{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:58:57Z","timestamp":1790031537000,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n To compare two groups of subjects at the peak of the pubertal growth period treated with the Functional Mandibular Advancer (FMA; Forestadent, Pforzheim, Germany) appliance using either single-step or stepwise mandibular advancement.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n This study was conducted on 34 Class II division 1 malocclusion subjects at or just before the peak phase of pubertal growth as assessed by hand-wrist radiographs. Subjects were assigned to two groups of mandibular advancement, using matched randomization. Both groups were treated with the FMA. While the mandible was advanced to a super Class I molar relation in the single-step advancement group (SSG), patients in the stepwise mandibular advancement group (SWG) had a 4-mm initial bite advancement and subsequent 2-mm advancements at bimonthly intervals. The material consisted of lateral cephalograms taken before treatment and after 10 months of FMA treatment. Data were analyzed by means paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests and an independent\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n There were statistically significant changes in SNB, Pg horizontal, ANB, Co-Gn, and Co-Go measurements in both groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001); these changes were greater in the SWG with the exception of Co-Go (\n P <<\/jats:italic>\n .05). While significant differences were found in U1-SN, IMPA, L6 horizontal, overjet, and overbite appraisals in each group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001), these changes were comparable (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n Because of the higher rates of sagittal mandibular skeletal changes, FMA using stepwise advancement of the mandible might be the appliance of choice for treating Class II division 1 malocclusions.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/032416-241.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T13:31:10Z","timestamp":1467379870000},"page":"82-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Comparison of stepwise vs single-step advancement with the Functional Mandibular Advancer in Class II division 1 treatment"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Isil","family":"Aras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aylin","family":"Pasaoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Istanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Olmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idil","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Vehbi","family":"Tuncer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aynur","family":"Aras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"169","article-title":"Dentofacial orthopaedics in relation to chronological age, growth period and skeletal development. An analysis of 72 male patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion treated with Herbst appliance","volume":"10","author":"Hagg \n U,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hagg \n U, \n \n \n Pancherz \n H. \n \n \n Dentofacial orthopaedics in relation to chronological age, growth period and skeletal development. An analysis of 72 male patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion treated with Herbst appliance. Eur J Orthod. 1988;10:169\u2013176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"599.e1","article-title":"Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Cozza \n P,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cozza \n P, \n \n \n Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n De Toffol \n L, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129:599.e1\u2013e12."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjv057","article-title":"The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis","author":"Yang \n X,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang \n X, \n \n \n Zhu \n Y, \n \n \n Long \n H, \n \n et al. \n The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2015. doi:10.1093\/ejo\/cjv057"},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"239","article-title":"Dentoskeletal effects and facial profile changes in young adults treated with the Herbst appliance","volume":"69","author":"Ruf \n S,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ruf \n S, \n \n \n Pancherz \n H. \n \n \n Dentoskeletal effects and facial profile changes in young adults treated with the Herbst appliance. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:239\u2013246."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b05","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"469","article-title":"Skeletal effects in class II treatment with the functional mandibular advancer (FMA)?","volume":"66","author":"Kinzinger \n G,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kinzinger \n G, \n \n \n Diedrich \n P. \n \n \n Skeletal effects in class II treatment with the functional mandibular advancer (FMA)?\n J Orofac Orthop. 2005;66:469\u2013490."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"352","article-title":"Herbst\/multibracket appliance treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusions in early and late adulthood. A prospective cephalometric study of consecutively treated subjects","volume":"28","author":"Ruf \n S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ruf \n S, \n \n \n Pancherz \n H. \n \n \n Herbst\/multibracket appliance treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusions in early and late adulthood. A prospective cephalometric study of consecutively treated subjects. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28:352\u2013360."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"17","article-title":"Class II correction in Herbst and Bass therapy","volume":"11","author":"Pancherz \n H,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pancherz \n H, \n \n \n Malmgren \n O, \n \n \n Hagg \n U, \n \n \n Omblus \n J, \n \n \n Hansen \n K. \n \n \n Class II correction in Herbst and Bass therapy. Eur J Orthod. 1989;11:17\u201330."