{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:02:00Z","timestamp":1780070520897,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This case report describes the successful extraction treatment of a Class II division 2 malocclusion with mandibular posterior discrepancy and a congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor on the left side. The posterior space in the mandibular arch was small, and the mandibular second molars were impacted, with distal tipping. The discrepancies in the maxillary and mandibular arches were resolved by extraction of the maxillary lateral incisor on the right side and the mandibular second premolars on both sides. The mesial movement of the mandibular first molars occurred appropriately, with the second molars moving into an upright position. A lip bumper was used with a preadjusted edgewise appliance in the maxillary dentition to reinforce molar anchorage and labial movement of the retroclined incisors. Despite the extraction treatment, a deep bite could be corrected without aggravation as a result of the lip bumper and utility arch in the mandibular dentition. Thus, an Angle Class I molar relationship and an ideal overbite were achieved. The occlusal contact area and masticatory muscle activities during maximum clenching increased after treatment. The maximum closing velocity and the maximum gape during chewing increased, and the chewing pattern changed from the chopping to grinding type. The findings in the present case suggest that the correction of a deep bite might be effective for improving stomatognathic function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/031414-194.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,3]],"date-time":"2014-07-03T08:07:51Z","timestamp":1404374871000},"page":"314-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Extraction treatment of a Class II division 2 malocclusion with mandibular posterior discrepancy and changes in stomatognathic function"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Kunihiro","family":"Nagayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Field of Developmental Medicine, Health Research Course, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Tomonari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Field of Developmental Medicine, Health Research Course, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumiaki","family":"Kitashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, Field of Developmental Medicine, Health Research Course, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouichi","family":"Miyawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Department Chair, Department of Orthodontics, Field of Developmental Medicine, Health Research Course, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"377","article-title":"A long-term evaluation of treated Class II division 2 malocclusions: a retrospective study model analysis","volume":"21","author":"Canut\n              JA,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Canut\n              JA, \n            \n              Arias\n              S. \n          \n          A long-term evaluation of treated Class II division 2 malocclusions: a retrospective study model analysis.  Eur J Orthod.  1999; 21: 377\u2013 386."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"606","article-title":"Post-treatment occlusal changes in Class II division 2 subjects treated with the Herbst appliance","volume":"30","author":"Bock\n              N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bock\n              N, \n            \n              Ruf\n              S. \n          \n          Post-treatment occlusal changes in Class II division 2 subjects treated with the Herbst appliance.  Eur J Orthod.  2008; 30: 606\u2013 613."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b03","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD005972","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children","volume":"18","author":"Millett\n              DT,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Millett\n              DT, \n            \n              Cunningham\n              SJ, \n            \n              O'Brien\n              KD, \n            \n              Benson\n              P, \n            \n              Williams\n              A, \n            \n              de Oliveira\n              CM. \n          \n          Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev.  2006; 18: CD005972."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b04","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"271","article-title":"The modified twin block appliance in the treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusions","volume":"28","author":"Dyer\n              FM,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dyer\n              FM, \n            \n              McKeown\n              HF, \n            \n              Sandler\n              PJ. \n          \n          The modified twin block appliance in the treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusions.  J Orthod.  2001; 28: 271\u2013 280."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"771","article-title":"A new look at the treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusions","volume":"130","author":"Yousefian\n              J,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yousefian\n              J, \n            \n              Trimble\n              D, \n            \n              Folkman\n              G. \n          \n          A new look at the treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusions.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2006; 130: 771\u2013 778."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b06","series-title":"J Charles H. Tweed Int Found","first-page":"10","article-title":"Differential diagnosis with total space analysis","volume":"6","author":"Merrifield\n              LL.