{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:29:28Z","timestamp":1790436568592,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the anterior and posterior maxillary width, the nasal passage volume, the oropharyngeal minimum axial area, and volume changes in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients treated with one of the following four expanders: Hyrax, Fan-Type, inverted mini-hyrax supported on the first permanent molars (iMini-M), or inverted mini-hyrax supported on the first premolars (iMini-B).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 40 patients with transverse maxillary deficiency who were submitted for rapid maxillary expansion were divided in four groups according to type of expander used. Cone-beam computed tomography images were taken before and 3 months after expansion. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences among the groups, and paired\n t-<\/jats:italic>\n tests were used to evaluate the changes in each group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n All groups showed a significant increase in the anterior maxillary width, with no intergroup differences. The iMini-B was the only group that did not show a significant increase in the posterior maxillary width. The intergroup comparison demonstrated differences among all groups except between Hyrax and iMini-M, which showed the greatest posterior expansions. The intragroup analysis showed a significant increase in the nasal passage volume in hyrax and inverted mini-hyrax on the molar groups, but the intergroup comparison revealed a significant difference only between Fan-Type and inverted mini-hyrax on the molars. None of the expanders caused significant changes in the oropharyngeal measurements.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Only the Hyrax and inverted mini-hyrax on the molar expanders effectively increased the nasal passage volume, and none of the expanders evaluated in this study modified the oropharyngeal airway.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/032015-174.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]],"date-time":"2015-11-23T14:24:50Z","timestamp":1448288690000},"page":"617-624","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Upper airway assessment using four different maxillary expanders in cleft patients: A cone-beam computed tomography study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Carolina Morsani","family":"Mordente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Martin","family":"Palomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor and Program Director, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio."},{"name":"Director, Craniofacial Imaging Center, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martinho Campolina Rebello","family":"Horta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor and Dean of Graduate Studies, School of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo Quiroga","family":"Souki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dauro Douglas","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor and Program Director, Department of Orthodontics, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildeu","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"498","article-title":"Importance of maintaining normal nasal function in the cleft palate patient","volume":"29","author":"Wetmore\n RF.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wetmore\n RF. \n \n Importance of maintaining normal nasal function in the cleft palate patient. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1992;29:498\u2013506."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"769","article-title":"Cleft nose: form and function","volume":"20","author":"Warren\n DW,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Warren\n DW, \n \n Drake\n AF. \n \n Cleft nose: form and function. Clin Plast Surg. 1993;20:769\u2013779."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"183","article-title":"The influence of unilateral cleft lip and palate on maxillary dental arch morphology","volume":"62","author":"Silva Filho\n OG,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Silva Filho\n OG, \n \n Ramos\n AL, \n \n Abdo\n RCC. \n \n The influence of unilateral cleft lip and palate on maxillary dental arch morphology. Angle Orthod. 1992;62:183\u2013190."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"J Craciofac Surg","first-page":"306","article-title":"Effects of orthopedic rapid maxillary expansion on internal nasal dimension in children with cleft lip and palate assessed by acoustic rhinometry","volume":"21","author":"Trindade\n IEK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trindade\n IEK, \n \n Castilho\n RL, \n \n Sampaio-Teixeira\n ACM, \n et al\n . Effects of orthopedic rapid maxillary expansion on internal nasal dimension in children with cleft lip and palate assessed by acoustic rhinometry. J Craciofac Surg. 2010;21:306\u2013311."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"381","article-title":"The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance","volume":"92","author":"Hartgerink\n DV,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hartgerink\n DV, \n \n Vig\n PS, \n \n Abbott\n DW. \n \n The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;92:381\u2013389."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Angle Orthod","article-title":"Airway compartments volume and oxygen saturation changes after rapid maxillary expansion: a longitudinal correlation study [published online ahead of print February 9, 2015]","author":"Fastuca\n R,","unstructured":"Fastuca\n R, \n \n Perinetti\n G, \n \n Zecca\n PA, \n et al\n . Airway compartments volume and oxygen saturation changes after rapid maxillary expansion: a longitudinal correlation study [published online ahead of print February 9, 2015]. Angle Orthod. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2319\/072014.1"},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"298","article-title":"Sagittal and vertical effects of rapid maxillary expansion in Class I, II, and III occlusions","volume":"81","author":"Farronato\n G,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Farronato\n G, \n \n Giannini\n L, \n \n Galbiati\n G, \n et al\n . Sagittal and vertical effects of rapid maxillary expansion in Class I, II, and III occlusions. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:298\u2013303."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S92","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of the pharyngeal airway morphology in growing Japanese girls with and without cleft lip and palate","volume":"141","author":"Yoshihara\n M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoshihara\n M, \n \n Terajima\n M, \n \n Yanagita\n N, \n et al\n . Three-dimensional analysis of the pharyngeal airway morphology in growing Japanese girls with and without cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:S92\u2013S101."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"468","article-title":"Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"135","author":"Aboudara\n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aboudara\n C, \n \n Nielsen\n I, \n \n Huang\n JC, \n et al\n . Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:468\u2013479."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","article-title":"The Millard rotation-advancement cleft lip repair: 50 years of modification [published online ahead of print February 2, 2015]","author":"Roussel\n LO,","unstructured":"Roussel\n LO, \n \n Myers\n RP, \n \n Girotto\n JA. \n \n The Millard rotation-advancement cleft lip repair: 50 years of modification [published online ahead of print February 2, 2015]. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. PubMed 25642967."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"576","article-title":"Effect of Veau-Wardill-Kilner type of cleft palate repair on long-term midfacial growth","volume":"111","author":"Choudhary\n S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Choudhary\n S, \n \n Cadier\n MA, \n \n Shinn\n DL, \n et al\n . Effect of Veau-Wardill-Kilner type of cleft palate repair on long-term midfacial growth. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:576\u2013582."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"119","article-title":"The cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baccetti\n T, \n \n Franchi\n L, \n \n McNamara\n JA. \n \n The cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Semin Orthod. 2005;11:119\u2013129."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"An alternative clinical approach to achieve greater anterior than posterior maxillary expansion in cleft lip and palate patients","volume":"25","author":"Oliveira\n DD,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oliveira\n DD, \n \n Bartolomeo\n FUC, \n \n Cardinal\n L, \n et al\n . An alternative clinical approach to achieve greater anterior than posterior maxillary expansion in cleft lip and palate patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25:1\u20134."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"73","article-title":"Dentoskeletal effects of 3 maxillary expanders in patients with clefts: a cone-beam computed tomography study","volume":"146","author":"Fonseca\n DF,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fonseca\n DF, \n \n Bartolomeo\n FUC, \n \n Romualdo\n CR, \n et al\n . Dentoskeletal effects of 3 maxillary expanders in patients with clefts: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:73\u201381."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S50.e1","article-title":"Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study","volume":"137","author":"El\n H,","year":"2010","unstructured":"El\n H, \n \n Palomo\n JM. \n \n Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:S50.e1\u2013S50.e9."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study","volume":"84","author":"El\n H,","year":"2014","unstructured":"El\n H, \n \n Palomo\n JM. \n \n Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:265\u2013273."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"118","article-title":"Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions","volume":"72","author":"Basciftci\n FA,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Basciftci\n FA, \n \n Mutlu\n N, \n \n Karaman\n AI, \n et al\n . Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions? Angle Orthod. 2002;72:118\u2013123."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"815","article-title":"Morphologic changes of the nasal cavity induced by rapid maxillary expansion: a study on 3-dimensional computed tomography models","volume":"136","author":"Haralambidis\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haralambidis\n A, \n \n Ari-Demirkaya\n A, \n \n Acar\n A, \n et al\n . Morphologic changes of the nasal cavity induced by rapid maxillary expansion: a study on 3-dimensional computed tomography models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:815\u2013821."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8.e1","article-title":"Skeletal effects to the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"134","author":"Garrett\n BJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garrett\n BJ, \n \n Caruso\n JM, \n \n Rungcharassaeng\n K, \n et al\n . Skeletal effects to the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:8.e1\u20138.e11."