{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:01:30Z","timestamp":1780070490916,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the role of age as a moderator of bone regeneration patterns and symphysis remodeling after genioplasty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-four patients who underwent genioplasty at the end of their orthodontic treatment were divided into three age groups: younger than 15\u00a0years at the time of surgery (group 1), 15 to 19\u00a0years (group 2), and 20\u00a0years or older (group 3). Twenty-three patients who did not accept genioplasty and had a follow-up radiograph 2\u00a0years after the end of their orthodontic treatment were used as a control group. Patients were evaluated at three time points: immediate preoperative (T1), immediate postoperative (T2,) and 2\u00a0years postsurgery (T3).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean genial advancement at surgery was similar for the three age groups, but the extent of remodeling around the repositioned chin was greater in group 1, less in group 2, and still less in group 3. Symphysis thickness increased significantly during the 2-year postsurgery interval for the three groups, and this increase was significantly greater in group 1 than in group 3. Remodeling above and behind the repositioned chin also was greater in the younger patients. This was related to greater vertical growth of the dentoalveolar process in the younger patients. There was no evidence of a deleterious effect on mandibular growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outcomes of forward-upward genioplasty include increased symphysis thickness, bone apposition above B point, and remodeling at the inferior border. When indications for this type of genioplasty are recognized, early surgical correction (before age 15) produces a better outcome in terms of bone remodeling. (Angle Orthod. 2015;85:360\u2013373.)<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/030414-152.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,31]],"date-time":"2014-07-31T14:05:27Z","timestamp":1406815527000},"page":"360-373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Functional genioplasty in growing patients"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Chamberland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practice, Quebec, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Proffit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenan Distinguished Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier-Eric","family":"Chamberland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD student, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Quebec, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"899","article-title":"The surgical correction of mandibular prognathism and retrognathia with consideration of genioplasty. II. Operating methods for microgenia and distoclusion","volume":"10","author":"Trauner\n              R,","year":"1957","unstructured":"Trauner\n              R, \n            \n              Obwegeser\n              H. \n          \n          The surgical correction of mandibular prognathism and retrognathia with consideration of genioplasty. II. Operating methods for microgenia and distoclusion. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1957;10:899\u2013909."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"229","article-title":"Correction of anterior mandibular vertical excess: the functional genioplasty","volume":"59","author":"Precious\n              DS,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Precious\n              DS, \n            \n              Delaire\n              J. \n          \n          Correction of anterior mandibular vertical excess: the functional genioplasty. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;59:229\u2013235."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"294","article-title":"Adaptations in lip posture and pressure following orthognathic surgery","volume":"93","author":"Proffit\n              WR,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Proffit\n              WR, \n            \n              Phillips\n              C. \n          \n          Adaptations in lip posture and pressure following orthognathic surgery. Am J Orthod. 1988;93:294\u2013304."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Aesthetic Plastic Surg","first-page":"249","article-title":"Facial disfigurement, problems and management of social interactions and implications for mental health","volume":"14","author":"McGregor\n              FC.","year":"1990","unstructured":"McGregor\n              FC. \n          \n          Facial disfigurement, problems and management of social interactions and implications for mental health. Aesthetic Plastic Surg. 1990;14:249\u2013257."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity","first-page":"69","article-title":"Psychosocial aspects of dentofacial deformity and its treatment","author":"Phillips\n              C,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Phillips\n              C, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR. \n          \n          Psychosocial aspects of dentofacial deformity and its treatment. In: ProffitWR, WhiteRPJr, SarverDM, eds. Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity. 5th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2003;69\u201389."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"251","article-title":"Bone resorption, stability, and soft-tissue changes following large chin advancements","volume":"49","author":"Polido\n              WD,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Polido\n              WD, \n            \n              de Clairefont\n              RL, \n            \n              Bell\n              WH. \n          \n          Bone resorption, stability, and soft-tissue changes following large chin advancements. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;49:251\u2013256."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Osseous remodeling after inferior border osteotomy for chin augmentation: an indication for early surgery","volume":"57","author":"Martinez\n              JT,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Martinez\n              JT, \n            \n              Turvey\n              TA, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR. \n          \n          Osseous remodeling after inferior border osteotomy for chin augmentation: an indication for early surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:1175\u20131180."