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Merrifield\n              LL. \n          \n          Differential diagnosis with total space analysis.  J Charles H. Tweed Int Found.  1978; 6: 10\u2013 15."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"641","article-title":"Differential diagnostic analysis system","volume":"106","author":"Merrifield\n              LL,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Merrifield\n              LL, \n            \n              Klontz\n              HA, \n            \n              Vaden\n              JL. \n          \n          Differential diagnostic analysis system.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  1994; 106: 641\u2013 648."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b08","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"100","article-title":"Smoothness of chewing jaw movements in adults with mandibular prognathism","volume":"39","author":"Yashiro\n              K,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yashiro\n              K, \n            \n              Takagi\n              M, \n            \n              Takada\n              K. \n          \n          Smoothness of chewing jaw movements in adults with mandibular prognathism.  J Oral Rehabil.  2012; 39: 100\u2013 110."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment of malocclusion improves impaired skillfulness of masticatory jaw movements","volume":"79","author":"Tome\n              W,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tome\n              W, \n            \n              Yashiro\n              K, \n            \n              Takada\n              K. \n          \n          Orthodontic treatment of malocclusion improves impaired skillfulness of masticatory jaw movements.  Angle Orthod.  2009; 79: 1078\u2013 1083."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b10","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","first-page":"273","article-title":"Chewing pattern and muscular activation in open bite patients","volume":"22","author":"Piancino\n              MG,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piancino\n              MG, \n            \n              Isola\n              G, \n            \n              Merlo\n              A, \n            \n              Dalessandri\n              D, \n            \n              Debernardi\n              C, \n            \n              Bracco\n              P. \n          \n          Chewing pattern and muscular activation in open bite patients.  J Electromyogr Kinesiol.  2012; 22: 273\u2013 279."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"549","article-title":"Movement of the lateral and medial poles of the working condyle during mastication in patients with unilateral posterior crossbite","volume":"126","author":"Miyawaki\n              S,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miyawaki\n              S, \n            \n              Tanimoto\n              Y, \n            \n              Araki\n              Y, \n            \n              Katayama\n              A, \n            \n              Kuboki\n              T, \n            \n              Takano-Yamamoto\n              T. \n          \n          Movement of the lateral and medial poles of the working condyle during mastication in patients with unilateral posterior crossbite.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2004; 126: 549\u2013 554."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment combined with mandibular distraction osteogenesis and changes in stomatognathic function","volume":"78","author":"Maeda\n              A,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maeda\n              A, \n            \n              Soejima\n              K, \n            \n              Ogura\n              M, \n            \n              Ohmure\n              H, \n            \n              Sugihara\n              K, \n            \n              Miyawaki\n              S. \n          \n          Orthodontic treatment combined with mandibular distraction osteogenesis and changes in stomatognathic function.  Angle Orthod.  2008; 78: 1125\u2013 1132."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"187","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in mandibular arch posterior space in adolescents with normal occlusion","volume":"137","author":"Chen\n              LL,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen\n              LL, \n            \n              Xu\n              TM, \n            \n              Jiang\n              JH, \n            \n              Zhang\n              XZ, \n            \n              Lin\n              JX. \n          \n          Longitudinal changes in mandibular arch posterior space in adolescents with normal occlusion.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2010; 137: 187\u2013 193."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b14","series-title":"J Osaka Univ Dent Sch","first-page":"239","article-title":"A study on the individual growth of maxillofacial skeleton by means of lateral cephalometric roentgenograms","volume":"22","author":"Wada\n              K.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wada\n              K. \n          \n          A study on the individual growth of maxillofacial skeleton by means of lateral cephalometric roentgenograms.  J Osaka Univ Dent Sch.  1977; 22: 239\u2013 269."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b15","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"133","article-title":"Occlusal force and condylar motion in patients with anterior open bite","volume":"84","author":"Miyawaki\n              S,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miyawaki\n              S, \n            \n              Araki\n              Y, \n            \n              Tanimoto\n              Y, \n            et al. \n          Occlusal force and condylar motion in patients with anterior open bite.  