{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:03:44Z","timestamp":1780074224633,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To observe the real-time microarchitecture changes of the alveolar bone and root resorption during orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A 10\u00a0g force was delivered to move the maxillary left first molars mesially in twenty 10-week-old rats for 14\u00a0days. The first molar and adjacent alveolar bone were scanned using in vivo microcomputed tomography at the following time points: days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Microarchitecture parameters, including bone volume fraction, structure model index, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and trabecular separation of alveolar bone, were measured on the compression and tension side. The total root volume was measured, and the resorption crater volume at each time point was calculated. Univariate repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni corrections were performed to compare the differences in each parameter between time points with significance level at\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n From day 3 to day 7, bone volume fraction, structure model index, trabecular thickness, and trabecular separation decreased significantly on the compression side, but the same parameters increased significantly on the tension side from day 7 to day 14. Root resorption volume of the mesial root increased significantly on day 7 of orthodontic loading.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Real-time root and bone resorption during orthodontic movement can be observed in 3 dimensions using in vivo micro-CT. Alveolar bone resorption and root resorption were observed mostly in the apical third on day 7 on the compression side; bone formation was observed on day 14 on the tension side during orthodontic tooth movement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/031312-219.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,3]],"date-time":"2012-10-03T14:16:11Z","timestamp":1349273771000},"page":"402-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["In vivo microcomputed tomography evaluation of rat alveolar bone and root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Ru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD candidate, Department of Orthodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean Shih-Yao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor of Orthodontics and Director, Mineralized Tissues and Histology Research Lab, and Director, Orthodontic Fellowship Program, Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Ind"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Capital Medical University School of Dentistry, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Capital Medical University School of Dentistry, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Capital Medical University School of Dentistry, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"420","article-title":"Three-dimensional morphology of root and alveolar trabecular bone during tooth movement using micro-computed tomography","volume":"81","author":"Li\n Zhuang ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li\n Zhuang , \n \n Yuxing\n Bai , \n \n Xianying\n Meng . \n \n Three-dimensional morphology of root and alveolar trabecular bone during tooth movement using micro-computed tomography . Angle Orthod . 2011 ;81 :420 \u2013425 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"48","article-title":"Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients","volume":"108","author":"Mirabella\n AD ,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mirabella\n AD , \n \n Artun\n J . \n \n Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1995 ;108 :48 \u201355 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"91","article-title":"Changes in root length during orthodontic treatment: advantages for immature teeth","volume":"24","author":"Mavragani\n M ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mavragani\n M , \n \n Boe\n OE , \n \n Wisth\n PJ , \n \n Selvig\n KA . \n \n Changes in root length during orthodontic treatment: advantages for immature teeth . Eur J Orthod . 2002 ;24 :91 \u201397 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"646","article-title":"External apical root resorption in patients treated with conventional and self-ligating brackets","volume":"134","author":"Pandis\n N ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pandis\n N , \n \n Nasika\n M , \n \n Polychronopoulou\n A , \n \n Eliades\n T . \n \n External apical root resorption in patients treated with conventional and self-ligating brackets . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2008 ;134 :646 \u2013651 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"262","article-title":"A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with 3 different fixed appliance techniques","volume":"118","author":"Janson\n GR ,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Janson\n GR , \n \n De Luca Canto\n G , \n \n Martins\n DR , \n \n Henriques\n JF , \n \n De Freitas\n MR . \n \n A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with 3 different fixed appliance techniques . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2000 ;118 :262 \u2013273 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b06","series-title":"Cell Tissue Res","first-page":"318","article-title":"A study of human root cementum surfaces as prepared for and examined in the scanning electron microscope","volume":"130","author":"Jones\n SJ ,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Jones\n SJ , \n \n Boyde\n A . \n \n A study of human root cementum surfaces as prepared for and examined in the scanning electron microscope . Cell Tissue Res . 1972 ;130 :318 \u2013337 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b07","series-title":"Methods Mol Biol","first-page":"273","article-title":"Microcomputed tomography: a method for the non-destructive evaluation of the three-dimensional structure of biological specimens","volume":"455","author":"Stauber\n M ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stauber\n M , \n \n Muller\n R . \n \n Microcomputed tomography: a method for the non-destructive evaluation of the three-dimensional structure of biological specimens . Methods Mol Biol . 