{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:06:12Z","timestamp":1780067172928,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the position of the chin of untreated male and female Class I growing subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 51 growing Class I subjects, 29 male and 22 female, from 7 to 16 years of age, was studied. The total number of 359 lateral cephalograms included at least one cephalogram for each subject taken in the early mixed dentition (younger than 10 years), one in late mixed dentition (between 10 and 12 years), and one in the permanent dentition phase (older than 12 years old).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Descriptive statistics for the X component (horizontal) and Y component (vertical) of the cephalometric landmark Gnathion (Gn) were recorded. Student\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests showed no differences between male and female growing subjects for the X component (horizontal), but significant differences for the Y component (vertical).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Displacement of the mandible over the timeframe studied differs between male and female untreated subjects. Although most of the orthodontic literature addresses such differences as an anteroposterior phenomenon, this study found that the difference is mainly due to the vertical, and not horizontal, component of such displacement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/031124-205.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:25:37Z","timestamp":1744694737000},"page":"304-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison between the chin position of male and female untreated growing Class I subjects: a mixed-longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Marinho","family":"Del Santo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b01","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"97","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey","volume":"13","author":"Proffit","year":"1998","unstructured":"Proffit WR,\nFields HW Jr,\nMoray LJ. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1998;13:97\u2013106."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"69","article-title":"Mandibular skeletal growth and modelling between 10 and 15 years of age","volume":"24","author":"Buschang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nGandini LG Jr. Mandibular skeletal growth and modelling between 10 and 15 years of age. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:69\u201379."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b03","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"400","article-title":"Variation in the growth pattern of the human mandible. Longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method","volume":"42","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk A. Variation in the growth pattern of the human mandible. Longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method. J Dent Res. 1963;42:400\u2013411."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth","volume":"55","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk A. Prediction of mandibular growth. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:585\u2013599. 5253957"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years","volume":"5","author":"Bjork","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bjork A,\nSkieller V. Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years. Eur J Orthod. 1983;5:1\u201346."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b06","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"145","article-title":"The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications","volume":"7","author":"Solow","year":"1980","unstructured":"Solow B. The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications. Br J Orthod. 1980;7:145\u2013161."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b07","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"33","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in mandibular growth of French-Canadian children 6 to 10 years of age","volume":"71","author":"Buschang","year":"1986","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nTanguay R,\nDemirjian A,\nLa Palme L,\nGoldstein H. Sexual dimorphism in mandibular growth of French-Canadian children 6 to 10 years of age. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1986;71:33\u201337."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"437","article-title":"L. A polynomial approach to craniofacial growth: description and comparison of adolescent males with normal occlusion and those with untreated Class II malocclusions","volume":"90","author":"Buschang","year":"1986","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nTanguay R,\nTurkewics J,\nDemirjian A,\nPalme La L. A polynomial approach to craniofacial growth: description and comparison of adolescent males with normal occlusion and those with untreated Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod. 1986;90:437\u2013442."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b09","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"9","article-title":"Facial growth in man, studied with the aid of metallic implants","volume":"13","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk A. Facial growth in man, studied with the aid of metallic implants. Acta Odontol Scand. 1955;13:9\u201334."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b10","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"53","article-title":"Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the implant method","volume":"4","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk A,\nSkieller V. Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the implant method. Br J Orthod. 1977;4:53\u201364."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b11","series-title":"Am J Hum Biol","first-page":"683","article-title":"Mandibular rotation and angular remodelling during childhood and adolescence","volume":"4","author":"Spady","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spady M,\nBuschang PH,\nDemirjian A,\nLaPalme L. Mandibular rotation and angular remodelling during childhood and adolescence. Am J Hum Biol. 1992;4:683\u2013689."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"271","article-title":"Mandibular rotation and remodeling changes during early childhood","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang MK,\nBuschang PH,\nBehrents R. Mandibular rotation and remodeling changes during early childhood. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:271\u2013275."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"29","article-title":"Mandibular rotation during transitional dentition","volume":"83","author":"Ueno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ueno H,\nBehrents RG,\nOliver DR,\nBuschang PH. Mandibular rotation during transitional dentition. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:29\u201335."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b14","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"299","article-title":"Mandibular rotation revisited: what makes it so important","volume":"20","author":"Buschang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buschang PH and Jacob HB. Mandibular rotation revisited: what makes it so important? Semin Orthod. 2014;20:299\u2013315."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"167","article-title":"Incremental growth charts for condylar growth between 6 and 16 years of age","volume":"21","author":"Buschang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nSantos-Pinto A,\nDemirjian A. Incremental growth charts for condylar growth between 6 and 16 years of age. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:167\u2013173."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"339","article-title":"Facial development and tooth eruption: an implant study at the age of puberty","volume":"62","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk A,\nSkieller V. Facial development and tooth eruption: an implant study at the age of puberty. Am J Orthod. 1972;62:339\u2013383."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"534","article-title":"Dentoalveolar compensation related to variations in sagittal jaw relationships","volume":"69","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ishikawa H,\nNakamura S,\nIwasaki H,\nKitazawa S,\nTsukada H,\nSato Y. Dentoalveolar compensation related to variations in sagittal jaw relationships. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:534\u2013538."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"459","article-title":"Longitudinal post-eruptive mandibular tooth movements of males and females","volume":"21","author":"Watanabe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Watanabe E,\nDemirjian A,\nBuschang PH. Longitudinal post-eruptive mandibular tooth movements of males and females. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:459\u2013468."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"70","article-title":"Maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar heights of French-Canadians 10 to 15 years of age","volume":"78","author":"Buschang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nCarrillo R,\nLiu SS,\nDemirjian A. Maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar heights of French-Canadians 10 to 15 years of age. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:70\u201376."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"745","article-title":"How does tooth eruption relate to vertical mandibular growth displacement","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu SS,\nBuschang PH. How does tooth eruption relate to vertical mandibular growth displacement? Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2011,139:745\u2013751."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b21","series-title":"Orthodontics, Current Principles and Techniques","first-page":"1","article-title":"Craniofacial growth and development: developing a perspective","author":"Carlson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carlson DS,\nBuschang PH. Craniofacial growth and development: developing a perspective. In: Graber LW,\nVanarsdall RL,\nVig KWL,\nHuang GJ. Orthodontics, Current Principles and Techniques. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2017: 1\u201330."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b22","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e297","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration","volume":"4","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vandenbroucke JP,\nvon Elm E,\nAltman DG, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e297."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b23","series-title":"Craniofacial Growth Series, Monograph","article-title":"An atlas of craniofacial growth","volume":"2","author":"Riolo","year":"1974","unstructured":"Riolo ML,\nMoyers RE,\nMcNamara JA,Jr,\nHunter WS. An atlas of craniofacial growth. Craniofacial Growth Series, Monograph 2. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press; 1974."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b24","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences","first-page":"213","article-title":"Intraclass correlation coefficient","volume":"4","author":"Koch","year":"1982","unstructured":"Koch GG. Intraclass correlation coefficient. In Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. Kotz S,\nJohnson NL, eds. Vol. 4. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1982: 213\u2013217."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b25","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students","author":"Dahlbeg","year":"1940","unstructured":"Dahlbeg G. Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. London: George Allen and Unwin; 1940."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b26","series-title":"Biometrika","first-page":"28","article-title":"The generalization of \u201cstudent\u2019s\u201d problem when several different population variances are involved","volume":"34","author":"Welch","year":"1947","unstructured":"Welch BL. The generalization of \u201cstudent\u2019s\u201d problem when several different population variances are involved. Biometrika. 1947;34:28\u201335."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b27","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"755","article-title":"Mandibular growth comparisons of Class I and Class II division 1 skeletofacial patterns","volume":"85","author":"Jacob","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jacob HB,\nBuschang PH. Mandibular growth comparisons of Class I and Class II division 1 skeletofacial patterns. Angle Orthod. 2011;85:755\u2013761."