J Dent Res.  2005; 84: 133\u2013 137."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"194","article-title":"Survival analysis of orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"137","author":"Lee\n              SJ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee\n              SJ, \n            \n              Ahn\n              SJ, \n            \n              Lee\n              JW, \n            \n              Kim\n              SH, \n            \n              Kim\n              TW. \n          \n          Survival analysis of orthodontic mini-implants.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2010; 137: 194\u2013 199."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"106","article-title":"Effect of lip bumpers on mandibular arch dimensions","volume":"135","author":"Hashish\n              DI,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hashish\n              DI, \n            \n              Mostafa\n              YA. \n          \n          Effect of lip bumpers on mandibular arch dimensions.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2009; 135: 106\u2013 109."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"247","article-title":"Perioral forces and dental changes resulting from mandibular lip bumper treatment","volume":"113","author":"O'Donnell\n              S,","year":"1998","unstructured":"O'Donnell\n              S, \n            \n              Nanda\n              RS, \n            \n              Ghosh\n              J. \n          \n          Perioral forces and dental changes resulting from mandibular lip bumper treatment.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  1998; 113: 247\u2013 255."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b19","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Influence of clenching intensity on bite force balance, occlusal contact area, and average bite pressure","volume":"78","author":"Hidaka\n              O,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hidaka\n              O, \n            \n              Iwasaki\n              M, \n            \n              Saito\n              M, \n            \n              Morimoto\n              T. \n          \n          Influence of clenching intensity on bite force balance, occlusal contact area, and average bite pressure.  J Dent Res.  1999; 78: 1336\u2013 1344."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b20","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"156","article-title":"Deep bite: a case report with chewing pattern and electromyographic activity before and after therapy with function generating bite","volume":"14","author":"Piancino\n              MG,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Piancino\n              MG, \n            \n              Vallelonga\n              T, \n            \n              Debernardi\n              C, \n            \n              Bracco\n              P. \n          \n          Deep bite: a case report with chewing pattern and electromyographic activity before and after therapy with function generating bite.  Eur J Paediatr Dent.  2013; 14: 156\u2013 159."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"627","article-title":"Chewing cycle kinematics of subjects with deepbite malocclusion","volume":"131","author":"Buschang\n              PH,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Buschang\n              PH, \n            \n              Throckmorton\n              GS, \n            \n              Austin\n              D, \n            \n              Wintergerst\n              AM. \n          \n          Chewing cycle kinematics of subjects with deepbite malocclusion.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2007; 131: 627\u2013 634."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"403","article-title":"Changes in jaw movement and jaw closing muscle activity after orthodontic correction of incisor crossbite","volume":"112","author":"Sohn\n              BW,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sohn\n              BW, \n            \n              Miyawaki\n              S, \n            \n              Noguchi\n              H, \n            \n              Takada\n              K. \n          \n          Changes in jaw movement and jaw closing muscle activity after orthodontic correction of incisor crossbite.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  1997; 112: 403\u2013 409."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b23","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"126","article-title":"Forces applied by anterior and posterior teeth and roles of periodontal afferents during hold-and-split tasks in human subjects","volume":"178","author":"Johnsen\n              SE,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnsen\n              SE, \n            \n              Svensson\n              KG, \n            \n              Trulsson\n              M. \n          \n          Forces applied by anterior and posterior teeth and roles of periodontal afferents during hold-and-split tasks in human subjects.  Exp Brain Res.  2007; 178: 126\u2013 134."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b24","series-title":"Cranio","first-page":"19","article-title":"Jaw motion during gum-chewing in children with primary dentition","volume":"28","author":"Kubota\n              N,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kubota\n              N, \n            \n              Hayasaki\n              H, \n            \n              Saitoh\n              I, \n            et al. \n          Jaw motion during gum-chewing in children with primary dentition.  Cranio.  2010; 28: 19\u2013 29."