{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:28:04Z","timestamp":1787581684347,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To test the hypotheses that mechanobehavior scores (MBS) were correlated with mandibular ramus lengths (Co-Go) and differed between facial phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Subjects gave informed consent to participate. Co-Go (mm), mandibular plane angles (SN-GoGn, \u00b0), and three-dimensional anatomy were derived from cephalometric radiography or cone beam computed tomography. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) energy densities (ED) (mJ\/mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ) were measured using dynamic stereometry and duty factors (DF) (%) were measured from electromyography, to calculate MBS (= ED\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u00d7 DF,\n \n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) for each TMJ. Polynomial regressions, K-means cluster analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post-hoc tests were employed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty females and 23 males produced replete data. Polynomial regressions showed MBS were correlated with Co-Go (females, R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.57; males, R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.81). Cluster analysis identified three groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). Dolichofacial subjects, with shorter normalized Co-Go, clustered into two subgroups with low and high MBS compared to brachyfacial subjects with longer Co-Go. SN-GoGn was significantly larger (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .03) in the dolichofacial subgroups combined (33.0 \u00b1 5.9\u00b0) compared to the brachyfacial group (29.8 \u00b1 5.5\u00b0).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n MBS correlated with Co-Go within sexes and differed significantly between brachyfacial and dolichofacial subjects.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/032420-217.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T16:31:00Z","timestamp":1600101060000},"page":"866-872","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mechanobehavior and mandibular ramus length in different facial phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Paige Covington","family":"Riddle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Nickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoly M.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi M.","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Scott","family":"Conley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Dunford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura R.","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b01","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"321","article-title":"Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients","volume":"23","author":"Buschang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buschang\n PH,\n \n \n Roldan\n SI,\n \n \n Tadlock\n LP.\n \n \n Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tSemin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t321\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"103","article-title":"Association between facial height development and mandibular growth rotation in low and high MP-SN angle faces: a longitudinal study","volume":"67","author":"Karlsen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Karlsen\n AT.\n \n \n Association between facial height development and mandibular growth rotation in low and high MP-SN angle faces: a longitudinal study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t67:\n\t\t\t\t\t103\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t110."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"153","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint growth changes in hyperdivergent and hypodivergent Herbst subjects. A long-term roentgenographic cephalometric study","volume":"126","author":"Pancherz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pancherz\n H,\n \n \n Michailidou\n C.\n \n \n Temporomandibular joint growth changes in hyperdivergent and hypodivergent Herbst subjects. A long-term roentgenographic cephalometric study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t126:\n\t\t\t\t\t153\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t161;\n\t\t\t\t\tquiz 254\u2013155."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"Treatment changes of hypo- and hyperdivergent Class II Herbst patients","volume":"88","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogers\n K,\n \n \n Campbell\n PM,\n \n \n Tadlock\n L,\n \n \n Schneiderman\n E,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Treatment changes of hypo- and hyperdivergent Class II Herbst patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b05","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0141198","article-title":"Treatment effects of removable functional appliances in pre-pubertal and pubertal class ii patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies","volume":"10","author":"Perinetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perinetti\n G,\n \n \n Primozic\n J,\n \n \n Franchi\n L,\n \n \n Contardo\n L.\n \n \n Treatment effects of removable functional appliances in pre-pubertal and pubertal class ii patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\te0141198."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"480","article-title":"Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances alone or in combination with multibracket appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Perinetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perinetti\n G,\n \n \n Primozic\n J,\n \n \n Furlani\n G,\n \n \n Franchi\n L,\n \n \n Contardo\n L.\n \n \n Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances alone or in combination with multibracket appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t85:\n\t\t\t\t\t480\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t492."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b07","series-title":"Swed Dent J","first-page":"67","article-title":"Success rate, costs and long-term stability of treatment with activator\/headgear combinations","volume":"40","author":"Hedlund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hedlund\n C,\n \n \n Feldmann\n I.