{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:23:00Z","timestamp":1789467780468,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the morphology and dimensions of mandibular symphysis (MS) in different anteroposterior jaw relationships and to investigate whether craniofacial parameters have any correlation with its shape and\/or dimensions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lateral cephalograms of subjects with Class I, Class II, and Class III skeletal relationships were traced. Several craniofacial and MS parameters were measured. MS parameters were compared between the three groups using analysis of variance and were correlated with the craniofacial parameters using the Pearson correlation coefficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Larger angle of concavity of the chin, more inclination of the alveolar bone toward the mandibular plane, and larger MS dimensions and area (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) were found with a Class III skeletal relationship compared to Class I and Class II relationships. The Pearson correlation coefficient between Id-Me and AFH was\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a 0.83 and between Id-Me and LAFH it was\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a 0.81.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The dimensions and configuration of MS in the Class III relationship were different than those in Class I and Class II relationships; the alveolar part of MS compensated for the skeletal relationship in the Class III pattern. MS dimensions were strongly correlated to anterior facial dimensions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/030513-185.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,8]],"date-time":"2013-08-08T13:46:41Z","timestamp":1375969601000},"page":"304-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Mandibular symphysis morphology and dimensions in different anteroposterior jaw relationships"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Susan N.","family":"Al-Khateeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Preventive Dentistry\/Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad F.","family":"Al Maaitah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive Dentistry\/Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham S.","family":"Abu Alhaija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Preventive Dentistry\/Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serene A.","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"203","article-title":"Childhood and pubertal growth changes of the human symphysis","volume":"62","author":"Buschang\n              PH,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Buschang\n              PH, \n            \n              Julien\n              K, \n            \n              Sachdeva\n              R, \n            \n              Demirjian\n              A. \n          \n          Childhood and pubertal growth changes of the human symphysis. Angle Orthod. 1992;62:203\u2013210."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b02","series-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg","first-page":"384","article-title":"Sliding osteotomy genioplasty for facial aesthetic balance: 10\u00a0years of experience","volume":"31","author":"Hoenig\n              JF.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoenig\n              JF. \n          \n          Sliding osteotomy genioplasty for facial aesthetic balance: 10\u00a0years of experience. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2007;31:384\u2013391."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"359","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation evaluated from a longitudinal implant sample","volume":"86","author":"Skieller\n              VB,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Skieller\n              VB, \n            \n              Bjork\n              A, \n            \n              Linde-Hansen\n              T. \n          \n          Prediction of mandibular growth rotation evaluated from a longitudinal implant sample. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:359\u2013370."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b04","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"10750","article-title":"The exaptive excellence of spandrels as a term and prototype","volume":"94","author":"Gould\n              SJ.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gould\n              SJ. \n          \n          The exaptive excellence of spandrels as a term and prototype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:10750\u201310755."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b05","series-title":"The Structure of Evolutionary Theory","author":"Gould\n              SJ.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gould\n              SJ. \n          \n          The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, UK: Belknap Press; 2002."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b06","series-title":"Hum Biol","first-page":"735","article-title":"Mandibular symphysis of large-bodied hominoids","volume":"11","author":"Sherwood\n              RJ,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sherwood\n              RJ, \n            \n              Hlusko\n              LJ, \n            \n              Duren\n              DL, \n            \n              Emch\n              VC, \n            \n              Walker\n              A. \n          \n          Mandibular symphysis of large-bodied hominoids. Hum Biol. 2005;11:735\u2013759."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b07","series-title":"Int J Primatol","first-page":"99","article-title":"Evolution of the mandibular symphysis in Notharctinae (Adapidae Primates)","volume":"4","author":"Beecher\n              RM.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Beecher\n              RM. \n          \n          Evolution of the mandibular symphysis in Notharctinae (Adapidae Primates). Int J Primatol. 1983;4:99\u2013112."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b08","series-title":"Function. Phytogeny and Fossils","first-page":"153","article-title":"Miocene hominoid mandibles: functional and phylogenetic perspectives","author":"Brown\n              B.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brown\n              B. \n          \n          Miocene hominoid mandibles: functional and phylogenetic perspectives. In: BegunDR, WardCV, RoseMD. eds. Function. Phytogeny and Fossils. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1997:153\u2013172."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b09","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"73","article-title":"Biomechanics of torsion in the human mandible","volume":"105","author":"Daegting\n              DJ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Daegting\n              DJ, \n            \n              Hylander\n              WL. \n          \n          Biomechanics of torsion in the human mandible. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1998;105:73\u201387."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation","volume":"55","author":"Bjork\n              A.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bjork\n              A. \n          \n          Prediction of mandibular growth rotation. 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Angle Orthod. 2007;77:766\u2013772."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b13","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"297","article-title":"Cephalometric norms in an Arabic population","volume":"28","author":"Hamdan\n              AM,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hamdan\n              AM, \n            \n              Rock\n              WP. \n          \n          Cephalometric norms in an Arabic population. J Orthod. 2001;28:297\u2013300."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b14","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students","first-page":"122","author":"Dahlberg\n              G.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Dahlberg\n              G. \n          \n          Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. 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Int J Oral Sci. 2009;1:217\u2013223."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b19","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"295","article-title":"Components of adult Class III malocclusion","volume":"42","author":"Ellis\n              E,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ellis\n              E, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA. \n          \n          Components of adult Class III malocclusion. 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Angle Orthod. 2010;80:86\u201390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"640","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of craniofacial pattern of Syrian children with Class III malocclusion","volume":"119","author":"Mouakeh\n              M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mouakeh\n              M. \n          \n          Cephalometric evaluation of craniofacial pattern of Syrian children with Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;119:640\u2013649."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"577","article-title":"An estimate of craniofacial growth in Class III malocclusion","volume":"76","author":"Reyes\n              BC,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reyes\n              BC, \n            \n              Baccetti\n              T, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr. \n          \n          An estimate of craniofacial growth in Class III malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:577\u2013584."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"211","article-title":"Craniofacial growth of Class III subjects six to sixteen years of age","volume":"81","author":"Wolfe\n              SM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wolfe\n              SM, \n            \n              Araujo\n              E, \n            \n              Behrents\n              RJ, \n            \n              Buschang\n              PH. \n          \n          Craniofacial growth of Class III subjects six to sixteen years of age. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:211\u2013216."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b25","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e20241","article-title":"Automated analysis of craniofacial morphology using magnetic resonance images","volume":"6","author":"Chakravarty\n              MM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chakravarty\n              MM, \n            \n              Aleong\n              R, \n            \n              Leonard\n              G, \n            et al\n          . Automated analysis of craniofacial morphology using magnetic resonance images. 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Angle Orthod. 2007;77:1079\u20131084."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e377","article-title":"Cross-sectional human mandibular morphology as assessed in vivo by cone-beam computed tomography in patients with different vertical facial dimensions","volume":"139","author":"Swasty\n              D,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Swasty\n              D, \n            \n              Lee\n              J, \n            \n              Huang\n              JC, \n            et al\n          . Cross-sectional human mandibular morphology as assessed in vivo by cone-beam computed tomography in patients with different vertical facial dimensions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e377\u2013e389."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b28","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics, 4th ed","author":"Proffit\n              WR,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Proffit\n              WR, \n            \n              Fields\n              HW, \n            \n              Sarver\n              DM. \n          \n          Contemporary Orthodontics, 4th ed. St Louis, Mo: Elsevier; 2007."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-2-304-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation","volume":"55","author":"Bj\u00f6rk\n              A.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk\n              A. \n          \n          Prediction of mandibular growth rotation. 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