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b25","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"48","article-title":"Chewing patterns in normal children","volume":"51","author":"Wickwire\n              NA,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wickwire\n              NA, \n            \n              Gibbs\n              CH, \n            \n              Jacobson\n              AP, \n            \n              Lundeen\n              HC. \n          \n          Chewing patterns in normal children.  Angle Orthod.  1981; 51: 48\u2013 60."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"377","article-title":"A long-term evaluation of treated Class II division 2 malocclusions: a retrospective study model analysis","volume":"21","author":"Canut\n              JA,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Canut\n              JA, \n            \n              Arias\n              S. \n          \n          A long-term evaluation of treated Class II division 2 malocclusions: a retrospective study model analysis.  Eur J Orthod.  1999; 21: 377\u2013 386."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"606","article-title":"Post-treatment occlusal changes in Class II division 2 subjects treated with the Herbst appliance","volume":"30","author":"Bock\n              N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bock\n              N, \n            \n              Ruf\n              S. \n          \n          Post-treatment occlusal changes in Class II division 2 subjects treated with the Herbst appliance.  Eur J Orthod.  2008; 30: 606\u2013 613."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b03","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD005972","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children","volume":"18","author":"Millett\n              DT,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Millett\n              DT, \n            \n              Cunningham\n              SJ, \n            \n              O'Brien\n              KD, \n            \n              Benson\n              P, \n            \n              Williams\n              A, \n            \n              de Oliveira\n              CM. \n          \n          Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev.  2006; 18: CD005972."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b04","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"271","article-title":"The modified twin block appliance in the treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusions","volume":"28","author":"Dyer\n              FM,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dyer\n              FM, \n            \n              McKeown\n              HF, \n            \n              Sandler\n              PJ. \n          \n          The modified twin block appliance in the treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusions.  J Orthod.  2001; 28: 271\u2013 280."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"771","article-title":"A new look at the treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusions","volume":"130","author":"Yousefian\n              J,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yousefian\n              J, \n            \n              Trimble\n              D, \n            \n              Folkman\n              G. \n          \n          A new look at the treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusions.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2006; 130: 771\u2013 778."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b06","series-title":"J Charles H. Tweed Int Found","first-page":"10","article-title":"Differential diagnosis with total space analysis","volume":"6","author":"Merrifield\n              LL.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Merrifield\n              LL. \n          \n          Differential diagnosis with total space analysis.  J Charles H. Tweed Int Found.  1978; 6: 10\u2013 15."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"641","article-title":"Differential diagnostic analysis system","volume":"106","author":"Merrifield\n              LL,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Merrifield\n              LL, \n            \n              Klontz\n              HA, \n            \n              Vaden\n              JL. \n          \n          Differential diagnostic analysis system.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  1994; 106: 641\u2013 648."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b08","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"100","article-title":"Smoothness of chewing jaw movements in adults with mandibular prognathism","volume":"39","author":"Yashiro\n              K,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yashiro\n              K, \n            \n              Takagi\n              M, \n            \n              Takada\n              K. \n          \n          Smoothness of chewing jaw movements in adults with mandibular prognathism.  J Oral Rehabil.  2012; 39: 100\u2013 110."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment of malocclusion improves impaired skillfulness of masticatory jaw movements","volume":"79","author":"Tome\n              W,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tome\n              W, \n            \n              Yashiro\n              K, \n            \n              Takada\n              K. \n          \n          Orthodontic treatment of malocclusion improves impaired skillfulness of masticatory jaw movements.  Angle Orthod.  2009; 79: 1078\u2013 1083."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b10","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","first-page":"273","article-title":"Chewing pattern and muscular activation in open bite patients","volume":"22","author":"Piancino\n              MG,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piancino\n              MG, \n            \n              Isola\n              G, \n            \n              Merlo\n              A, \n            \n              Dalessandri\n              D, \n            \n              Debernardi\n              C, \n            \n              Bracco\n              P. \n          \n          Chewing pattern and muscular activation in open bite patients.  