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"525","article-title":"Condylar growth and mandibular positioning with stepwise vs maximum advancement","volume":"134","author":"Hagg \n U,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hagg \n U, \n \n \n Rabie \n AB, \n \n \n Bendeus \n M, \n \n \n Wong \n RW, \n \n \n Wey \n MC, \n \n \n Du \n X\n \n et al. \n Condylar growth and mandibular positioning with stepwise vs maximum advancement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:525\u2013536."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b09","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Stepwise advancement using fixed functional appliances: experimental perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Rabie \n AB,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rabie \n AB, \n \n \n Chayanupatkul \n A, \n \n \n Hagg \n U. \n \n \n Stepwise advancement using fixed functional appliances: experimental perspectives. Semin Orthod. 2003;9:41\u201346."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b10","series-title":"Orthodontics, Current Principles and Techniques","article-title":"Functional appliances","author":"Graber \n TM.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Graber \n TM. \n \n \n Functional appliances. In: Graber TM, Vanarsdall RL, Vig KWL, eds. Orthodontics, Current Principles and Techniques. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby;2005."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"167","article-title":"Effects of headgear-Herbst and mandibular step-by-step advancement versus conventional Herbst appliance and maximal jumping of the mandible","volume":"24","author":"Du \n X,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Du \n X, \n \n \n Hagg \n U, \n \n \n Rabie \n AB. \n \n \n Effects of headgear-Herbst and mandibular step-by-step advancement versus conventional Herbst appliance and maximal jumping of the mandible. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:167\u2013174."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Stepwise advancement Herbst appliance versus mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. Treatment effects and long-term stability of adult Class II patients","volume":"79","author":"Chaiyongsirisern \n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaiyongsirisern \n A, \n \n \n Rabie \n AB, \n \n \n Wong \n RW. \n \n \n Stepwise advancement Herbst appliance versus mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. Treatment effects and long-term stability of adult Class II patients. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:1084\u20131094."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"181","article-title":"Orthopedic and orthodontic effects resulting from the use of a functional appliance with different amounts of protrusive activation","volume":"96","author":"DeVincenzo \n JP,","year":"1989","unstructured":"DeVincenzo \n JP, \n \n \n Winn \n MW. \n \n \n Orthopedic and orthodontic effects resulting from the use of a functional appliance with different amounts of protrusive activation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;96:181\u2013190."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"583","article-title":"Incremental versus maximum bite advancement during Twin-block therapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"126","author":"Banks \n P,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Banks \n P, \n \n \n Wright \n J, \n \n \n O'Brien \n K. \n \n \n Incremental versus maximum bite advancement during Twin-block therapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126:583\u2013588."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"283","article-title":"Stepwise advancement versus maximum jumping with headgear activator","volume":"29","author":"Wey \n MC,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wey \n MC, \n \n \n Bendeus \n M, \n \n \n Peng \n L, \n \n \n H\u00e4gg \n U, \n \n \n Rabie \n ABM, \n \n \n Robinson \n W. \n \n \n Stepwise advancement versus maximum jumping with headgear activator. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:283\u2013293."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b16","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"233","article-title":"Treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion in adults: stepwise vs single-step advancement with the Herbst appliance","volume":"9","author":"Purkayastha \n SK,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Purkayastha \n SK, \n \n \n Rabie \n AB, \n \n \n Wong \n R. \n \n \n Treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion in adults: stepwise vs single-step advancement with the Herbst appliance. World J Orthod. 2008;9:233\u2013243."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b17","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"384","article-title":"Development of a new functional appliance for treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion","volume":"63","author":"","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kinzinger G, Ostheimer J, F\u00f6rster F, Kwant P, Reul H, Diedrich P.\n Development of a new functional appliance for treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion. J Orofac Orthop. 2002;63:384\u2013399."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b18","series-title":"Inventors; Ormco Corporation, assignee, appliance and method for assisting a patient in maintaining a forward-moving force on the patient's mandibular jaw. US patent 5848891","author":"Eckhart \n JE,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eckhart \n JE, \n \n \n Toll \n DE. \n \n \n Inventors; Ormco Corporation, assignee, appliance and method for assisting a patient in maintaining a forward-moving force on the patient's mandibular jaw. US patent 5848891. December 15,1998."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"684","article-title":"Treatment and posttreatment outcomes induced by the Mandibular Advancement Repositioning Appliance: a controlled clinical study","volume":"81","author":"Ghislanzoni \n LT,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghislanzoni \n LT, \n \n \n Toll \n DE, \n \n \n Defraia \n E, \n \n \n Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n Franchi \n L. \n \n \n Treatment and posttreatment outcomes induced by the Mandibular Advancement Repositioning Appliance: a controlled clinical study. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:684\u2013691."