{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T18:33:48Z","timestamp":1785263628451,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To describe the frictional forces (FF) that constrain wire sliding in the initial alignment phase of treatment using a new term, the \u201cconstraining force\u201d (CF), and to hypothesize that CF is dependent on two factors: the hyperelastic behavior of archwires and the specific type of tooth geometric malalignment present.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A laboratory device that simulates the four distinct malalignment types (in-out, rotation, tipping, and vertical step) was used to couple with an Instron testing apparatus. Incremental CF data for the four types of malalignment were recorded. Each type had five trials per increment of severity, from which the CF was averaged using 0.016-inch copper-nickel-titanium (CuNiTi) archwires.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Two types of friction curves were obtained: a traditional step function response and a power regression response. For all malalignment types, increasing degrees of irregularity increased power regression responses and CF. A severity turning point, displayed as a sudden increase in CF, occurred for each malalignment. The rotation type of malalignment yielded the lowest CF, while the vertical step type resulted in the highest CF.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The data infer a hypothesis that malrotation type having weak CF might act as a limiting factor in the alignment phase to unravel the neighboring teeth. Future investigations to compare clinical and bench data can help explain more fully the constraints impeding alignment resolution and the factors governing the ability to bring malaligned teeth into alignment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/030117-159.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]],"date-time":"2017-09-26T13:01:31Z","timestamp":1506430891000},"page":"67-74","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterizing constraining forces in the alignment phase of orthodontic treatment"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Chang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceib","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Edelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Student, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Chang","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"172","article-title":"A use hypothesis for 55 nitinol wire for orthodontics","volume":"42","author":"Andreasen \n G.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Andreasen \n G.\n \n \n Brady \n P.\n \n \n A use hypothesis for 55 nitinol wire for orthodontics. Angle Orthod. 1972;42:172\u2013177."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"470e1","article-title":"Alignment efficiency of Damon3 self-ligating and conventional orthodontic bracket systems: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"134","author":"Scott \n P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scott \n P.\n \n \n DiBiase \n A.\n \n \n Sherriff \n M.\n \n \n Cobourne \n M.\n \n \n Alignment efficiency of Damon3 self-ligating and conventional orthodontic bracket systems: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:470e1\u2013470e8."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"518","article-title":"Three-dimensional orthodontic force measurements","volume":"136","author":"Badawi \n H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Badawi \n H.\n \n \n Toogood \n R.\n \n \n Carey \n J.\n \n \n Heo \n G.\n \n \n Major \n P.\n \n \n Three-dimensional orthodontic force measurements. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:518\u2013528."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b04","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"166","article-title":"Friction between different wire-bracket configurations and materials","volume":"3","author":"Kusy \n R.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kusy \n R.\n \n \n Whitley \n J.\n \n \n Friction between different wire-bracket configurations and materials. Semin Orthod. 1997;3:166\u2013177."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"117","article-title":"Evaluation of friction between edgewise stainless steel brackets and orthodontic wires of four alloys","volume":"98","author":"Kapila \n S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kapila \n S.\n \n \n Angolkar \n P.\n \n \n Duncanson \n M.\n \n \n Nanda \n R.\n \n \n Evaluation of friction between edgewise stainless steel brackets and orthodontic wires of four alloys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98:117\u2013126."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b06","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"151","article-title":"Evaluation of friction forces in the 0.022\u00d70.028 edgewise bracket in vitro","volume":"3","author":"Andreasen \n G.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Andreasen \n G.\n \n \n Fernando \n Q.\n \n \n Evaluation of friction forces in the 0.022\u00d70.028 edgewise bracket in vitro. J Biomech. 1970;3:151\u2013160."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"593","article-title":"A comparative study of frictional resistances between orthodontic bracket and arch wire","volume":"78.6","author":"Frank \n C.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Frank \n C.\n \n \n Nikolai \n R.\n \n \n A comparative study of frictional resistances between orthodontic bracket and arch wire. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1980;78.6:593\u2013609."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"199","article-title":"Influence of archwire and bracket dimensions on sliding mechanics: derivations and determinations of the critical contact angles for binding","volume":"21","author":"Kusy \n RP.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kusy \n RP.\n \n \n Whitley \n J.\n \n \n Influence of archwire and bracket dimensions on sliding mechanics: derivations and determinations of the critical contact angles for binding. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:199\u2013208."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"708","article-title":"Evaluation of frictional forces during dental alignment: an experiment model with 3 nonleveled brackets","volume":"133","author":"Matarese \n G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matarese \n G.\n \n \n Nucera \n R.\n \n \n Militi \n A.\n \n et al. \n Evaluation of frictional forces during dental alignment: an experiment model with 3 nonleveled brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:708\u2013715."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"480","article-title":"A clinical trial of Damon 2 vs conventional twin brackets during initial alignment","volume":"76","author":"Miles \n PG.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miles \n PG.\n \n \n Weyant \n RJ.\n \n \n Rustveld \n L.\n \n \n A clinical trial of Damon 2 vs conventional twin brackets during initial alignment. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:480\u2013485."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b11","series-title":"Stat Med","first-page":"3055","article-title":"Estimating regression models with unknown break points","volume":"22","author":"Muggeo \n V.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Muggeo \n V.