{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T02:35:59Z","timestamp":1789007759639,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate condylar and ramal vertical asymmetry in adult orthodontic patients with different vertical growth patterns and a clinically normal sagittal skeletal pattern using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n The study sample consisted of 101 adult orthodontic patients (48 men and 53 women) divided into three groups according to their vertical growth patterns: high- (33 patients; mean age, 25.06 \u00b1 6.05 years), low- (34 patients; mean age, 24.88 \u00b1 5.22 years), and normal-angle (34 patients; mean age, 24.14 \u00b1 4.26 years) groups. Condylar, ramal, condylar plus ramal height, and index measurements were performed using CBCT images and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n There was no statistically significant difference in height measurements between right and left sides in each group, except a slight difference of approximately 0.5 mm for condylar height (CH) in the low-angle group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). No statistically significant gender differences were found for the values (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05). In the high-angle group, the ramal height (RH) and condylar plus ramal height (CH + RH) on both sides were found to be less than those of the low- (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001) and normal-angle groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .017 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .017, respectively), and the asymmetry index values were slightly higher than those of the low- and normal-angle groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n The high-angle group showed statistically significantly smaller values of RH and CH + RH on both sides and statistically insignificantly higher asymmetry index values than the low- and normal-angle groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/030515-135.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T12:20:47Z","timestamp":1434025247000},"page":"271-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mandibular vertical asymmetry in adult orthodontic patients with different vertical growth patterns: A cone beam computed tomography study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Salih","family":"Celik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mevlut","family":"Celikoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suleyman K.","family":"Buyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Ercan","family":"Sekerci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r1","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"247","article-title":"Vertical malocclusions: etiology, development, diagnosis and some aspects of treatment","volume":"61","author":"Nielsen\n IL.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nielsen\n IL.\n \n \n Vertical malocclusions: etiology, development, diagnosis and some aspects of treatment. Angle Orthod. 1991;61:247\u2013260."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r2","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"24A","article-title":"Additional criteria for sample division suggested","volume":"96","author":"Cangialosi\n TJ.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cangialosi\n TJ.\n \n \n Additional criteria for sample division suggested. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;96:24A."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"398","article-title":"The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess","volume":"70","author":"Schendel\n SA,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schendel\n SA, \n \n Eisenfeld\n J, \n \n Bell\n WH, \n \n Epker\n BN, \n \n Mishelevich\n DJ.\n \n \n The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. 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Angle Orthod. 2011;81:966\u2013974."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r11","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"11","article-title":"An evaluation of condylar and ramal vertical asymmetry in adolescents with unilateral and bilateral posterior crossbite using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)","volume":"30","author":"Halicioglu\n K,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halicioglu\n K, \n \n Celikoglu\n M, \n \n Yavuz\n I, \n \n Sekerci\n AE, \n \n Buyuk\n SK.\n \n \n An evaluation of condylar and ramal vertical asymmetry in adolescents with unilateral and bilateral posterior crossbite using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Aust Orthod J. 2014;30:11\u201318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r12","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"247","article-title":"Condylar asymmetry measurements in patients with an Angle's Class III malocclusion","volume":"24","author":"Miller\n VJ,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Miller\n VJ, \n \n Bodner\n L.\n \n \n Condylar asymmetry measurements in patients with an Angle's Class III malocclusion. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24:247\u2013249."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r13","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"738","article-title":"The condylar asymmetry measurements in different skeletal patterns","volume":"30","author":"Saglam\n AM.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Saglam\n AM.\n \n \n The condylar asymmetry measurements in different skeletal patterns. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30:738\u2013742."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"803","article-title":"Mandibular asymmetry in different occlusion patterns","volume":"77","author":"Sezgin\n OS,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sezgin\n OS, \n \n Celenk\n P, \n \n Arici\n S.\n \n \n Mandibular asymmetry in different occlusion patterns. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:803\u2013807."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r15","series-title":"Eur J Dent","first-page":"178","article-title":"Effects of early unilateral mandibular first molar extraction on condylar and ramal vertical asymmetry","volume":"8","author":"Halicioglu\n K,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halicioglu\n K, \n \n Celikoglu\n M, \n \n Buyuk\n SK, \n \n Sekerci\n AE, \n \n Candirli\n C.\n \n \n Effects of early unilateral mandibular first molar extraction on condylar and ramal vertical asymmetry. Eur J Dent. 2014;8:178\u2013183."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r16","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"1557","article-title":"Effects of early bilateral mandibular first molar extraction on condylar and ramal vertical asymmetry","volume":"17","author":"Halicioglu\n K,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Halicioglu\n K, \n \n Celikoglu\n M, \n \n Caglaroglu\n M, \n et al\n . Effects of early bilateral mandibular first molar extraction on condylar and ramal vertical asymmetry. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17:1557\u20131561."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r17","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"19","article-title":"Mandibular asymmetry in cleft lip and palate patients","volume":"32","author":"Kurt\n G,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kurt\n G, \n \n Bayram\n M, \n \n Uysal\n T, \n \n Ozer\n M.\n \n \n Mandibular asymmetry in cleft lip and palate patients. 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Three-dimensional condylar positions and forms associated with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns and facial asymmetry in Chinese adolescents. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71:1174\u20131180."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r23","series-title":"Cranio","first-page":"10","article-title":"Condylar asymmetry in different occlusion types","volume":"33","author":"Kasimoglu\n Y,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kasimoglu\n Y, \n \n Tuna\n EB, \n \n Rahimi\n B, \n \n Marsan\n G, \n \n Gencay\n K.