\n \n \n Success rate, costs and long-term stability of treatment with activator\/headgear combinations.\n\t\t\t\t\tSwed Dent J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t67\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t77."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"128","article-title":"Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"O'Brien","year":"2003","unstructured":"O'Brien\n K,\n \n \n Wright\n J,\n \n \n Conboy\n F,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t124:\n\t\t\t\t\t128\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t137."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"363","article-title":"Computer-aided modeling in the assessment of the biomechanical determinants of diverse skeletal patterns","volume":"89","author":"Haskell","year":"1986","unstructured":"Haskell\n B,\n \n \n Day\n M,\n \n \n Tetz\n J.\n \n \n Computer-aided modeling in the assessment of the biomechanical determinants of diverse skeletal patterns.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986;\n\t\t\t\t\t89:\n\t\t\t\t\t363\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t382."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b10","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Mechanobehavior and ontogenesis of the temporomandibular joint","volume":"97","author":"Nickel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nickel\n JC,\n \n \n Iwasaki\n LR,\n \n \n Gonzalez\n YM,\n \n \n Gallo\n LM,\n \n \n Yao\n H.\n \n \n Mechanobehavior and ontogenesis of the temporomandibular joint.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t97:\n\t\t\t\t\t1185\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1192."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b11","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"315","article-title":"An analysis of surface congruity in the growing human temporomandibular joint","volume":"39","author":"Nickel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nickel\n JC,\n \n \n McLachlan\n KR.\n \n \n An analysis of surface congruity in the growing human temporomandibular joint.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Oral Biol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t39:\n\t\t\t\t\t315\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t321."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b12","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"13073","article-title":"Exploiting endogenous fibrocartilage stem cells to regenerate cartilage and repair joint injury","volume":"7","author":"Embree","year":"2016","unstructured":"Embree\n MC,\n \n \n Chen\n M,\n \n \n Pylawka\n S,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Exploiting endogenous fibrocartilage stem cells to regenerate cartilage and repair joint injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tNat Commun.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t7:\n\t\t\t\t\t13073."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b13","series-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Genetic influences on temporomandibular joint development and growth","volume":"115","author":"Hinton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hinton\n RJ,\n \n \n Jing\n J,\n \n \n Feng\n JQ.\n \n \n Genetic influences on temporomandibular joint development and growth.\n\t\t\t\t\tCurr Top Dev Biol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t115:\n\t\t\t\t\t85\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t109."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b14","series-title":"Osteoarthr Cartilage","first-page":"911","article-title":"Regional cell density distribution and oxygen consumption rates in porcine TMJ discs: an explant study","volume":"19","author":"Kuo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuo\n J,\n \n \n Shi\n C,\n \n \n Cisewski\n S,\n \n \n Zhang\n L,\n \n \n Kern\n MJ,\n \n \n Yao\n H.\n \n \n Regional cell density distribution and oxygen consumption rates in porcine TMJ discs: an explant study.\n\t\t\t\t\tOsteoarthr Cartilage.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t19:\n\t\t\t\t\t911\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t918."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b15","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"895","article-title":"Mechanobehavioral scores in women with and without TMJ disc displacement","volume":"96","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iwasaki\n LR,\n \n \n Gonzalez\n YM,\n \n \n Liu\n Y,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Mechanobehavioral scores in women with and without TMJ disc displacement.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t96:\n\t\t\t\t\t895\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t901."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b16","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"164","article-title":"Diagnostic group differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities","volume":"18","author":"Gallo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gallo\n LM,\n \n \n Iwasaki\n LR,\n \n \n Gonzalez\n YM,\n \n \n Liu\n H,\n \n \n Marx\n DB,\n \n \n Nickel\n JC.\n \n \n Diagnostic group differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t18Suppl 1:\n\t\t\t\t\t164\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t169."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b17","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"97","article-title":"Jaw closing movement and sex differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities","volume":"45","author":"Gallo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gallo\n LM,\n \n \n Fankhauser\n N,\n \n \n Gonzalez\n YM,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Jaw closing movement and sex differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t45:\n\t\t\t\t\t97\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t103."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b18","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"736","article-title":"Tractional forces on porcine temporomandibular joint discs","volume":"88","author":"Nickel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nickel\n JC,\n \n \n Iwasaki\n LR,\n \n \n Beatty\n MW,\n \n \n Marx\n DB.