2008 ;455 :273 \u2013292 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b08","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"921","article-title":"Excised bone structures in mice: imaging at three-dimensional synchrotron radiation micro CT","volume":"229","author":"Martin-Badosa\n E ,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin-Badosa\n E , \n \n Amblard\n D , \n \n Nuzzo\n S , \n \n Elmoutaouakkil\n A , \n \n Vico\n L , \n \n Peyrin\n F . \n \n Excised bone structures in mice: imaging at three-dimensional synchrotron radiation micro CT . Radiology . 2003 ;229 :921 \u2013928 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"320","article-title":"Time-lapse observation of rat periodontal ligament during function and tooth movement, using microcomputed tomography","volume":"30","author":"Nakamura\n Y ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakamura\n Y , \n \n Noda\n K , \n \n Shimoda\n S , \n \n Oikawa\n T , \n \n Arai\n C , \n \n Nomura\n Y , \n \n Kawasaki\n K . \n \n Time-lapse observation of rat periodontal ligament during function and tooth movement, using microcomputed tomography . Eur J Orthod . 2008 ;30 :320 \u2013326 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"639","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 8. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of controlled intrusive light and heavy orthodontic forces: a microcomputed tomography scan study","volume":"130","author":"Harris\n DA ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harris\n DA , \n \n Jones\n AS , \n \n Darendeliler\n MA . \n \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 8. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of controlled intrusive light and heavy orthodontic forces: a microcomputed tomography scan study . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2006 ;130 :639 \u2013647 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"410","article-title":"Histological evaluation of the effects of initially light and gradually increasing force on orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"77","author":"Tomizuka\n R ,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tomizuka\n R , \n \n Shimizu\n Y , \n \n Kanetaka\n H , \n \n Suzuki\n A , \n \n Urayama\n S , \n \n Kikuchi\n M , \n \n Mitani\n H , \n \n Igarashi\n K . \n \n Histological evaluation of the effects of initially light and gradually increasing force on orthodontic tooth movement . Angle Orthod . 2007 ;77 :410 \u2013416 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b12","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"Experimental tooth movement under light orthodontic forces: rates of tooth movement and changes of the periodontium","volume":"29","author":"Kohno\n T ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kohno\n T , \n \n Matsumoto\n Y , \n \n Kanno\n Z , \n \n Warita\n H , \n \n Soma\n K . \n \n Experimental tooth movement under light orthodontic forces: rates of tooth movement and changes of the periodontium . J Orthod . 2002 ;29 :129 \u2013135 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b13","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"371","article-title":"Histomorphometric study of bone reactions during orthodontic tooth movement in rats","volume":"24","author":"Verna\n C ,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Verna\n C , \n \n Zaffe\n D , \n \n Siciliani\n G . \n \n Histomorphometric study of bone reactions during orthodontic tooth movement in rats . Bone . 1999 ;24 :371 \u2013379 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b14","series-title":"J Microsc","first-page":"67","article-title":"A new method for the model-independent assessment of thickness in three-dimensional images","volume":"185","author":"Hildebrand\n T ,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hildebrand\n T , \n \n R\u00fcegsegger\n P . \n \n A new method for the model-independent assessment of thickness in three-dimensional images . J Microsc . 1997 ;185 :67 \u201375 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"292","article-title":"The nature of tooth movement","volume":"63","author":"Storey\n E .","year":"1973","unstructured":"Storey\n E . \n \n The nature of tooth movement . Am J Orthod . 1973 ;63 :292 \u2013314 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b16","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"775","article-title":"The effect of force magnitude on extractable bone resorptive activity and cemental cratering in orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"61","author":"King\n GJ ,","year":"1982","unstructured":"King\n GJ , \n \n Fishlschweiger\n W . \n \n The effect of force magnitude on extractable bone resorptive activity and cemental cratering in orthodontic tooth movement . J Dent Res . 1982 ;61 :775 \u2013779 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"502","article-title":"Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar","volume":"78","author":"Gonzales\n C ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzales\n C , \n \n Hotokezaka\n H , \n \n Yoshimatsu\n M , \n \n Yozgatian\n JH , \n \n Darendeliler\n MA , \n \n Yoshida\n N . \n \n Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar . Angle Orthod . 2008 ;78 :502 \u2013509 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"37","article-title":"Morphological changes in the rat periodontal ligament and its vascularity after experimental tooth movement using superelastic forces","volume":"31","author":"Noda\n K ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noda\n K , \n \n Nakamura\n Y , \n \n Kogure\n K , \n \n Nomura\n Y . \n \n Morphological changes in the rat periodontal ligament and its vascularity after experimental tooth movement using superelastic forces . Eur J Orthod . 