\n \n \n Condylar asymmetry in different occlusion types. Cranio. 2015;33:10\u201314."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r24","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"729","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of craniofacial asymmetry: an analysis using computed tomography","volume":"15","author":"Yanez-Vico\n RM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yanez-Vico\n RM, \n \n Iglesias-Linares\n A, \n \n Torres-Lagares\n D, \n \n Gutierrez-Perez\n JL, \n \n Solano-Reina\n E.\n \n \n Three-dimensional evaluation of craniofacial asymmetry: an analysis using computed tomography. 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Conventional frontal radiographs compared with frontal radiographs obtained from cone beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:579\u2013584."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r27","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"153","article-title":"Mesiodistal tooth dimensions and anterior and overall Bolton ratios evaluated by cone beam computed tomography","volume":"29","author":"Celikoglu\n M,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Celikoglu\n M, \n \n Nur\n M, \n \n Kilkis\n D, \n \n Sezgin\n OS, \n \n Bayram\n M.\n \n \n Mesiodistal tooth dimensions and anterior and overall Bolton ratios evaluated by cone beam computed tomography. 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Angle Orthod. 2014;84:995\u20131001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"780","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of the pharyngeal airway volumes in patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"145","author":"Celikoglu\n M,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celikoglu\n M, \n \n Buyuk\n SK, \n \n Sekerci\n AE, \n \n Ucar\n FI, \n \n Cantekin\n K.\n \n \n Three-dimensional evaluation of the pharyngeal airway volumes in patients affected by unilateral cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;145:780\u2013786."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r30","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"211","article-title":"Assessment of the soft tissue thickness at the lower anterior face in adult patients with different skeletal vertical patterns using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"85","author":"Celikoglu\n M,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Celikoglu\n M, \n \n Buyuk\n SK, \n \n Ekizer\n A, \n \n Sekerci\n AE, \n \n Sisman\n Y.\n \n \n Assessment of the soft tissue thickness at the lower anterior face in adult patients with different skeletal vertical patterns using cone-beam computed tomography. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:573\u2013578."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r32","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"37","article-title":"Condylar and ramal vertical asymmetry in unilateral and bilateral posterior crossbite patients and a normal occlusion sample","volume":"136","author":"Uysal\n T,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uysal\n T, \n \n Sisman\n Y, \n \n Kurt\n G, \n \n Ramoglu\n SI.\n \n \n Condylar and ramal vertical asymmetry in unilateral and bilateral posterior crossbite patients and a normal occlusion sample. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:37\u201343."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r33","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"382","article-title":"Condylar asymmetry in unilateral posterior crossbite patients","volume":"133","author":"Kilic\n N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kilic\n N, \n \n Kiki\n A, \n \n Oktay\n H.\n \n \n Condylar asymmetry in unilateral posterior crossbite patients. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;96:24A."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"398","article-title":"The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess","volume":"70","author":"Schendel\n SA,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schendel\n SA, \n \n Eisenfeld\n J, \n \n Bell\n WH, \n \n Epker\n BN, \n \n Mishelevich\n DJ.\n \n \n The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. Am J Orthod. 1976;70:398\u2013408."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r4","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"499","article-title":"The short face syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Opdebeeck\n H,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Opdebeeck\n H, \n \n Bell\n WH.\n \n \n The short face syndrome. Am J Orthod. 1978;73:499\u2013511."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r5","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"361","article-title":"Changes in the temporomandibular joint caused by the vertical facial pattern: study on an experimental model","volume":"22","author":"Monje\n F,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Monje\n F, \n \n Delgado\n E, \n \n Navarro\n MJ, \n \n Miralles\n C, \n \n Alonso del Hoyo\n JR.\n \n \n Changes in the temporomandibular joint caused by the vertical facial pattern: study on an experimental model. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1994;22:361\u2013370."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r6","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"1070","article-title":"Association between condylar position, joint morphology and craniofacial morphology in orthodontic patients without temporomandibular joint disorders","volume":"30","author":"Kikuchi\n K,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kikuchi\n K, \n \n Takeuchi\n S, \n \n Tanaka\n E, \n \n Shibaguchi\n T, \n \n Tanne\n K.\n \n \n Association between condylar position, joint morphology and craniofacial morphology in orthodontic patients without temporomandibular joint disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30:1070\u20131075."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r7","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"465","article-title":"The orthopantomogram, an aid in diagnosis of temporomandibular joint problems. II. The vertical symmetry","volume":"15","author":"Habets\n LL,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Habets\n LL, \n \n Bezuur\n JN, \n \n Naeiji\n M, \n \n Hansson\n TL.\n \n \n The orthopantomogram, an aid in diagnosis of temporomandibular joint problems. II. The vertical symmetry. J Oral Rehabil. 1988;15:465\u2013471."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r8","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"549","article-title":"Condylar asymmetry and handedness in patients with temporomandibular disorders","volume":"24","author":"Miller\n VJ.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Miller\n VJ.\n \n \n Condylar asymmetry and handedness in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24:549\u2013551."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"77","article-title":"Condylar asymmetry in bilateral posterior crossbite patients","volume":"77","author":"Kiki\n A,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kiki\n A, \n \n Kilic\n N, \n \n Oktay\n H.\n \n \n Condylar asymmetry in bilateral posterior crossbite patients. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:77\u201381."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-271-r10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"966","article-title":"Mandibular asymmetry in unilateral and bilateral posterior crossbite patients using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"81","author":"Veli\n I,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Veli\n I, \n \n Uysal\n T, \n \n Ozer\n T, \n \n Ucar\n FI, \n \n Eruz\n M.\n \n \n Mandibular asymmetry in unilateral and bilateral posterior crossbite patients using cone-beam computed tomography. 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