\n \n \n Tractional forces on porcine temporomandibular joint discs.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t736\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t740."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b19","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"146","article-title":"A pilot study of ambulatory masticatory muscle activities in temporomandibular joint disorders diagnostic groups","volume":"18","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iwasaki\n LR,\n \n \n Gonzalez\n YM,\n \n \n Liu\n H,\n \n \n Marx\n DB,\n \n \n Gallo\n LM,\n \n \n Nickel\n JC.\n \n \n A pilot study of ambulatory masticatory muscle activities in temporomandibular joint disorders diagnostic groups.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t18Suppl 1:\n\t\t\t\t\t146\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t155."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b20","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"883","article-title":"Masticatory muscle sleep background electromyographic activity is elevated in myofascial temporomandibular disorder patients","volume":"40","author":"Raphael","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raphael\n KG,\n \n \n Janal\n MN,\n \n \n Sirois\n DA,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Masticatory muscle sleep background electromyographic activity is elevated in myofascial temporomandibular disorder patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t883\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t891."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b21","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"517","article-title":"A pilot study of nocturnal temporalis muscle activity in TMD diagnostic groups of women","volume":"44","author":"Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei\n F,\n \n \n Van Horn\n MH,\n \n \n Coombs\n MC,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n A pilot study of nocturnal temporalis muscle activity in TMD diagnostic groups of women.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t44:\n\t\t\t\t\t517\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t525."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"631","article-title":"ENPP1 and ESR1 genotypes associated with subclassifications of craniofacial asymmetry and severity of temporomandibular disorders","volume":"152","author":"Chung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chung\n K,\n \n \n Richards\n T,\n \n \n Nicot\n R,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n ENPP1 and ESR1 genotypes associated with subclassifications of craniofacial asymmetry and severity of temporomandibular disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t152:\n\t\t\t\t\t631\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t645."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b23","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"e548","article-title":"Nodal pathway genes are down-regulated in facial asymmetry","volume":"25","author":"Nicot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nicot\n R,\n \n \n Hottenstein\n M,\n \n \n Raoul\n G,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Nodal pathway genes are down-regulated in facial asymmetry.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Craniofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t25:\n\t\t\t\t\te548\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t555."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b24","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"139","article-title":"Covington Riddle P, Liu Y, Liu H, Iwasaki LR. Mechanobehaviour in dolichofacial and brachyfacial adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Nickel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nickel\n JC,\n \n \n Weber\n AL,\n \n \n Covington Riddle P, Liu Y, Liu H, Iwasaki LR. Mechanobehaviour in dolichofacial and brachyfacial adolescents.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t20Suppl 1:\n\t\t\t\t\t139\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t144."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b01","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"321","article-title":"Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients","volume":"23","author":"Buschang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buschang\n PH,\n \n \n Roldan\n SI,\n \n \n Tadlock\n LP.\n \n \n Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tSemin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t321\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"103","article-title":"Association between facial height development and mandibular growth rotation in low and high MP-SN angle faces: a longitudinal study","volume":"67","author":"Karlsen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Karlsen\n AT.\n \n \n Association between facial height development and mandibular growth rotation in low and high MP-SN angle faces: a longitudinal study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t67:\n\t\t\t\t\t103\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t110."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"153","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint growth changes in hyperdivergent and hypodivergent Herbst subjects. A long-term roentgenographic cephalometric study","volume":"126","author":"Pancherz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pancherz\n H,\n \n \n Michailidou\n C.\n \n \n Temporomandibular joint growth changes in hyperdivergent and hypodivergent Herbst subjects. A long-term roentgenographic cephalometric study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t126:\n\t\t\t\t\t153\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t161;\n\t\t\t\t\tquiz 254\u2013155."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"Treatment changes of hypo- and hyperdivergent Class II Herbst patients","volume":"88","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogers\n K,\n \n \n Campbell\n PM,\n \n \n Tadlock\n L,\n \n \n Schneiderman\n E,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH.\n \n \n Treatment changes of hypo- and hyperdivergent Class II Herbst patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b05","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0141198","article-title":"Treatment effects of removable functional appliances in pre-pubertal and pubertal class ii patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies","volume":"10","author":"Perinetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perinetti\n G,\n \n \n Primozic\n J,\n \n \n Franchi\n L,\n \n \n Contardo\n L.\n \n \n Treatment effects of removable functional appliances in pre-pubertal and pubertal class ii patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t10:\n\t\t\t\t\te0141198."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"480","article-title":"Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances alone or in combination with multibracket appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Perinetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Perinetti\n G,\n \n \n Primozic\n J,\n \n \n Furlani\n G,\n \n \n Franchi\n L,\n \n \n Contardo\n L.\n \n \n Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances alone or in combination with multibracket appliances: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t85:\n\t\t\t\t\t480\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t492."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b07","series-title":"Swed Dent J","first-page":"67","article-title":"Success rate, costs and long-term stability of treatment with activator\/headgear combinations","volume":"40","author":"Hedlund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hedlund\n C,\n \n \n Feldmann\n I.\n \n \n Success rate, costs and long-term stability of treatment with activator\/headgear combinations.\n\t\t\t\t\tSwed Dent J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t67\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t77."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"128","article-title":"Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"O'Brien","year":"2003","unstructured":"O'Brien\n K,\n \n \n Wright\n J,\n \n \n Conboy\n F,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t124:\n\t\t\t\t\t128\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t137."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"363","article-title":"Computer-aided modeling in the assessment of the biomechanical determinants of diverse skeletal patterns","volume":"89","author":"Haskell","year":"1986","unstructured":"Haskell\n B,\n \n \n Day\n M,\n \n \n Tetz\n J.\n \n \n Computer-aided modeling in the assessment of the biomechanical determinants of diverse skeletal patterns.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986;\n\t\t\t\t\t89:\n\t\t\t\t\t363\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t382."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b10","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Mechanobehavior and ontogenesis of the temporomandibular joint","volume":"97","author":"Nickel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nickel\n JC,\n \n \n Iwasaki\n LR,\n \n \n Gonzalez\n YM,\n \n \n Gallo\n LM,\n \n \n Yao\n H.\n \n \n Mechanobehavior and ontogenesis of the temporomandibular joint.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t97:\n\t\t\t\t\t1185\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1192."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b11","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"315","article-title":"An analysis of surface congruity in the growing human temporomandibular joint","volume":"39","author":"Nickel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nickel\n JC,\n \n \n McLachlan\n KR.\n \n \n An analysis of surface congruity in the growing human temporomandibular joint.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Oral Biol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994;\n\t\t\t\t\t39:\n\t\t\t\t\t315\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t321."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b12","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"13073","article-title":"Exploiting endogenous fibrocartilage stem cells to regenerate cartilage and repair joint injury","volume":"7","author":"Embree","year":"2016","unstructured":"Embree\n MC,\n \n \n Chen\n M,\n \n \n Pylawka\n S,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Exploiting endogenous fibrocartilage stem cells to regenerate cartilage and repair joint injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tNat Commun.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t7:\n\t\t\t\t\t13073."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b13","series-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Genetic influences on temporomandibular joint development and growth","volume":"115","author":"Hinton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hinton\n RJ,\n \n \n Jing\n J,\n \n \n Feng\n JQ.\n \n \n Genetic influences on temporomandibular joint development and growth.\n\t\t\t\t\tCurr Top Dev Biol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t115:\n\t\t\t\t\t85\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t109."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b14","series-title":"Osteoarthr Cartilage","first-page":"911","article-title":"Regional cell density distribution and oxygen consumption rates in porcine TMJ discs: an explant study","volume":"19","author":"Kuo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuo\n J,\n \n \n Shi\n C,\n \n \n Cisewski\n S,\n \n \n Zhang\n L,\n \n \n Kern\n MJ,\n \n \n Yao\n H.\n \n \n Regional cell density distribution and oxygen consumption rates in porcine TMJ discs: an explant study.\n\t\t\t\t\tOsteoarthr Cartilage.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t19:\n\t\t\t\t\t911\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t918."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b15","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"895","article-title":"Mechanobehavioral scores in women with and without TMJ disc displacement","volume":"96","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iwasaki\n LR,\n \n \n Gonzalez\n YM,\n \n \n Liu\n Y,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Mechanobehavioral scores in women with and without TMJ disc displacement.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t96:\n\t\t\t\t\t895\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t901."