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b20","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"187","article-title":"Skeletal stages of the hand and wrist as indicators of the pubertal growth spurt","volume":"38","author":"Hagg \n U,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hagg \n U, \n \n \n Taranger \n J. \n \n \n Skeletal stages of the hand and wrist as indicators of the pubertal growth spurt. Acta Odontol Scand. 1980;38:187\u2013200."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b21","series-title":"Designing Randomized Trials in Health, Education and Social Sciences","author":"Tongerson \n DJ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tongerson \n DJ, \n \n \n Torgerson \n CJ. \n \n \n Designing Randomized Trials in Health, Education and Social Sciences. New York: Palgrave MacMillan;2008."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b22","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students","author":"Dahlberg \n G.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Dahlberg \n G. \n \n \n Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. New York: Interscience Publications;1940."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b23","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"274","article-title":"Does the degree of advancement during functional appliance therapy matter?","volume":"30","author":"Rabie \n AB,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rabie \n AB, \n \n \n Al-Kalaly \n A. \n \n \n Does the degree of advancement during functional appliance therapy matter?\n Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:274\u2013282."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"521","article-title":"Correlation of replicating cells and osteogenesis in the glenoid fossa during stepwise advancement","volume":"123","author":"Rabie \n AB,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rabie \n AB, \n \n \n Wong \n L, \n \n \n Hagg \n U. \n \n \n Correlation of replicating cells and osteogenesis in the glenoid fossa during stepwise advancement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:521\u2013526."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b25","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"137","article-title":"Neovascularization and bone formation in the condyle during stepwise advancement","volume":"26","author":"Leung \n FYC,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leung \n FYC, \n \n \n Rabie \n ABM. \n \n \n Neovascularization and bone formation in the condyle during stepwise advancement. Eur J Orthod. 2004;26:137\u2013141."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b26","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"465","article-title":"Temporomandibular response to early and late removal of bite-jumping devices","volume":"25","author":"Chayanupatkul \n A,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chayanupatkul \n A, \n \n \n Rabie \n AB, \n \n \n Hagg \n U. \n \n \n Temporomandibular response to early and late removal of bite-jumping devices. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:465\u2013470."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b27","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"63","article-title":"Class II treatment in adults: comparing camouflage orthodontics, dentofacial orthopedics and orthognathic surgery\u2014a cephalometric study to evaluate various therapeutic effects","volume":"69","author":"Kinzinger \n G,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kinzinger \n G, \n \n \n Frye \n L, \n \n \n Diedrich \n P. \n \n \n Class II treatment in adults: comparing camouflage orthodontics, dentofacial orthopedics and orthognathic surgery\u2014a cephalometric study to evaluate various therapeutic effects. J Orofac Orthop. 2008;69:63\u201391."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b28","series-title":"J Orofacial Orthop","first-page":"511","article-title":"Class II treatment with Fixed Functional Orthodontic Appliances before and after the pubertal growth peak\u2014a cephalometric study to evaluate differential therapeutic effects","volume":"70","author":"Frye \n L,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frye \n L, \n \n \n Diedrich \n P, \n \n \n Kinzinger \n G. \n \n \n Class II treatment with Fixed Functional Orthodontic Appliances before and after the pubertal growth peak\u2014a cephalometric study to evaluate differential therapeutic effects. J Orofacial Orthop. 2009;70:511\u2013627."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"286","article-title":"Treatment effects of the mandibular anterior repositioning appliance on patients with Class II malocclusion","volume":"123","author":"Pangrazio-Kulbersh \n V,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pangrazio-Kulbersh \n V, \n \n \n Berger \n JL, \n \n \n Ortho \n D, \n \n et al. \n Treatment effects of the mandibular anterior repositioning appliance on patients with Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:286\u2013295."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b01","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"169","article-title":"Dentofacial orthopaedics in relation to chronological age, growth period and skeletal development. An analysis of 72 male patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion treated with Herbst appliance","volume":"10","author":"Hagg \n U,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hagg \n U, \n \n \n Pancherz \n H. \n \n \n Dentofacial orthopaedics in relation to chronological age, growth period and skeletal development. An analysis of 72 male patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion treated with Herbst appliance. Eur J Orthod. 1988;10:169\u2013176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"599.e1","article-title":"Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Cozza \n P,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cozza \n P, \n \n \n Baccetti \n T, \n \n \n Franchi \n L, \n \n \n De Toffol \n L, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129:599.e1\u2013e12."