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"503","article-title":"Biomechanical response of the maxillofacial skeleton to transpalatal orthopedic force in a unilateral palatal cleft","volume":"91","author":"Gautam\n P,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gautam\n P, \n \n Zhao\n L, \n \n Patel\n P. \n \n Biomechanical response of the maxillofacial skeleton to transpalatal orthopedic force in a unilateral palatal cleft. Angle Orthod. 2011;91:503\u2013509."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S71","article-title":"Oropharyngeal airway changes after rapid palatal expansion evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"137","author":"Zhao\n Y,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhao\n Y, \n \n Nguyen\n M, \n \n Gohl\n E, \n et al\n . Oropharyngeal airway changes after rapid palatal expansion evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:S71\u2013S78."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"618","article-title":"Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of airway volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"141","author":"Smith\n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith\n T, \n \n Ghoneima\n A, \n \n Stewart\n K, \n et al\n . Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of airway volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:618\u2013626."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"59","article-title":"The significance of adenoid tissue in orthodontia","volume":"24","author":"Subtelny\n D.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Subtelny\n D. \n \n The significance of adenoid tissue in orthodontia. Angle Orthod. 1954;24:59\u201369."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"498","article-title":"Importance of maintaining normal nasal function in the cleft palate patient","volume":"29","author":"Wetmore\n RF.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wetmore\n RF. \n \n Importance of maintaining normal nasal function in the cleft palate patient. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1992;29:498\u2013506."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"769","article-title":"Cleft nose: form and function","volume":"20","author":"Warren\n DW,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Warren\n DW, \n \n Drake\n AF. \n \n Cleft nose: form and function. Clin Plast Surg. 1993;20:769\u2013779."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"183","article-title":"The influence of unilateral cleft lip and palate on maxillary dental arch morphology","volume":"62","author":"Silva Filho\n OG,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Silva Filho\n OG, \n \n Ramos\n AL, \n \n Abdo\n RCC. \n \n The influence of unilateral cleft lip and palate on maxillary dental arch morphology. Angle Orthod. 1992;62:183\u2013190."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"J Craciofac Surg","first-page":"306","article-title":"Effects of orthopedic rapid maxillary expansion on internal nasal dimension in children with cleft lip and palate assessed by acoustic rhinometry","volume":"21","author":"Trindade\n IEK,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trindade\n IEK, \n \n Castilho\n RL, \n \n Sampaio-Teixeira\n ACM, \n et al\n . Effects of orthopedic rapid maxillary expansion on internal nasal dimension in children with cleft lip and palate assessed by acoustic rhinometry. J Craciofac Surg. 2010;21:306\u2013311."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"381","article-title":"The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance","volume":"92","author":"Hartgerink\n DV,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hartgerink\n DV, \n \n Vig\n PS, \n \n Abbott\n DW. \n \n The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;92:381\u2013389."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Angle Orthod","article-title":"Airway compartments volume and oxygen saturation changes after rapid maxillary expansion: a longitudinal correlation study [published online ahead of print February 9, 2015]","author":"Fastuca\n R,","unstructured":"Fastuca\n R, \n \n Perinetti\n G, \n \n Zecca\n PA, \n et al\n . Airway compartments volume and oxygen saturation changes after rapid maxillary expansion: a longitudinal correlation study [published online ahead of print February 9, 2015]. Angle Orthod. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2319\/072014.1"},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"298","article-title":"Sagittal and vertical effects of rapid maxillary expansion in Class I, II, and III occlusions","volume":"81","author":"Farronato\n G,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Farronato\n G, \n \n Giannini\n L, \n \n Galbiati\n G, \n et al\n . Sagittal and vertical effects of rapid maxillary expansion in Class I, II, and III occlusions. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:298\u2013303."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S92","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of the pharyngeal airway morphology in growing Japanese girls with and without cleft lip and palate","volume":"141","author":"Yoshihara\n M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoshihara\n M, \n \n Terajima\n M, \n \n Yanagita\n N, \n et al\n . Three-dimensional analysis of the pharyngeal airway morphology in growing Japanese girls with and without cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:S92\u2013S101."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"468","article-title":"Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"135","author":"Aboudara\n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aboudara\n C, \n \n Nielsen\n I, \n \n Huang\n JC, \n et al\n . Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:468\u2013479."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","article-title":"The Millard rotation-advancement cleft lip repair: 50 years of modification [published online ahead of print February 2, 2015]","author":"Roussel\n LO,","unstructured":"Roussel\n LO, \n \n Myers\n RP, \n \n Girotto\n JA. \n \n The Millard rotation-advancement cleft lip repair: 50 years of modification [published online ahead of print February 2, 2015]. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. PubMed 25642967."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"576","article-title":"Effect of Veau-Wardill-Kilner type of cleft palate repair on long-term midfacial growth","volume":"111","author":"Choudhary\n S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Choudhary\n S, \n \n Cadier\n MA, \n \n Shinn\n DL, \n et al\n . Effect of Veau-Wardill-Kilner type of cleft palate repair on long-term midfacial growth. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:576\u2013582."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"119","article-title":"The cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti\n T,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baccetti\n T, \n \n Franchi\n L, \n \n McNamara\n JA. \n \n The cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Semin Orthod. 2005;11:119\u2013129."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"An alternative clinical approach to achieve greater anterior than posterior maxillary expansion in cleft lip and palate patients","volume":"25","author":"Oliveira\n DD,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oliveira\n DD, \n \n Bartolomeo\n FUC, \n \n Cardinal\n L, \n et al\n . An alternative clinical approach to achieve greater anterior than posterior maxillary expansion in cleft lip and palate patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25:1\u20134."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"73","article-title":"Dentoskeletal effects of 3 maxillary expanders in patients with clefts: a cone-beam computed tomography study","volume":"146","author":"Fonseca\n DF,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fonseca\n DF, \n \n Bartolomeo\n FUC, \n \n Romualdo\n CR, \n et al\n . Dentoskeletal effects of 3 maxillary expanders in patients with clefts: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:73\u201381."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S50.e1","article-title":"Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study","volume":"137","author":"El\n H,","year":"2010","unstructured":"El\n H, \n \n Palomo\n JM. \n \n Measuring the airway in 3 dimensions: a reliability and accuracy study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:S50.e1\u2013S50.e9."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study","volume":"84","author":"El\n H,","year":"2014","unstructured":"El\n H, \n \n Palomo\n JM. \n \n Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:265\u2013273."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"118","article-title":"Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions","volume":"72","author":"Basciftci\n FA,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Basciftci\n FA, \n \n Mutlu\n N, \n \n Karaman\n AI, \n et al\n . Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions? Angle Orthod. 2002;72:118\u2013123."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"815","article-title":"Morphologic changes of the nasal cavity induced by rapid maxillary expansion: a study on 3-dimensional computed tomography models","volume":"136","author":"Haralambidis\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haralambidis\n A, \n \n Ari-Demirkaya\n A, \n \n Acar\n A, \n et al\n . Morphologic changes of the nasal cavity induced by rapid maxillary expansion: a study on 3-dimensional computed tomography models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:815\u2013821."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8.e1","article-title":"Skeletal effects to the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"134","author":"Garrett\n BJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garrett\n BJ, \n \n Caruso\n JM, \n \n Rungcharassaeng\n K, \n et al\n . Skeletal effects to the maxilla after rapid maxillary expansion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:8.e1\u20138.e11."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"503","article-title":"Biomechanical response of the maxillofacial skeleton to transpalatal orthopedic force in a unilateral palatal cleft","volume":"91","author":"Gautam\n P,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gautam\n P, \n \n Zhao\n L, \n \n Patel\n P. \n \n Biomechanical response of the maxillofacial skeleton to transpalatal orthopedic force in a unilateral palatal cleft. Angle Orthod. 2011;91:503\u2013509."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S71","article-title":"Oropharyngeal airway changes after rapid palatal expansion evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"137","author":"Zhao\n Y,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhao\n Y, \n \n Nguyen\n M, \n \n Gohl\n E, \n et al\n . Oropharyngeal airway changes after rapid palatal expansion evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:S71\u2013S78."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"618","article-title":"Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of airway volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"141","author":"Smith\n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith\n T, \n \n Ghoneima\n A, \n \n Stewart\n K, \n et al\n . Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of airway volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:618\u2013626."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"59","article-title":"The significance of adenoid tissue in orthodontia","volume":"24","author":"Subtelny\n D.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Subtelny\n D. \n \n The significance of adenoid tissue in orthodontia. 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