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b28","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"202","article-title":"Craniofacial height and depth increments in normal children","volume":"40","author":"Cannon","year":"1970","unstructured":"Cannon J. Craniofacial height and depth increments in normal children. Angle Orthod. 1970;40:202\u2013218."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"463","article-title":"A comparison of craniofacial Class I and Class II growth patterns","volume":"125","author":"Riesmeijer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Riesmeijer AM,\nPrahl-Andersen B,\nMascarenhas AK,\nJoo BH,\nVig KWL. A comparison of craniofacial Class I and Class II growth patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2004;125:463\u2013471."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"658","article-title":"The rates of growth of several facial components measured from serial cephalometric roentgenograms","volume":"41","author":"Nanda","year":"1955","unstructured":"Nanda RS. The rates of growth of several facial components measured from serial cephalometric roentgenograms. Am J Orthod. 1955;41:658\u2013673."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b31","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"347","article-title":"Pubertal growth of the cephalometric point Gnathion: multilevel models for boys and girls","volume":"77","author":"Buschang","year":"1988","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nTanguay R,\nDemirjian A,\nLaPalme L,\nGoldstein H. Pubertal growth of the cephalometric point Gnathion: multilevel models for boys and girls. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1988;77:347\u2013354. 3067586"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b32","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"134","article-title":"Mandibular remodeling measured on cephalograms. 1. Osseous changes relative to superimposition on metallic implants","volume":"102","author":"Baumrind","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baumrind S,\nBen-Bassat Y,\nKorn EL,\nBravo LA,\nCurry S. Mandibular remodeling measured on cephalograms. 1. Osseous changes relative to superimposition on metallic implants. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1992;102:134\u2013142."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b33","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Mandibular rotations: concepts and terminology","volume":"10","author":"Solow","year":"1988","unstructured":"Solow B,\nHouston WJB. Mandibular rotations: concepts and terminology. Eur J Orthod. 1988;10:177\u2013179."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b34","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"144","article-title":"A metal implant study of mandibular rotation","volume":"46","author":"Lavergne","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lavergne J,\nGasson N. A metal implant study of mandibular rotation. Angle Orthod. 1976;46:144\u2013150."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b01","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"97","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey","volume":"13","author":"Proffit","year":"1998","unstructured":"Proffit WR,\nFields HW Jr,\nMoray LJ. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1998;13:97\u2013106."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"69","article-title":"Mandibular skeletal growth and modelling between 10 and 15 years of age","volume":"24","author":"Buschang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nGandini LG Jr. Mandibular skeletal growth and modelling between 10 and 15 years of age. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:69\u201379."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b03","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"400","article-title":"Variation in the growth pattern of the human mandible. Longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method","volume":"42","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk A. Variation in the growth pattern of the human mandible. Longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method. J Dent Res. 1963;42:400\u2013411."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth","volume":"55","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk A. Prediction of mandibular growth. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:585\u2013599. 5253957"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years","volume":"5","author":"Bjork","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bjork A,\nSkieller V. Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years. Eur J Orthod. 1983;5:1\u201346."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b06","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"145","article-title":"The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications","volume":"7","author":"Solow","year":"1980","unstructured":"Solow B. The dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism: background and clinical implications. Br J Orthod. 1980;7:145\u2013161."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b07","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"33","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in mandibular growth of French-Canadian children 6 to 10 years of age","volume":"71","author":"Buschang","year":"1986","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nTanguay R,\nDemirjian A,\nLa Palme L,\nGoldstein H. Sexual dimorphism in mandibular growth of French-Canadian children 6 to 10 years of age. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1986;71:33\u201337."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"437","article-title":"L. A polynomial approach to craniofacial growth: description and comparison of adolescent males with normal occlusion and those with untreated Class II malocclusions","volume":"90","author":"Buschang","year":"1986","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nTanguay R,\nTurkewics J,\nDemirjian A,\nPalme La L. A polynomial approach to craniofacial growth: description and comparison of adolescent males with normal occlusion and those with untreated Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod. 1986;90:437\u2013442."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b09","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"9","article-title":"Facial growth in man, studied with the aid of metallic implants","volume":"13","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk A. Facial growth in man, studied with the aid of metallic implants. Acta Odontol Scand. 