{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:12:51Z","timestamp":1790784771847,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the cephalometric characteristics of Down syndrome (DS) subjects with those of normal subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cephalometric radiographs of 60 Saudi DS subjects and 60 controls with specific inclusion criteria were used. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the quantitative and categorical variables, and the Student's\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test for two independent samples was used to compare the mean values of quantitative variables.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SBa and SN were higher in controls than in DS subjects, whereas the NSBa was significantly higher in DS subjects than in controls. SNA, Co-A, ANB, and A-Na perp of controls were higher than the DS subjects. However, SN-MP, PP-MP, ANS-Me\/N-Me, Y-axis, and Ar-Go-Me of the DS subjects were higher than those of the controls. In addition, U1-NA, U1-NA mm, L1-NB, and L1-NB mm of the DS subjects were also higher than the controls with a more acute U1-L1 angle in DS. NLA was larger in controls than in DS, whereas LL-E and UL-E of the DS subjects were higher than the controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differences between DS subjects and controls can be found when examining cephalometric radiographs. Anterior and posterior cranial base lengths are shorter with a backward inclination of the posterior cranial base in DS subjects. DS subjects present with a retrognathic maxilla and shorter effective length, with an increased LFH and a hyperdivergent mandible. Bimaxillary dental protrusion can also be expected in DS subjects with prominent lips and a reduced nasolabial angle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/030813-195.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]],"date-time":"2013-06-07T16:45:28Z","timestamp":1370623528000},"page":"30-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Characteristics of Down syndrome subjects in a Saudi sample"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Korayem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Orthodontic Resident, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman A.","family":"AlKofide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Orthodontics, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-30-b01","series-title":"Syndromes of the Head and Neck. 4th ed","author":"Gorlin\n              R,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gorlin\n              R, \n            \n              Cohen\n              M, \n            \n              Hennekam\n              R. \n          \n          Syndromes of the Head and Neck. 4th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-30-b02","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"279","article-title":"Down syndrome: a review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Desai\n              S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Desai\n              S. \n          \n          Down syndrome: a review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84:279\u2013285."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-30-b03","series-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol","first-page":"296","article-title":"Castillo-Morales' orofacial therapy: treatment of 67 children with Down syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Limbrock\n              G,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Limbrock\n              G, \n            \n              Fischer-Brandies\n              H, \n            \n              Avalle\n              C. \n          \n          Castillo-Morales' orofacial therapy: treatment of 67 children with Down syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33:296\u2013303."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-30-b04","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"707","article-title":"The craniofacial complex in the trisomy 21 syndrome (Down's syndrome)","volume":"16","author":"Frostad\n              W,","year":"1971","unstructured":"Frostad\n              W, \n            \n              Cleall\n              J, \n            \n              Melosky\n              L. \n          \n          The craniofacial complex in the trisomy 21 syndrome (Down's syndrome). 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Eur J Orthod. 1986;8:35\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-30-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"255","article-title":"Cephalometric comparison between children with and without Down's syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Fischer-Brandies\n              H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fischer-Brandies\n              H. \n          \n          Cephalometric comparison between children with and without Down's syndrome. 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