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b16","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"164","article-title":"Diagnostic group differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities","volume":"18","author":"Gallo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gallo\n LM,\n \n \n Iwasaki\n LR,\n \n \n Gonzalez\n YM,\n \n \n Liu\n H,\n \n \n Marx\n DB,\n \n \n Nickel\n JC.\n \n \n Diagnostic group differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t18Suppl 1:\n\t\t\t\t\t164\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t169."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b17","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"97","article-title":"Jaw closing movement and sex differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities","volume":"45","author":"Gallo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gallo\n LM,\n \n \n Fankhauser\n N,\n \n \n Gonzalez\n YM,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Jaw closing movement and sex differences in temporomandibular joint energy densities.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t45:\n\t\t\t\t\t97\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t103."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b18","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"736","article-title":"Tractional forces on porcine temporomandibular joint discs","volume":"88","author":"Nickel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nickel\n JC,\n \n \n Iwasaki\n LR,\n \n \n Beatty\n MW,\n \n \n Marx\n DB.\n \n \n Tractional forces on porcine temporomandibular joint discs.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t88:\n\t\t\t\t\t736\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t740."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b19","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"146","article-title":"A pilot study of ambulatory masticatory muscle activities in temporomandibular joint disorders diagnostic groups","volume":"18","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iwasaki\n LR,\n \n \n Gonzalez\n YM,\n \n \n Liu\n H,\n \n \n Marx\n DB,\n \n \n Gallo\n LM,\n \n \n Nickel\n JC.\n \n \n A pilot study of ambulatory masticatory muscle activities in temporomandibular joint disorders diagnostic groups.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t18Suppl 1:\n\t\t\t\t\t146\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t155."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b20","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"883","article-title":"Masticatory muscle sleep background electromyographic activity is elevated in myofascial temporomandibular disorder patients","volume":"40","author":"Raphael","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raphael\n KG,\n \n \n Janal\n MN,\n \n \n Sirois\n DA,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Masticatory muscle sleep background electromyographic activity is elevated in myofascial temporomandibular disorder patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t883\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t891."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b21","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"517","article-title":"A pilot study of nocturnal temporalis muscle activity in TMD diagnostic groups of women","volume":"44","author":"Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei\n F,\n \n \n Van Horn\n MH,\n \n \n Coombs\n MC,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n A pilot study of nocturnal temporalis muscle activity in TMD diagnostic groups of women.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t44:\n\t\t\t\t\t517\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t525."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"631","article-title":"ENPP1 and ESR1 genotypes associated with subclassifications of craniofacial asymmetry and severity of temporomandibular disorders","volume":"152","author":"Chung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chung\n K,\n \n \n Richards\n T,\n \n \n Nicot\n R,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n ENPP1 and ESR1 genotypes associated with subclassifications of craniofacial asymmetry and severity of temporomandibular disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t152:\n\t\t\t\t\t631\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t645."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b23","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"e548","article-title":"Nodal pathway genes are down-regulated in facial asymmetry","volume":"25","author":"Nicot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nicot\n R,\n \n \n Hottenstein\n M,\n \n \n Raoul\n G,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Nodal pathway genes are down-regulated in facial asymmetry.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Craniofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t25:\n\t\t\t\t\te548\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t555."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-866-b24","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"139","article-title":"Covington Riddle P, Liu Y, Liu H, Iwasaki LR. Mechanobehaviour in dolichofacial and brachyfacial adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Nickel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nickel\n JC,\n \n \n Weber\n AL,\n \n \n Covington Riddle P, Liu Y, Liu H, Iwasaki LR. Mechanobehaviour in dolichofacial and brachyfacial adolescents.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Craniofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t20Suppl 1:\n\t\t\t\t\t139\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t144."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/90\/6\/article-p866.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/90\/6\/866\/2693430\/i0003-3219-90-6-866.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/90\/6\/article-p866.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/90\/6\/article-p866.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:14:33Z","timestamp":1780060473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/90\/6\/article-p866.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/032420-217.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}}}