\n \n \n Estimating regression models with unknown break points. Stat Med. 2003;22:3055\u20133071."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b12","series-title":"Int J Solid Struct","first-page":"1970","article-title":"The frictional sliding response of elasto-plastic materials in contact with a conical indenter","volume":"44","author":"Bellemare \n S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bellemare \n S.\n \n \n Dao \n M.\n \n \n Suresh \n S.\n \n \n The frictional sliding response of elasto-plastic materials in contact with a conical indenter. Int J Solid Struct. 2007;44:1970\u20131989."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"270","article-title":"Force systems from an ideal arch","volume":"65","year":"1974","unstructured":"Burstone C, Koenig H. Force systems from an ideal arch. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1974;65:270\u2013289."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"172","article-title":"A use hypothesis for 55 nitinol wire for orthodontics","volume":"42","author":"Andreasen \n G.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Andreasen \n G.\n \n \n Brady \n P.\n \n \n A use hypothesis for 55 nitinol wire for orthodontics. Angle Orthod. 1972;42:172\u2013177."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"470e1","article-title":"Alignment efficiency of Damon3 self-ligating and conventional orthodontic bracket systems: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"134","author":"Scott \n P.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scott \n P.\n \n \n DiBiase \n A.\n \n \n Sherriff \n M.\n \n \n Cobourne \n M.\n \n \n Alignment efficiency of Damon3 self-ligating and conventional orthodontic bracket systems: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:470e1\u2013470e8."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"518","article-title":"Three-dimensional orthodontic force measurements","volume":"136","author":"Badawi \n H.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Badawi \n H.\n \n \n Toogood \n R.\n \n \n Carey \n J.\n \n \n Heo \n G.\n \n \n Major \n P.\n \n \n Three-dimensional orthodontic force measurements. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:518\u2013528."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b04","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"166","article-title":"Friction between different wire-bracket configurations and materials","volume":"3","author":"Kusy \n R.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kusy \n R.\n \n \n Whitley \n J.\n \n \n Friction between different wire-bracket configurations and materials. Semin Orthod. 1997;3:166\u2013177."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"117","article-title":"Evaluation of friction between edgewise stainless steel brackets and orthodontic wires of four alloys","volume":"98","author":"Kapila \n S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kapila \n S.\n \n \n Angolkar \n P.\n \n \n Duncanson \n M.\n \n \n Nanda \n R.\n \n \n Evaluation of friction between edgewise stainless steel brackets and orthodontic wires of four alloys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98:117\u2013126."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b06","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"151","article-title":"Evaluation of friction forces in the 0.022\u00d70.028 edgewise bracket in vitro","volume":"3","author":"Andreasen \n G.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Andreasen \n G.\n \n \n Fernando \n Q.\n \n \n Evaluation of friction forces in the 0.022\u00d70.028 edgewise bracket in vitro. J Biomech. 1970;3:151\u2013160."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"593","article-title":"A comparative study of frictional resistances between orthodontic bracket and arch wire","volume":"78.6","author":"Frank \n C.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Frank \n C.\n \n \n Nikolai \n R.\n \n \n A comparative study of frictional resistances between orthodontic bracket and arch wire. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1980;78.6:593\u2013609."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"199","article-title":"Influence of archwire and bracket dimensions on sliding mechanics: derivations and determinations of the critical contact angles for binding","volume":"21","author":"Kusy \n RP.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kusy \n RP.\n \n \n Whitley \n J.\n \n \n Influence of archwire and bracket dimensions on sliding mechanics: derivations and determinations of the critical contact angles for binding. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:199\u2013208."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"708","article-title":"Evaluation of frictional forces during dental alignment: an experiment model with 3 nonleveled brackets","volume":"133","author":"Matarese \n G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matarese \n G.\n \n \n Nucera \n R.\n \n \n Militi \n A.\n \n et al. \n Evaluation of frictional forces during dental alignment: an experiment model with 3 nonleveled brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:708\u2013715."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"480","article-title":"A clinical trial of Damon 2 vs conventional twin brackets during initial alignment","volume":"76","author":"Miles \n PG.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miles \n PG.\n \n \n Weyant \n RJ.\n \n \n Rustveld \n L.\n \n \n A clinical trial of Damon 2 vs conventional twin brackets during initial alignment. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:480\u2013485."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b11","series-title":"Stat Med","first-page":"3055","article-title":"Estimating regression models with unknown break points","volume":"22","author":"Muggeo \n V.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Muggeo \n V.\n \n \n Estimating regression models with unknown break points. Stat Med. 2003;22:3055\u20133071."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b12","series-title":"Int J Solid Struct","first-page":"1970","article-title":"The frictional sliding response of elasto-plastic materials in contact with a conical indenter","volume":"44","author":"Bellemare \n S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bellemare \n S.\n \n \n Dao \n M.\n \n \n Suresh \n S.\n \n \n The frictional sliding response of elasto-plastic materials in contact with a conical indenter. Int J Solid Struct. 2007;44:1970\u20131989."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-1-67-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"270","article-title":"Force systems from an ideal arch","volume":"65","year":"1974","unstructured":"Burstone C, Koenig H. Force systems from an ideal arch. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1974;65:270\u2013289."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/88\/1\/article-p67.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/88\/1\/67\/1394978\/030117-159_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/88\/1\/article-p67.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/88\/1\/article-p67.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:15:54Z","timestamp":1780067754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/88\/1\/article-p67.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/030117-159.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}}}