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"342","article-title":"Impact of genioplasty on mandibular growth during puberty","volume":"8","author":"Frapier\n              L,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frapier\n              L, \n            \n              Jaussent\n              A, \n            \n              Yachouh\n              J, \n            et al. \n          Impact of genioplasty on mandibular growth during puberty. Int Orthod. 2010;8:342\u2013359."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"20","article-title":"Ventilatory disorders and facial growth: benefits of early genioplasty","volume":"9","author":"Frapier\n              L,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frapier\n              L, \n            \n              Picot\n              M-C, \n            \n              Gonzales\n              J, \n            et al. \n          Ventilatory disorders and facial growth: benefits of early genioplasty. Int Orthod. 2011;9:20\u201341."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"845","article-title":"The pattern of facial skeletal growth and its relationship to various common indexes of maturation","volume":"143","author":"Mellion\n              ZJ,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mellion\n              ZJ, \n            \n              Behrents\n              RG, \n            \n              Johnston\n              LE. \n          \n          The pattern of facial skeletal growth and its relationship to various common indexes of maturation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:845\u2013854."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"2","article-title":"Anatomic placement of fixation devices in genioplasty","volume":"73","author":"Precious\n              DS,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Precious\n              DS, \n            \n              Armstrong\n              JE, \n            \n              Morais\n              D. \n          \n          Anatomic placement of fixation devices in genioplasty. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;73:2\u20138."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"365","article-title":"Long-term outcome of surgical Class III correction as a function of age at surgery","volume":"133","author":"Bailey\n              LJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bailey\n              LJ, \n            \n              Phillips\n              C, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR. \n          \n          Long-term outcome of surgical Class III correction as a function of age at surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2008;133:365\u2013370."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"327","article-title":"Long-term stability of adolescent versus adult surgery for treatment of mandibular deficiency","volume":"39","author":"Proffit\n              WR,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Proffit\n              WR, \n            \n              Phillips\n              C, \n            \n              Turvey\n              TA. \n          \n          Long-term stability of adolescent versus adult surgery for treatment of mandibular deficiency. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39:327\u2013332."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"456","article-title":"Chin development as a result of differential jaw growth","volume":"139","author":"Marshall\n              SD,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marshall\n              SD, \n            \n              Low\n              LE, \n            \n              Holton\n              NE, \n            et al. \n          Chin development as a result of differential jaw growth. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2011;139:456\u2013464."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1258","article-title":"Advancement genioplasty in Class I patients: predictability and stability of facial profile changes","volume":"40","author":"Erbe\n              C,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erbe\n              C, \n            \n              Muli\u00e9\n              RM, \n            \n              Ruf\n              S. \n          \n          Advancement genioplasty in Class I patients: predictability and stability of facial profile changes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40:1258\u20131262."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"214","article-title":"The overlapping bone flap genioplasty","volume":"15","author":"Tulasne\n              JF.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tulasne\n              JF. \n          \n          The overlapping bone flap genioplasty. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1987;15:214\u2013221."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg","article-title":"Cost comparison of genioplasty: when indicated, wire osteosynthesis is more cost-effective than plate and screw fixation","author":"Precious\n              DS,","year":"In press","unstructured":"Precious\n              DS, \n            \n              Cardoso\n              AB, \n            \n              Cardoso\n              MC, \n            \n              Doucet\n              JC. \n          \n          Cost comparison of genioplasty: when indicated, wire osteosynthesis is more cost-effective than plate and screw fixation. Oral Maxillofac Surg. In press."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"481","article-title":"A retrospective study of advancement genioplasty","volume":"67","author":"Park\n              HS,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Park\n              HS, \n            \n              Ellis\n              E, \n            \n              Fonseca\n              RJ, \n            \n              Reynolds\n              ST, \n            \n              Mayo\n              KH. \n          \n          A retrospective study of advancement genioplasty. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989;67:481\u2013489."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Long-term skeletal and soft-tissue responses after advancement genioplasty","volume":"130","author":"Shaughnessy\n              S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaughnessy\n              S, \n            \n              Mobarak\n              KA, \n            \n              Hogevold\n              HE, \n            \n              Espeland\n              L. \n          \n          Long-term skeletal and soft-tissue responses after advancement genioplasty. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2006;130:8\u201317."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"731","article-title":"Long-term bony and soft tissue stability following advancement genioplasty","volume":"46","author":"Davis\n              WH,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Davis\n              WH, \n            \n              Davis\n              CL, \n            \n              Daly\n              BW, \n            \n              Taylor\n              C. \n          \n          Long-term bony and soft tissue stability following advancement genioplasty. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1988;46:731\u2013735."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"54","article-title":"Long-term osseous and soft tissue changes after large chin advancements","volume":"21","author":"Polido\n              WD,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Polido\n              WD, \n            \n              Bell\n              WH. \n          \n          Long-term osseous and soft tissue changes after large chin advancements. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:54\u201359."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"899","article-title":"The surgical correction of mandibular prognathism and retrognathia with consideration of genioplasty. II. Operating methods for microgenia and distoclusion","volume":"10","author":"Trauner\n              R,","year":"1957","unstructured":"Trauner\n              R, \n            \n              Obwegeser\n              H. \n          \n          The surgical correction of mandibular prognathism and retrognathia with consideration of genioplasty. II. Operating methods for microgenia and distoclusion. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1957;10:899\u2013909."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"229","article-title":"Correction of anterior mandibular vertical excess: the functional genioplasty","volume":"59","author":"Precious\n              DS,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Precious\n              DS, \n            \n              Delaire\n              J. \n          \n          Correction of anterior mandibular vertical excess: the functional genioplasty. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;59:229\u2013235."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"294","article-title":"Adaptations in lip posture and pressure following orthognathic surgery","volume":"93","author":"Proffit\n              WR,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Proffit\n              WR, \n            \n              Phillips\n              C. \n          \n          Adaptations in lip posture and pressure following orthognathic surgery. Am J Orthod. 1988;93:294\u2013304."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Aesthetic Plastic Surg","first-page":"249","article-title":"Facial disfigurement, problems and management of social interactions and implications for mental health","volume":"14","author":"McGregor\n              FC.","year":"1990","unstructured":"McGregor\n              FC. \n          \n          Facial disfigurement, problems and management of social interactions and implications for mental health. Aesthetic Plastic Surg. 1990;14:249\u2013257."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity","first-page":"69","article-title":"Psychosocial aspects of dentofacial deformity and its treatment","author":"Phillips\n              C,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Phillips\n              C, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR. \n          \n          Psychosocial aspects of dentofacial deformity and its treatment. In: ProffitWR, WhiteRPJr, SarverDM, eds. Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity. 5th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2003;69\u201389."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"251","article-title":"Bone resorption, stability, and soft-tissue changes following large chin advancements","volume":"49","author":"Polido\n              WD,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Polido\n              WD, \n            \n              de Clairefont\n              RL, \n            \n              Bell\n              WH. \n          \n          Bone resorption, stability, and soft-tissue changes following large chin advancements. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;49:251\u2013256."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Osseous remodeling after inferior border osteotomy for chin augmentation: an indication for early surgery","volume":"57","author":"Martinez\n              JT,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Martinez\n              JT, \n            \n              Turvey\n              TA, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR. \n          \n          Osseous remodeling after inferior border osteotomy for chin augmentation: an indication for early surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:1175\u20131180."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"342","article-title":"Impact of genioplasty on mandibular growth during puberty","volume":"8","author":"Frapier\n              L,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frapier\n              L, \n            \n              Jaussent\n              A, \n            \n              Yachouh\n              J, \n            et al. \n          Impact of genioplasty on mandibular growth during puberty. Int Orthod. 2010;8:342\u2013359."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"20","article-title":"Ventilatory disorders and facial growth: benefits of early genioplasty","volume":"9","author":"Frapier\n              L,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frapier\n              L, \n            \n              Picot\n              M-C, \n            \n              Gonzales\n              J, \n            et al. \n          Ventilatory disorders and facial growth: benefits of early genioplasty. Int Orthod. 2011;9:20\u201341."