2009 ;31 :37 \u201345 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"504","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 7. Extent of root resorption under areas of compression and tension","volume":"129","author":"Chan\n E ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chan\n E , \n \n Darendeliler\n MA . \n \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 7. Extent of root resorption under areas of compression and tension . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2006 ;129 :504 \u2013510 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b20","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"285","article-title":"Root resorptions in upper first premolars after application of continuous torque movement","volume":"62","author":"Casa\n MA ,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Casa\n MA , \n \n Faltin\n RM , \n \n Faltin\n K , \n \n Sander\n FG , \n \n Arana-Chavez\n VE . \n \n Root resorptions in upper first premolars after application of continuous torque movement . J Orofac Orthop . 2001 ;62 :285 \u2013295 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"127","article-title":"A finite element model of apical force distribution from orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"71","author":"Rudolph\n DJ ,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rudolph\n DJ , \n \n Willes\n PMG , \n \n Sameshima\n GT . \n \n A finite element model of apical force distribution from orthodontic tooth movement . Angle Orthod . 2001 ;71 :127 \u2013131 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"420","article-title":"Three-dimensional morphology of root and alveolar trabecular bone during tooth movement using micro-computed tomography","volume":"81","author":"Li\n Zhuang ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li\n Zhuang , \n \n Yuxing\n Bai , \n \n Xianying\n Meng . \n \n Three-dimensional morphology of root and alveolar trabecular bone during tooth movement using micro-computed tomography . Angle Orthod . 2011 ;81 :420 \u2013425 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"48","article-title":"Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients","volume":"108","author":"Mirabella\n AD ,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mirabella\n AD , \n \n Artun\n J . \n \n Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1995 ;108 :48 \u201355 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"91","article-title":"Changes in root length during orthodontic treatment: advantages for immature teeth","volume":"24","author":"Mavragani\n M ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mavragani\n M , \n \n Boe\n OE , \n \n Wisth\n PJ , \n \n Selvig\n KA . \n \n Changes in root length during orthodontic treatment: advantages for immature teeth . Eur J Orthod . 2002 ;24 :91 \u201397 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"646","article-title":"External apical root resorption in patients treated with conventional and self-ligating brackets","volume":"134","author":"Pandis\n N ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pandis\n N , \n \n Nasika\n M , \n \n Polychronopoulou\n A , \n \n Eliades\n T . \n \n External apical root resorption in patients treated with conventional and self-ligating brackets . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2008 ;134 :646 \u2013651 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"262","article-title":"A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with 3 different fixed appliance techniques","volume":"118","author":"Janson\n GR ,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Janson\n GR , \n \n De Luca Canto\n G , \n \n Martins\n DR , \n \n Henriques\n JF , \n \n De Freitas\n MR . \n \n A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with 3 different fixed appliance techniques . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2000 ;118 :262 \u2013273 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b06","series-title":"Cell Tissue Res","first-page":"318","article-title":"A study of human root cementum surfaces as prepared for and examined in the scanning electron microscope","volume":"130","author":"Jones\n SJ ,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Jones\n SJ , \n \n Boyde\n A . \n \n A study of human root cementum surfaces as prepared for and examined in the scanning electron microscope . Cell Tissue Res . 1972 ;130 :318 \u2013337 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b07","series-title":"Methods Mol Biol","first-page":"273","article-title":"Microcomputed tomography: a method for the non-destructive evaluation of the three-dimensional structure of biological specimens","volume":"455","author":"Stauber\n M ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stauber\n M , \n \n Muller\n R . \n \n Microcomputed tomography: a method for the non-destructive evaluation of the three-dimensional structure of biological specimens . Methods Mol Biol . 2008 ;455 :273 \u2013292 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b08","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"921","article-title":"Excised bone structures in mice: imaging at three-dimensional synchrotron radiation micro CT","volume":"229","author":"Martin-Badosa\n E ,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin-Badosa\n E , \n \n Amblard\n D , \n \n Nuzzo\n S , \n \n Elmoutaouakkil\n A , \n \n Vico\n L , \n \n Peyrin\n F . \n \n Excised bone structures in mice: imaging at three-dimensional synchrotron radiation micro CT . Radiology . 2003 ;229 :921 \u2013928 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"320","article-title":"Time-lapse observation of rat periodontal ligament during function and tooth movement, using microcomputed tomography","volume":"30","author":"Nakamura\n Y ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakamura\n Y , \n \n Noda\n K , \n \n Shimoda\n S , \n \n Oikawa\n T , \n \n Arai\n C , \n \n Nomura\n Y , \n \n Kawasaki\n K . \n \n Time-lapse observation of rat periodontal ligament during function and tooth movement, using microcomputed tomography . Eur J Orthod . 2008 ;30 :320 \u2013326 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"639","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 8. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of controlled intrusive light and heavy orthodontic forces: a microcomputed tomography scan study","volume":"130","author":"Harris\n DA ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harris\n DA , \n \n Jones\n AS , \n \n Darendeliler\n MA . \n \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 8. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of controlled intrusive light and heavy orthodontic forces: a microcomputed tomography scan study . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2006 ;130 :639 \u2013647 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"410","article-title":"Histological evaluation of the effects of initially light and gradually increasing force on orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"77","author":"Tomizuka\n R ,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tomizuka\n R , \n \n Shimizu\n Y , \n \n Kanetaka\n H , \n \n Suzuki\n A , \n \n Urayama\n S , \n \n Kikuchi\n M , \n \n Mitani\n H , \n \n Igarashi\n K . \n \n Histological evaluation of the effects of initially light and gradually increasing force on orthodontic tooth movement . Angle Orthod . 2007 ;77 :410 \u2013416 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b12","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"129","article-title":"Experimental tooth movement under light orthodontic forces: rates of tooth movement and changes of the periodontium","volume":"29","author":"Kohno\n T ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kohno\n T , \n \n Matsumoto\n Y , \n \n Kanno\n Z , \n \n Warita\n H , \n \n Soma\n K . \n \n Experimental tooth movement under light orthodontic forces: rates of tooth movement and changes of the periodontium . J Orthod . 2002 ;29 :129 \u2013135 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b13","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"371","article-title":"Histomorphometric study of bone reactions during orthodontic tooth movement in rats","volume":"24","author":"Verna\n C ,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Verna\n C , \n \n Zaffe\n D , \n \n Siciliani\n G . \n \n Histomorphometric study of bone reactions during orthodontic tooth movement in rats . Bone . 1999 ;24 :371 \u2013379 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b14","series-title":"J Microsc","first-page":"67","article-title":"A new method for the model-independent assessment of thickness in three-dimensional images","volume":"185","author":"Hildebrand\n T ,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hildebrand\n T , \n \n R\u00fcegsegger\n P . \n \n A new method for the model-independent assessment of thickness in three-dimensional images . J Microsc . 1997 ;185 :67 \u201375 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"292","article-title":"The nature of tooth movement","volume":"63","author":"Storey\n E .","year":"1973","unstructured":"Storey\n E . \n \n The nature of tooth movement . Am J Orthod . 1973 ;63 :292 \u2013314 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b16","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"775","article-title":"The effect of force magnitude on extractable bone resorptive activity and cemental cratering in orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"61","author":"King\n GJ ,","year":"1982","unstructured":"King\n GJ , \n \n Fishlschweiger\n W . \n \n The effect of force magnitude on extractable bone resorptive activity and cemental cratering in orthodontic tooth movement . J Dent Res . 1982 ;61 :775 \u2013779 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"502","article-title":"Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar","volume":"78","author":"Gonzales\n C ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzales\n C , \n \n Hotokezaka\n H , \n \n Yoshimatsu\n M , \n \n Yozgatian\n JH , \n \n Darendeliler\n MA , \n \n Yoshida\n N . \n \n Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar . Angle Orthod . 2008 ;78 :502 \u2013509 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"37","article-title":"Morphological changes in the rat periodontal ligament and its vascularity after experimental tooth movement using superelastic forces","volume":"31","author":"Noda\n K ,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noda\n K , \n \n Nakamura\n Y , \n \n Kogure\n K , \n \n Nomura\n Y . \n \n Morphological changes in the rat periodontal ligament and its vascularity after experimental tooth movement using superelastic forces . Eur J Orthod . 2009 ;31 :37 \u201345 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"504","article-title":"Physical properties of root cementum: part 7. Extent of root resorption under areas of compression and tension","volume":"129","author":"Chan\n E ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chan\n E , \n \n Darendeliler\n MA . \n \n Physical properties of root cementum: part 7. Extent of root resorption under areas of compression and tension . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2006 ;129 :504 \u2013510 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b20","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"285","article-title":"Root resorptions in upper first premolars after application of continuous torque movement","volume":"62","author":"Casa\n MA ,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Casa\n MA , \n \n Faltin\n RM , \n \n Faltin\n K , \n \n Sander\n FG , \n \n Arana-Chavez\n VE . \n \n Root resorptions in upper first premolars after application of continuous torque movement . J Orofac Orthop . 2001 ;62 :285 \u2013295 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-3-402-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"127","article-title":"A finite element model of apical force distribution from orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"71","author":"Rudolph\n DJ ,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rudolph\n DJ , \n \n Willes\n PMG , \n \n Sameshima\n GT . \n \n A finite element model of apical force distribution from orthodontic tooth movement . 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