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b03","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjv057","article-title":"The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis","author":"Yang \n X,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang \n X, \n \n \n Zhu \n Y, \n \n \n Long \n H, \n \n et al. \n The effectiveness of the Herbst appliance for patients with Class II malocclusion: a meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2015. doi:10.1093\/ejo\/cjv057"},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"239","article-title":"Dentoskeletal effects and facial profile changes in young adults treated with the Herbst appliance","volume":"69","author":"Ruf \n S,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ruf \n S, \n \n \n Pancherz \n H. \n \n \n Dentoskeletal effects and facial profile changes in young adults treated with the Herbst appliance. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:239\u2013246."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b05","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"469","article-title":"Skeletal effects in class II treatment with the functional mandibular advancer (FMA)?","volume":"66","author":"Kinzinger \n G,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kinzinger \n G, \n \n \n Diedrich \n P. \n \n \n Skeletal effects in class II treatment with the functional mandibular advancer (FMA)?\n J Orofac Orthop. 2005;66:469\u2013490."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"352","article-title":"Herbst\/multibracket appliance treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusions in early and late adulthood. A prospective cephalometric study of consecutively treated subjects","volume":"28","author":"Ruf \n S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ruf \n S, \n \n \n Pancherz \n H. \n \n \n Herbst\/multibracket appliance treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusions in early and late adulthood. A prospective cephalometric study of consecutively treated subjects. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28:352\u2013360."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"17","article-title":"Class II correction in Herbst and Bass therapy","volume":"11","author":"Pancherz \n H,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pancherz \n H, \n \n \n Malmgren \n O, \n \n \n Hagg \n U, \n \n \n Omblus \n J, \n \n \n Hansen \n K. \n \n \n Class II correction in Herbst and Bass therapy. Eur J Orthod. 1989;11:17\u201330."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"525","article-title":"Condylar growth and mandibular positioning with stepwise vs maximum advancement","volume":"134","author":"Hagg \n U,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hagg \n U, \n \n \n Rabie \n AB, \n \n \n Bendeus \n M, \n \n \n Wong \n RW, \n \n \n Wey \n MC, \n \n \n Du \n X\n \n et al. \n Condylar growth and mandibular positioning with stepwise vs maximum advancement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:525\u2013536."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b09","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Stepwise advancement using fixed functional appliances: experimental perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Rabie \n AB,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rabie \n AB, \n \n \n Chayanupatkul \n A, \n \n \n Hagg \n U. \n \n \n Stepwise advancement using fixed functional appliances: experimental perspectives. Semin Orthod. 2003;9:41\u201346."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b10","series-title":"Orthodontics, Current Principles and Techniques","article-title":"Functional appliances","author":"Graber \n TM.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Graber \n TM. \n \n \n Functional appliances. In: Graber TM, Vanarsdall RL, Vig KWL, eds. Orthodontics, Current Principles and Techniques. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby;2005."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b11","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"167","article-title":"Effects of headgear-Herbst and mandibular step-by-step advancement versus conventional Herbst appliance and maximal jumping of the mandible","volume":"24","author":"Du \n X,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Du \n X, \n \n \n Hagg \n U, \n \n \n Rabie \n AB. \n \n \n Effects of headgear-Herbst and mandibular step-by-step advancement versus conventional Herbst appliance and maximal jumping of the mandible. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:167\u2013174."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Stepwise advancement Herbst appliance versus mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. Treatment effects and long-term stability of adult Class II patients","volume":"79","author":"Chaiyongsirisern \n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaiyongsirisern \n A, \n \n \n Rabie \n AB, \n \n \n Wong \n RW. \n \n \n Stepwise advancement Herbst appliance versus mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. Treatment effects and long-term stability of adult Class II patients. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:1084\u20131094."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"181","article-title":"Orthopedic and orthodontic effects resulting from the use of a functional appliance with different amounts of protrusive activation","volume":"96","author":"DeVincenzo \n JP,","year":"1989","unstructured":"DeVincenzo \n JP, \n \n \n Winn \n MW. \n \n \n Orthopedic and orthodontic effects resulting from the use of a functional appliance with different amounts of protrusive activation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;96:181\u2013190."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"583","article-title":"Incremental versus maximum bite advancement during Twin-block therapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"126","author":"Banks \n P,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Banks \n P, \n \n \n Wright \n J, \n \n \n O'Brien \n K. \n \n \n Incremental versus maximum bite advancement during Twin-block therapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126:583\u2013588."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-1-82-b15","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"283","article-title":"Stepwise advancement versus maximum jumping with headgear activator","volume":"29","author":"Wey \n MC,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wey \n MC, \n \n \n Bendeus \n M, \n \n \n Peng \n L, \n \n \n H\u00e4gg \n U, \n \n \n Rabie \n ABM, \n \n \n Robinson \n W. \n \n \n Stepwise advancement versus maximum jumping with headgear activator. 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