J Electromyogr Kinesiol.  2012; 22: 273\u2013 279."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"549","article-title":"Movement of the lateral and medial poles of the working condyle during mastication in patients with unilateral posterior crossbite","volume":"126","author":"Miyawaki\n              S,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miyawaki\n              S, \n            \n              Tanimoto\n              Y, \n            \n              Araki\n              Y, \n            \n              Katayama\n              A, \n            \n              Kuboki\n              T, \n            \n              Takano-Yamamoto\n              T. \n          \n          Movement of the lateral and medial poles of the working condyle during mastication in patients with unilateral posterior crossbite.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2004; 126: 549\u2013 554."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment combined with mandibular distraction osteogenesis and changes in stomatognathic function","volume":"78","author":"Maeda\n              A,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maeda\n              A, \n            \n              Soejima\n              K, \n            \n              Ogura\n              M, \n            \n              Ohmure\n              H, \n            \n              Sugihara\n              K, \n            \n              Miyawaki\n              S. \n          \n          Orthodontic treatment combined with mandibular distraction osteogenesis and changes in stomatognathic function.  Angle Orthod.  2008; 78: 1125\u2013 1132."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"187","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in mandibular arch posterior space in adolescents with normal occlusion","volume":"137","author":"Chen\n              LL,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen\n              LL, \n            \n              Xu\n              TM, \n            \n              Jiang\n              JH, \n            \n              Zhang\n              XZ, \n            \n              Lin\n              JX. \n          \n          Longitudinal changes in mandibular arch posterior space in adolescents with normal occlusion.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2010; 137: 187\u2013 193."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b14","series-title":"J Osaka Univ Dent Sch","first-page":"239","article-title":"A study on the individual growth of maxillofacial skeleton by means of lateral cephalometric roentgenograms","volume":"22","author":"Wada\n              K.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wada\n              K. \n          \n          A study on the individual growth of maxillofacial skeleton by means of lateral cephalometric roentgenograms.  J Osaka Univ Dent Sch.  1977; 22: 239\u2013 269."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b15","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"133","article-title":"Occlusal force and condylar motion in patients with anterior open bite","volume":"84","author":"Miyawaki\n              S,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miyawaki\n              S, \n            \n              Araki\n              Y, \n            \n              Tanimoto\n              Y, \n            et al. \n          Occlusal force and condylar motion in patients with anterior open bite.  J Dent Res.  2005; 84: 133\u2013 137."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"194","article-title":"Survival analysis of orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"137","author":"Lee\n              SJ,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee\n              SJ, \n            \n              Ahn\n              SJ, \n            \n              Lee\n              JW, \n            \n              Kim\n              SH, \n            \n              Kim\n              TW. \n          \n          Survival analysis of orthodontic mini-implants.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2010; 137: 194\u2013 199."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"106","article-title":"Effect of lip bumpers on mandibular arch dimensions","volume":"135","author":"Hashish\n              DI,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hashish\n              DI, \n            \n              Mostafa\n              YA. \n          \n          Effect of lip bumpers on mandibular arch dimensions.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  2009; 135: 106\u2013 109."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"247","article-title":"Perioral forces and dental changes resulting from mandibular lip bumper treatment","volume":"113","author":"O'Donnell\n              S,","year":"1998","unstructured":"O'Donnell\n              S, \n            \n              Nanda\n              RS, \n            \n              Ghosh\n              J. \n          \n          Perioral forces and dental changes resulting from mandibular lip bumper treatment.  Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.  1998; 113: 247\u2013 255."},{"key":"angl-86-05-11-b19","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Influence of clenching intensity on bite force balance, occlusal contact area, and average bite pressure","volume":"78","author":"Hidaka\n              O,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hidaka\n              O, \n            \n              Iwasaki\n              M, \n            \n              Saito\n              M, \n            \n              Morimoto\n              T. \n          \n          Influence of clenching intensity on bite force balance, occlusal contact area, and average bite pressure.  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