1955;13:9\u201334."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b10","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"53","article-title":"Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the implant method","volume":"4","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk A,\nSkieller V. Growth of the maxilla in three dimensions as revealed radiographically by the implant method. Br J Orthod. 1977;4:53\u201364."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b11","series-title":"Am J Hum Biol","first-page":"683","article-title":"Mandibular rotation and angular remodelling during childhood and adolescence","volume":"4","author":"Spady","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spady M,\nBuschang PH,\nDemirjian A,\nLaPalme L. Mandibular rotation and angular remodelling during childhood and adolescence. Am J Hum Biol. 1992;4:683\u2013689."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"271","article-title":"Mandibular rotation and remodeling changes during early childhood","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang MK,\nBuschang PH,\nBehrents R. Mandibular rotation and remodeling changes during early childhood. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:271\u2013275."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"29","article-title":"Mandibular rotation during transitional dentition","volume":"83","author":"Ueno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ueno H,\nBehrents RG,\nOliver DR,\nBuschang PH. Mandibular rotation during transitional dentition. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:29\u201335."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b14","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"299","article-title":"Mandibular rotation revisited: what makes it so important","volume":"20","author":"Buschang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buschang PH and Jacob HB. Mandibular rotation revisited: what makes it so important? Semin Orthod. 2014;20:299\u2013315."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"167","article-title":"Incremental growth charts for condylar growth between 6 and 16 years of age","volume":"21","author":"Buschang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nSantos-Pinto A,\nDemirjian A. Incremental growth charts for condylar growth between 6 and 16 years of age. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:167\u2013173."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"339","article-title":"Facial development and tooth eruption: an implant study at the age of puberty","volume":"62","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk A,\nSkieller V. Facial development and tooth eruption: an implant study at the age of puberty. Am J Orthod. 1972;62:339\u2013383."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"534","article-title":"Dentoalveolar compensation related to variations in sagittal jaw relationships","volume":"69","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ishikawa H,\nNakamura S,\nIwasaki H,\nKitazawa S,\nTsukada H,\nSato Y. Dentoalveolar compensation related to variations in sagittal jaw relationships. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:534\u2013538."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"459","article-title":"Longitudinal post-eruptive mandibular tooth movements of males and females","volume":"21","author":"Watanabe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Watanabe E,\nDemirjian A,\nBuschang PH. Longitudinal post-eruptive mandibular tooth movements of males and females. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:459\u2013468."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"70","article-title":"Maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar heights of French-Canadians 10 to 15 years of age","volume":"78","author":"Buschang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nCarrillo R,\nLiu SS,\nDemirjian A. Maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar heights of French-Canadians 10 to 15 years of age. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:70\u201376."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"745","article-title":"How does tooth eruption relate to vertical mandibular growth displacement","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu SS,\nBuschang PH. How does tooth eruption relate to vertical mandibular growth displacement? Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2011,139:745\u2013751."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b21","series-title":"Orthodontics, Current Principles and Techniques","first-page":"1","article-title":"Craniofacial growth and development: developing a perspective","author":"Carlson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carlson DS,\nBuschang PH. Craniofacial growth and development: developing a perspective. In: Graber LW,\nVanarsdall RL,\nVig KWL,\nHuang GJ. Orthodontics, Current Principles and Techniques. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2017: 1\u201330."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b22","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e297","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration","volume":"4","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vandenbroucke JP,\nvon Elm E,\nAltman DG, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. 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Angle Orthod. 2011;85:755\u2013761."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b28","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"202","article-title":"Craniofacial height and depth increments in normal children","volume":"40","author":"Cannon","year":"1970","unstructured":"Cannon J. Craniofacial height and depth increments in normal children. Angle Orthod. 1970;40:202\u2013218."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-3-304-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"463","article-title":"A comparison of craniofacial Class I and Class II growth patterns","volume":"125","author":"Riesmeijer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Riesmeijer AM,\nPrahl-Andersen B,\nMascarenhas AK,\nJoo BH,\nVig KWL. A comparison of craniofacial Class I and Class II growth patterns. 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