Clin Plas Surg. 2007;34:369\u2013394."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I","volume":"84","author":"Holdaway","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holdaway\n RA.\n \n \n A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I. Am J Orthod. 1983;84:1\u201328."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"175","article-title":"Facial harmony","volume":"60","author":"Cox","year":"1971","unstructured":"Cox\n NH,\n \n \n Linden\n FPVD.\n \n \n Facial harmony. Am J Orthod. 1971;60:175\u2013183."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b08","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"0","article-title":"The use of three-dimensional techniques in facial esthetics","volume":"1","author":"Moss","year":"1995","unstructured":"Moss\n JP,\n \n \n Linney\n AD,\n \n \n Lowey\n MN.\n \n \n The use of three-dimensional techniques in facial esthetics. Semin Orthod. 1995;1:0\u201394."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"453","article-title":"A photometric analysis of the facial profile","volume":"41","author":"Stoner","year":"1955","unstructured":"Stoner\n MM.\n \n \n A photometric analysis of the facial profile. Am J Orthod. 1955;41:453\u2013469."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"14","article-title":"Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth","volume":"27","author":"Ricketts","year":"1957","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM.\n \n \n Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth. Angle Orthod. 1957;27:14\u201337."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"The integumental profile","volume":"44","author":"Burstone","year":"1958","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ.\n \n \n The integumental profile. Am J Orthod. 1958;44:1\u201325."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"93","article-title":"Integumental contour and extension patterns","volume":"29","author":"Burstone","year":"1957","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ.\n \n \n Integumental contour and extension patterns. Angle Orthod. 1957;29:93\u2013104."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"804","article-title":"The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics","volume":"52","author":"Merrifield","year":"1966","unstructured":"Merrifield\n LL.\n \n \n The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics. Am J Orthod. 1966;52:804\u2013822."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning","volume":"53","author":"Burstone","year":"1967","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ.\n \n \n Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning. Am J Orthod. 1967;53:262\u2013284."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"316","article-title":"Assessment of the anteroposterior soft tissue contour of the lower facial third in the ideal young adult","volume":"79","author":"Spradley","year":"1981","unstructured":"Spradley\n FL,\n \n \n Jacobs\n JD,\n \n \n Crowe\n DP.\n \n \n Assessment of the anteroposterior soft tissue contour of the lower facial third in the ideal young adult. Am J Orthod. 1981;79:316\u2013325."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b16","series-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res","first-page":"172","article-title":"Soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic treatment with or without tooth extractions in Class I malocclusion patients: a comparative study","volume":"9","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freitas\n BV,\n \n \n Rodrigues\n VP,\n \n \n Rodrigues\n MF,\n \n et al.\n \n Soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic treatment with or without tooth extractions in Class I malocclusion patients: a comparative study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2019;9:172\u2013176."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b17","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"628","article-title":"Assessing the influence of chin prominence on profile esthetics: a survey study","volume":"46","author":"Pi\u015firen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pi\u015firen\n A,\n \n \n Arman-\u00d6z\u00e7\u0131rp\u0131c\u0131\n A,\n \n \n Tun\u00e7er\n N.\n \n \n Assessing the influence of chin prominence on profile esthetics: a survey study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2018;46:628\u2013634."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b18","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"393e","article-title":"Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the lower face","volume":"140","author":"de Maio","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Maio\n M,\n \n \n Wu\n WTL,\n \n \n Goodman\n GJ,\n \n et al.\n \n Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the lower face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140:393e\u2013404e."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-86-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"662","article-title":"AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females","volume":"78","author":"Andrews","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andrews\n WA.\n \n \n AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:662\u2013669."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p86.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/95\/1\/86\/3465616\/i1945-7103-95-1-86.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p86.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p86.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:46:17Z","timestamp":1780065977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p86.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/022524-145.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-7103","0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}