{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:36:35Z","timestamp":1790757395870,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on nocturnal enuresis (NE) related to the nasal airway, nasal breathing, and plasma osmolality (as an indicator for antidiuretic hormone).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Nineteen patients with monosymptomatic primary NE, aged 6\u201315\u00a0years, were treated with RME for 10\u201315\u00a0days. To exclude a placebo effect of the RME appliance, seven patients were first treated with a passive appliance. Computed tomography of nasal cavity, rhinomanometric, and plasma osmolality measurements were made 2\u20133\u00a0days before and 2\u20133 months after the RME period. RME effects on NE were followed for three more years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Two to three months after the expansion there were significant improvements in the breathing function and a decrease in the plasma osmolality. NE decreased significantly in all patients after the RME period, and all patients showed full dryness after 3\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n This study demonstrates that RME causes complete dryness in all patients, with significant effects on pathophysiological mechanisms related to NE.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/031014-172.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,30]],"date-time":"2014-07-30T14:53:26Z","timestamp":1406732006000},"page":"102-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Nameer","family":"Al-Taai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Former Orthodontic Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Department of Odontology, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fakhri","family":"Alfatlawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ransj\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Fakhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Al-Nahrain, Baghdad, Iraq."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"363","article-title":"Computed tomography: a three-dimensional study of the nasal airway","volume":"76","author":"Montgomery\n WM,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montgomery\n WM, \n \n Vig\n PS, \n \n Staab\n EV, \n \n Matteson\n SR. \n \n Computed tomography: a three-dimensional study of the nasal airway. Am J Orthod. 1979;76:363\u2013375."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"57","author":"Haas\n AJ.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ. \n \n Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. Am J Orthod. 1970;57:219\u2013255."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening","volume":"58","author":"Wertz\n RA.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wertz\n RA. \n \n Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening. Am J Orthod. 1970;58:41\u201366."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"73","article-title":"Rapid expansion of maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the mid palatal suture","volume":"31","author":"Haas\n AJ.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ. \n \n Rapid expansion of maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the mid palatal suture. Angle Orthod. 1961;31:73\u201390."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"225","article-title":"Orthodontic maxillary expansion and its effect on nocturnal enuresis","volume":"68","author":"Kurol\n J,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kurol\n J, \n \n Modin\n H, \n \n Bjerkhoel\n A. \n \n Orthodontic maxillary expansion and its effect on nocturnal enuresis. Angle Orthod. 1998;68:225\u2013232."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"229","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis","volume":"60","author":"Timms\n DJ.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Timms\n DJ. \n \n Rapid maxillary expansion in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Angle Orthod. 1990;60:229\u2013233."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"201","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion effects on nocturnal enuresis in children: a follow-up study","volume":"78","author":"Schutz-Fransson\n U,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schutz-Fransson\n U, \n \n Kurol\n J. \n \n Rapid maxillary expansion effects on nocturnal enuresis in children: a follow-up study. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:201\u2013208."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"532","article-title":"Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nocturnal enuresis","volume":"73","author":"Usumez\n S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Usumez\n S, \n \n Iseri\n H, \n \n Orhan\n M, \n \n Basciftci\n FA. \n \n Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nocturnal enuresis. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:532\u2013538."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b09","series-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enuresis\u2014background and treatment","author":"Neveus\n T,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Neveus\n T, \n \n Lackgren\n G, \n \n Tuvemo\n T, \n \n Hetta\n J, \n \n Hjalmas\n K, \n \n Stenberg\n A. \n \n Enuresis\u2014background and treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 2000;1\u201344."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b10","series-title":"Acta Paediatr","first-page":"385","article-title":"Diurnal plasma vasopressin and urinary output in adolescents with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis","volume":"86","author":"Lackgren\n G,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lackgren\n G, \n \n Neveus\n T, \n \n Stenberg\n A. \n \n Diurnal plasma vasopressin and urinary output in adolescents with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86:385\u2013390."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b11","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"857","article-title":"Nocturnal enuresis: a guide to evaluation and treatment","volume":"71","author":"Tietjen\n DN,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tietjen\n DN, \n \n Husmann\n DA. \n \n Nocturnal enuresis: a guide to evaluation and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:857\u2013862."},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"angl-86-05-12-b12","series-title":"Eur Urol","first-page":"41","article-title":"The arginine-vasopressin secretion profile of children with primary nocturnal enuresis","volume":"33","author":"Aikawa\n T,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Aikawa\n T, \n \n Kasahara\n T, \n \n Uchiyama\n M. \n \n The arginine-vasopressin secretion profile of children with primary nocturnal enuresis. Eur Urol. 1998;33(suppl 3):41\u201344."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b13","series-title":"Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics","first-page":"1642","article-title":"Voiding dysfunction","author":"Elder\n JS.