{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:08:17Z","timestamp":1787238497610,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To validate our hypothesis that there would be significant differences in treatment outcomes, including cephalometric values, degree of root resorption, occlusal indices, and functional aspect, between cases treated with labial and lingual appliances.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty-four consecutively treated Class II cases with extractions and lingual appliance were compared with 25 matched cases treated with extraction and labial appliance. Orthodontic treatment outcomes were evaluated by cephalometric analysis, peer assessment rating, and an objective grading system (OGS). Additionally, functional analysis was also performed in both groups after orthodontic treatment. Statistical comparison was performed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test within the groups, and the Mann-Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n -test was used to compare between the labial and lingual groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n The only significant difference between the groups was that the interincisal angle was larger in the lingual group than in the labial group. OGS evaluation showed that control over root angulation was significantly worse in the lingual group than in the labial group. There was no significant difference between groups in the amount of root resorption or in functional evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Generally, lingual appliances offer comparable treatment results to those obtained with labial appliances. However, care should be taken with lingual appliances because they are more prone to produce uprighted incisors and root angulation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/031014-173.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,25]],"date-time":"2014-08-25T10:48:38Z","timestamp":1408963718000},"page":"400-407","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Outcome assessment of lingual and labial appliances compared with cephalometric analysis, peer assessment rating, and objective grading system in Angle Class II extraction cases"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Toru","family":"Deguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Division of Orthodontics, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio; and Adjunct Instructor, Division of Orthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumie","family":"Terao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomo","family":"Aonuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Student, Division of Orthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Kataoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyo","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yamashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teruko","family":"Takano-Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Division of Orthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"514","article-title":"Cephalometric appraisal of patients treated with fixed lingual orthodontic appliances: historic review and analysis of cases","volume":"95","author":"Fulmer\n DT,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fulmer\n DT, \n \n Kuftinec\n MM. \n \n Cephalometric appraisal of patients treated with fixed lingual orthodontic appliances: historic review and analysis of cases. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:270\u2013278."},{"key":"r08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"451","article-title":"Treatment outcome in a graduate orthodontic clinic using the American Board of Orthodontics grading system","volume":"122","author":"Yang-Powers\n LC,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yang-Powers\n LC, \n \n Sadowsky\n C, \n \n Rosenstein\n S, \n \n BeGole\n EA. \n \n Treatment outcome in a graduate orthodontic clinic using the American Board of Orthodontics grading system. 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Angle Orthod. 2005;75:129\u2013141."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"437","article-title":"Motion of the human mandibular condyle during mastication","volume":"80","author":"Miyawaki\n S,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miyawaki\n S, \n \n Tanimoto\n Y, \n \n Kawakami\n T, \n \n Sugimura\n M, \n \n Takano-Yamamoto\n T. \n \n Motion of the human mandibular condyle during mastication. J Dent Res. 2001;80:437\u2013442."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"114","article-title":"A new lingual straight-wire technique","volume":"44","author":"Scuzzo\n G,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scuzzo\n G, \n \n Takemoto\n K, \n \n Takemoto\n Y, \n \n Takemoto\n A, \n \n Lombardo\n L. \n \n A new lingual straight-wire technique. J Clin Orthod. 2010;44:114\u2013123."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"35","article-title":"Patient characteristics and treatment variables associated with apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment","volume":"99","author":"Linge\n L,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Linge\n L, \n \n Linge\n BO. \n \n Patient characteristics and treatment variables associated with apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;99:35\u201343."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students","first-page":"122","author":"Dahlberg\n G.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Dahlberg\n G. \n \n Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. London, UK: George Allen & Unwin Ltd; 1940:122\u2013132."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"18.e1","article-title":"Treatment effects of mini-implants for en-masse retraction of anterior teeth in bialveolar dental protrusion patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"134","author":"Upadhyay\n M,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Upadhyay\n M, \n \n Yadav\n S, \n \n Nagaraj\n K, \n \n Patil\n S. \n \n Treatment effects of mini-implants for en-masse retraction of anterior teeth in bialveolar dental protrusion patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:18.e1\u201329.e1."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"252","article-title":"Keys to success in lingual therapy. Part 2","volume":"20","author":"Smith\n JR,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Smith\n JR, \n \n Gorman\n JC, \n \n Kurz\n C, \n \n Dunn\n RM. \n \n Keys to success in lingual therapy. Part 2. 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Angle Orthod. 2005;75:177\u2013182."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"468","article-title":"The association of malocclusion complexity and orthodontic treatment outcomes","volume":"79","author":"Pulfer\n RM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pulfer\n RM, \n \n Drake\n CT, \n \n Maupome\n G, \n \n Eckert\n GJ, \n \n Roberts\n WE. \n \n The association of malocclusion complexity and orthodontic treatment outcomes. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:468\u2013472."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"231","article-title":"A study of root resorption in treated Class II, division I malocclusions","volume":"39","author":"DeShields\n RW.","year":"1969","unstructured":"DeShields\n RW. \n \n A study of root resorption in treated Class II, division I malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 1969;39:231\u2013245."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"311","article-title":"Apical root resorption in orthodontically treated adults","volume":"110","author":"Baumrind\n S,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumrind\n S, \n \n Korn\n EL, \n \n Boyd\n RL. \n \n Apical root resorption in orthodontically treated adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:311\u2013320."},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"491","article-title":"Evaluation of apical root resorption following extraction therapy in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions","volume":"21","author":"Taner\n T,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Taner\n T, \n \n Ci\u011fer\n S, \n \n Sen\u00e7ift\n Y. \n \n Evaluation of apical root resorption following extraction therapy in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:491\u2013496."},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"677","article-title":"Directions of orthodontic tooth movements associated with external apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisor","volume":"114","author":"Parker\n RJ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parker\n RJ, \n \n Harris\n EF. \n \n Directions of orthodontic tooth movements associated with external apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisor. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:677\u2013683."},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"621","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders and psychological status in adult patients with a deep bite","volume":"30","author":"Sonnesen\n L,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sonnesen\n L, \n \n Svensson\n P. \n \n Temporomandibular disorders and psychological status in adult patients with a deep bite. Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:621\u2013629."},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"441","article-title":"Improvement of asymmetric stomatognathic functions, unilateral crossbite, and facial esthetics in a patient with skeletal Class III malocclusion and mandibular asymmetry, treated with orthognathic surgery","volume":"144","author":"Takeshita\n N,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takeshita\n N, \n \n Ishida\n M, \n \n Watanabe\n H, \n et al. \n Improvement of asymmetric stomatognathic functions, unilateral crossbite, and facial esthetics in a patient with skeletal Class III malocclusion and mandibular asymmetry, treated with orthognathic surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:441\u2013454."},{"key":"r01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"514","article-title":"Cephalometric appraisal of patients treated with fixed lingual orthodontic appliances: historic review and analysis of cases","volume":"95","author":"Fulmer\n DT,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fulmer\n DT, \n \n Kuftinec\n MM. \n \n Cephalometric appraisal of patients treated with fixed lingual orthodontic appliances: historic review and analysis of cases. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;95:514\u2013520."},{"key":"r02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"195","article-title":"Vertical forces in labial and lingual orthodontics applied on maxillary incisors\u2014a theoretical approach","volume":"74","author":"Geron\n S,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Geron\n S, \n \n Romano\n R, \n \n Brosh\n T. \n \n Vertical forces in labial and lingual orthodontics applied on maxillary incisors\u2014a theoretical approach. 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