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"845","article-title":"The pattern of facial skeletal growth and its relationship to various common indexes of maturation","volume":"143","author":"Mellion\n              ZJ,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mellion\n              ZJ, \n            \n              Behrents\n              RG, \n            \n              Johnston\n              LE. \n          \n          The pattern of facial skeletal growth and its relationship to various common indexes of maturation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:845\u2013854."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"2","article-title":"Anatomic placement of fixation devices in genioplasty","volume":"73","author":"Precious\n              DS,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Precious\n              DS, \n            \n              Armstrong\n              JE, \n            \n              Morais\n              D. \n          \n          Anatomic placement of fixation devices in genioplasty. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;73:2\u20138."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"365","article-title":"Long-term outcome of surgical Class III correction as a function of age at surgery","volume":"133","author":"Bailey\n              LJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bailey\n              LJ, \n            \n              Phillips\n              C, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR. \n          \n          Long-term outcome of surgical Class III correction as a function of age at surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2008;133:365\u2013370."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"327","article-title":"Long-term stability of adolescent versus adult surgery for treatment of mandibular deficiency","volume":"39","author":"Proffit\n              WR,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Proffit\n              WR, \n            \n              Phillips\n              C, \n            \n              Turvey\n              TA. \n          \n          Long-term stability of adolescent versus adult surgery for treatment of mandibular deficiency. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39:327\u2013332."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"456","article-title":"Chin development as a result of differential jaw growth","volume":"139","author":"Marshall\n              SD,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marshall\n              SD, \n            \n              Low\n              LE, \n            \n              Holton\n              NE, \n            et al. \n          Chin development as a result of differential jaw growth. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2011;139:456\u2013464."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1258","article-title":"Advancement genioplasty in Class I patients: predictability and stability of facial profile changes","volume":"40","author":"Erbe\n              C,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erbe\n              C, \n            \n              Muli\u00e9\n              RM, \n            \n              Ruf\n              S. \n          \n          Advancement genioplasty in Class I patients: predictability and stability of facial profile changes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40:1258\u20131262."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"214","article-title":"The overlapping bone flap genioplasty","volume":"15","author":"Tulasne\n              JF.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tulasne\n              JF. \n          \n          The overlapping bone flap genioplasty. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1987;15:214\u2013221."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg","article-title":"Cost comparison of genioplasty: when indicated, wire osteosynthesis is more cost-effective than plate and screw fixation","author":"Precious\n              DS,","year":"In press","unstructured":"Precious\n              DS, \n            \n              Cardoso\n              AB, \n            \n              Cardoso\n              MC, \n            \n              Doucet\n              JC. \n          \n          Cost comparison of genioplasty: when indicated, wire osteosynthesis is more cost-effective than plate and screw fixation. Oral Maxillofac Surg. In press."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"481","article-title":"A retrospective study of advancement genioplasty","volume":"67","author":"Park\n              HS,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Park\n              HS, \n            \n              Ellis\n              E, \n            \n              Fonseca\n              RJ, \n            \n              Reynolds\n              ST, \n            \n              Mayo\n              KH. \n          \n          A retrospective study of advancement genioplasty. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989;67:481\u2013489."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Long-term skeletal and soft-tissue responses after advancement genioplasty","volume":"130","author":"Shaughnessy\n              S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaughnessy\n              S, \n            \n              Mobarak\n              KA, \n            \n              Hogevold\n              HE, \n            \n              Espeland\n              L. \n          \n          Long-term skeletal and soft-tissue responses after advancement genioplasty. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2006;130:8\u201317."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"731","article-title":"Long-term bony and soft tissue stability following advancement genioplasty","volume":"46","author":"Davis\n              WH,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Davis\n              WH, \n            \n              Davis\n              CL, \n            \n              Daly\n              BW, \n            \n              Taylor\n              C. \n          \n          Long-term bony and soft tissue stability following advancement genioplasty. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1988;46:731\u2013735."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"54","article-title":"Long-term osseous and soft tissue changes after large chin advancements","volume":"21","author":"Polido\n              WD,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Polido\n              WD, \n            \n              Bell\n              WH. \n          \n          Long-term osseous and soft tissue changes after large chin advancements. 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