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Elder\n JS. \n \n Voiding dysfunction. In: BehrmanRE, KliegmanR, JensonHB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2000;1642\u20131643."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b14","series-title":"J Pedod","first-page":"76","article-title":"Nasal obstruction and its effects upon the fields of medicine and dentistry","volume":"14","author":"Clubb\n RW.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Clubb\n RW. \n \n Nasal obstruction and its effects upon the fields of medicine and dentistry. J Pedod. 1990;14:76\u201383."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b15","series-title":"Pediatrician","first-page":"46","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children","volume":"17","author":"Guilleminault\n C,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Guilleminault\n C, \n \n Stoohs\n R. \n \n Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Pediatrician. 1990;17:46\u201351."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b16","series-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl","first-page":"38","article-title":"Sleep apnea syndrome in children\u2014secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy","volume":"492","author":"Laurikainen\n E,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Laurikainen\n E, \n \n Aitasalo\n K, \n \n Erkinjuntti\n M, \n \n Wanne\n O. \n \n Sleep apnea syndrome in children\u2014secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy? Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1992;492:38\u201341."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b17","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"173","article-title":"Nocturnal enuresis in children with upper airway obstruction","volume":"9","author":"Weider\n DJ,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Weider\n DJ, \n \n Hauri\n PJ. \n \n Nocturnal enuresis in children with upper airway obstruction. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1985;9:173\u2013182."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b18","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"427","article-title":"Nocturnal enuresis in children with upper airway obstruction","volume":"105","author":"Weider\n DJ,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Weider\n DJ, \n \n Sateia\n MJ, \n \n West\n RP. \n \n Nocturnal enuresis in children with upper airway obstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;105:427\u2013432."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b19","series-title":"Rep Congr Eur Orthod Soc","first-page":"66","article-title":"Morphologic aspect of the palate as a sensitive sign of pituitary gland dysfunction","volume":"40","author":"Kunvari\n B.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Kunvari\n B. \n \n Morphologic aspect of the palate as a sensitive sign of pituitary gland dysfunction. Rep Congr Eur Orthod Soc. 1964;40:66\u201382."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b20","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"889","article-title":"Possible influence of orthodontics on pituitary gland function and learning ability","volume":"19","author":"Sheary\n CB.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sheary\n CB. \n \n Possible influence of orthodontics on pituitary gland function and learning ability. J Clin Orthod. 1985;19:889\u2013890."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"Nonsurgical rapid maxillary expansion in adults: report on 47 cases using the Haas expander","volume":"70","author":"Handelman\n CS,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Handelman\n CS, \n \n Wang\n L, \n \n BeGole\n EA, \n \n Haas\n AJ. \n \n Nonsurgical rapid maxillary expansion in adults: report on 47 cases using the Haas expander. Angle Orthod. 2000;70:129\u2013144."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b22","series-title":"BJU Int","first-page":"932","article-title":"Decreased nocturnal urinary antidiuretic hormone excretion in enuresis is increased by imipramine","volume":"88","author":"Tomasi\n PA,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tomasi\n PA, \n \n Siracusano\n S, \n \n Monni\n AM, \n \n Mela\n G, \n \n Delitala\n G. \n \n Decreased nocturnal urinary antidiuretic hormone excretion in enuresis is increased by imipramine. BJU Int. 2001;88:932\u2013937."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b23","series-title":"Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology","author":"Barrett\n KE,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barrett\n KE, \n \n Boitano\n S, \n \n Barman Susan\n M, \n \n Brooks Heddwen\n L. \n \n Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. 2010."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b24","unstructured":"BloodBank.com. Blood test results\u2014normal ranges. Available at: http:\/\/www.bloodbook.com\/ranges.html. Accessed July 22, 2011."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"500","article-title":"A study of basal movement with rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"77","author":"Timms\n DJ.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Timms\n DJ. \n \n A study of basal movement with rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod. 1980;77:500\u2013507."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b26","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"221","article-title":"The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance","volume":"13","author":"Timms\n DJ.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Timms\n DJ. \n \n The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance. Br J Orthod. 1986;13:221\u2013228."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b27","series-title":"Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry","first-page":"1685","article-title":"Hormones from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophyseal hormones)","author":"Whitley\n RJ,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Whitley\n RJ, \n \n Meikle\n AW, \n \n Watts\n NB. \n \n Hormones from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophyseal hormones). In: BurtisCA, AshwoodER, eds. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Company; 1994;1685\u20131697."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b28","series-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)","first-page":"651","article-title":"The osmotic thresholds for thirst and vasopressin release are similar in healthy man","volume":"71","author":"Thompson\n CJ,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Thompson\n CJ, \n \n Bland\n J, \n \n Burd\n J, \n \n Baylis\n PH. \n \n The osmotic thresholds for thirst and vasopressin release are similar in healthy man. Clin Sci (Lond). 1986;71:651\u2013656."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b29","series-title":"Acta Paediatr Taiwan","first-page":"6","article-title":"What's new in enuresis","volume":"43","author":"Eggert\n P.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eggert\n P. \n \n What's new in enuresis? Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2002;43:6\u20139."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b30","series-title":"Kidney Int Suppl","first-page":"S20","article-title":"Physiology of ADH secretion","volume":"21","author":"Robertson\n GL.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Robertson\n GL. \n \n Physiology of ADH secretion. Kidney Int Suppl. 1987;21:S20\u2013S26."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b31","series-title":"Curr Opin Urol","first-page":"425","article-title":"Current management of nocturnal enuresis","volume":"18","author":"Robson\n WL.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Robson\n WL. \n \n Current management of nocturnal enuresis. Curr Opin Urol. 2008;18:425\u2013430."},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"angl-86-05-12-b32","series-title":"Br J Urol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Standardization and definitions in lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. International Children's Continence Society","volume":"81","author":"Norgaard\n JP,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Norgaard\n JP, \n \n van Gool\n JD, \n \n Hjalmas\n K, \n \n Djurhuus\n JC, \n \n Hellstrom\n AL. \n \n Standardization and definitions in lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. International Children's Continence Society. Br J Urol. 1998;81(suppl 3):1\u201316."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"363","article-title":"Computed tomography: a three-dimensional study of the nasal airway","volume":"76","author":"Montgomery\n WM,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montgomery\n WM, \n \n Vig\n PS, \n \n Staab\n EV, \n \n Matteson\n SR. \n \n Computed tomography: a three-dimensional study of the nasal airway. Am J Orthod. 1979;76:363\u2013375."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"57","author":"Haas\n AJ.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ. \n \n Palatal expansion: just the beginning of dentofacial orthopedics. Am J Orthod. 1970;57:219\u2013255."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening","volume":"58","author":"Wertz\n RA.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wertz\n RA. \n \n Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening. Am J Orthod. 1970;58:41\u201366."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"73","article-title":"Rapid expansion of maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the mid palatal suture","volume":"31","author":"Haas\n AJ.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Haas\n AJ. \n \n Rapid expansion of maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the mid palatal suture. Angle Orthod. 1961;31:73\u201390."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"225","article-title":"Orthodontic maxillary expansion and its effect on nocturnal enuresis","volume":"68","author":"Kurol\n J,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kurol\n J, \n \n Modin\n H, \n \n Bjerkhoel\n A. \n \n Orthodontic maxillary expansion and its effect on nocturnal enuresis. 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Angle Orthod. 2008;78:201\u2013208."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"532","article-title":"Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nocturnal enuresis","volume":"73","author":"Usumez\n S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Usumez\n S, \n \n Iseri\n H, \n \n Orhan\n M, \n \n Basciftci\n FA. \n \n Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nocturnal enuresis. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:532\u2013538."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b09","series-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enuresis\u2014background and treatment","author":"Neveus\n T,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Neveus\n T, \n \n Lackgren\n G, \n \n Tuvemo\n T, \n \n Hetta\n J, \n \n Hjalmas\n K, \n \n Stenberg\n A. \n \n Enuresis\u2014background and treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 2000;1\u201344."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b10","series-title":"Acta Paediatr","first-page":"385","article-title":"Diurnal plasma vasopressin and urinary output in adolescents with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis","volume":"86","author":"Lackgren\n G,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lackgren\n G, \n \n Neveus\n T, \n \n Stenberg\n A. \n \n Diurnal plasma vasopressin and urinary output in adolescents with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86:385\u2013390."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b11","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"857","article-title":"Nocturnal enuresis: a guide to evaluation and treatment","volume":"71","author":"Tietjen\n DN,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tietjen\n DN, \n \n Husmann\n DA. \n \n Nocturnal enuresis: a guide to evaluation and treatment. 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Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders; 2000;1642\u20131643."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b14","series-title":"J Pedod","first-page":"76","article-title":"Nasal obstruction and its effects upon the fields of medicine and dentistry","volume":"14","author":"Clubb\n RW.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Clubb\n RW. \n \n Nasal obstruction and its effects upon the fields of medicine and dentistry. J Pedod. 1990;14:76\u201383."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b15","series-title":"Pediatrician","first-page":"46","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children","volume":"17","author":"Guilleminault\n C,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Guilleminault\n C, \n \n Stoohs\n R. \n \n Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. 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Angle Orthod. 2000;70:129\u2013144."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b22","series-title":"BJU Int","first-page":"932","article-title":"Decreased nocturnal urinary antidiuretic hormone excretion in enuresis is increased by imipramine","volume":"88","author":"Tomasi\n PA,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tomasi\n PA, \n \n Siracusano\n S, \n \n Monni\n AM, \n \n Mela\n G, \n \n Delitala\n G. \n \n Decreased nocturnal urinary antidiuretic hormone excretion in enuresis is increased by imipramine. BJU Int. 2001;88:932\u2013937."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b23","series-title":"Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology","author":"Barrett\n KE,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barrett\n KE, \n \n Boitano\n S, \n \n Barman Susan\n M, \n \n Brooks Heddwen\n L. \n \n Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. 2010."},{"key":"angl-86-05-12-b24","unstructured":"BloodBank.com. Blood test results\u2014normal ranges. Available at: http:\/\/www.bloodbook.com\/ranges.html. 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