{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:45:51Z","timestamp":1783763151146,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) used with miniscrew anchorage and compare them with those of the conventional Forsus FRD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This study was carried out on 38 patients. These patients were randomly allocated into three groups. The 14 patients in group 1 (aged 12.76 \u00b1 1.0 years) were treated with the FRD appliance. In group 2, the 15 patients (aged 12.52 \u00b1 1.12 years) received treatment with FRD using miniscrew anchorage, and the 9 patients in group 3 (aged 12.82 \u00b1 0.9 years) received no treatment as a control group. Linear and angular measurements were made on lateral cephalograms before and immediately after Forsus treatment. Data were analyzed statistically using paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -, ANOVA, and Tukey tests.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Class I molar relationship and overjet correction were achieved in both treatment groups. Although mandibular growth was statistically nonsignificant, there was a significant headgear effect on the maxilla. Mandibular incisor proclination, maxillary incisor retroclination, and distalization of maxillary molars were significant in both treatment groups. However, no significant differences were found between the treatment groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Class II correction was mainly dentoalveolar in both treatment groups. Use of miniscrews with Forsus did not enhance mandibular forward growth nor prevent labial tipping of the mandibular incisors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/032717-214.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]],"date-time":"2017-09-08T10:05:32Z","timestamp":1504865132000},"page":"824-833","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Treatment outcomes of Class II malocclusion cases treated with miniscrew-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Osama","family":"Eissa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"El-Shennawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safaa","family":"Gaballah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada","family":"El-Meehy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"El Bialy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara \n JA\n Jr.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:177\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b02","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"30","article-title":"Force-deflection characteristics of the fatigue-resistant device spring: an in vitro study","volume":"8","author":"El-Sheikh \n MM.","year":"2007","unstructured":"El-Sheikh \n MM.\n \n \n Godfrey \n K.\n \n \n Manosudprasit \n M.\n \n \n Viwattanatipa \n N.\n \n \n Force-deflection characteristics of the fatigue-resistant device spring: an in vitro study. World J Orthod. 2007;8:30\u201336."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"332","article-title":"Class II non-extraction patients treated with the Forsus fatigue resistant device versus intermaxillary elastics","volume":"78","author":"Jones \n G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones \n G.\n \n \n Buschang \n PH.\n \n \n Kim \n KB.\n \n \n Oliver \n DR.\n \n \n Class II non-extraction patients treated with the Forsus fatigue resistant device versus intermaxillary elastics. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:332\u2013338."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"306","article-title":"Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: a retrospective clinical study","volume":"86","author":"Celikoglu \n M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Celikoglu \n M.\n \n \n Buyuk \n SK.\n \n \n Ekizer \n A.\n \n \n Unal \n T.\n \n \n Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: a retrospective clinical study. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:306\u2013314."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"413","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"85","author":"Unal \n T.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Unal \n T.\n \n \n Celikoglu \n M.\n \n \n Candirli \n C.\n \n \n Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:413\u2013419."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"76","article-title":"Treatment effects of the Forsus fatigue resistant device used with miniscrew anchorage","volume":"84","author":"Aslan \n BI.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aslan \n BI.\n \n \n Kucukkaraca \n E.\n \n \n Turkoz \n C.\n \n \n Dincer \n M.\n \n \n Treatment effects of the Forsus fatigue resistant device used with miniscrew anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:76\u201387."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"292","article-title":"Three-dimensional effects of the mini-implant-anchored Forsus fatigue resistant device: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Elkordy \n SA.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elkordy \n SA.\n \n \n Abouelezz \n AM.\n \n \n Fayed \n MM.\n \n \n Attia \n KH.\n \n \n Ishaq \n RA.\n \n \n Mostafa \n YA.\n \n \n Three-dimensional effects of the mini-implant-anchored Forsus fatigue resistant device: a randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:292\u2013305."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"532","article-title":"Salah Fayed MM, AboulFotouh MH, Abouelezz AM. Can the use of skeletal anchors in conjunction with fixed functional appliances promote skeletal changes? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Elkordy \n SA.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elkordy \n SA.\n \n \n Aboelnaga \n AA.\n \n \n Salah Fayed MM, AboulFotouh MH, Abouelezz AM. Can the use of skeletal anchors in conjunction with fixed functional appliances promote skeletal changes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2016;38:532\u2013545."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"554","article-title":"The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment","volume":"68","author":"Little \n RM.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little \n RM.\n \n \n The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. Am J Orthod. 1975;68:554\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b10","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"119","article-title":"The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti \n T.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baccetti \n T.\n \n \n Franchi \n L.\n \n \n McNamara \n JA.\n \n \n The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Semin Orthod. 2005;11:119\u2013129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b11","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"233","article-title":"Timing of myofunctional appliance therapy","volume":"35","author":"Singh \n S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh \n S.\n \n \n Singh \n M.\n \n \n Saini \n A.\n \n \n Misra \n V.\n \n \n Sharma \n VP.\n \n \n Singh \n GK.\n \n \n Timing of myofunctional appliance therapy. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010;35:233\u2013240."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b12","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"39","article-title":"Guidelines for success in placement of orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"43","author":"Luzi \n C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luzi \n C.\n \n \n Verna \n C.\n \n \n Melsen \n B.\n \n \n Guidelines for success in placement of orthodontic mini-implants. J Clin Orthod. 2009;43:39\u201344."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"678","article-title":"Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus fatigue resistant device in Class II patients","volume":"81","author":"Franchi \n L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franchi \n L.\n \n \n Alvetro \n L.\n \n \n Giuntini \n V.\n \n \n Masucci \n C.\n \n \n Defraia \n E.\n \n \n Baccetti \n T.\n \n \n Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus fatigue resistant device in Class II patients. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:678\u2013683."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"784","article-title":"Treatment effects produced by the Twin-block appliance vs the Forsus fatigue resistant device in growing Class II patients","volume":"85","author":"Giuntini \n V.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giuntini \n V.\n \n \n Vangelisti \n A.\n \n \n Masucci \n C.\n \n \n Defraia \n E.\n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr, \n \n \n Franchi \n L.\n \n \n Treatment effects produced by the Twin-block appliance vs the Forsus fatigue resistant device in growing Class II patients. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:784\u2013789."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b15","series-title":"Eur J Dent","first-page":"302","article-title":"A cephalometric comparative study of Class II correction with Sabbagh universal spring (SUS(2)) and Forsus FRD appliances","volume":"6","author":"Oztoprak \n MO.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oztoprak \n MO.\n \n \n Nalbantgil \n D.\n \n \n Uyanlar \n A.\n \n \n Arun \n T.\n \n \n A cephalometric comparative study of Class II correction with Sabbagh universal spring (SUS(2)) and Forsus FRD appliances. Eur J Dent. 2012;6:302\u2013310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Treatment and posttreatment effects induced by the Forsus appliance: a controlled clinical study","volume":"84","author":"Cacciatore \n G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cacciatore \n G.\n \n \n Ghislanzoni \n LT.\n \n \n Alvetro \n L.\n \n \n Giuntini \n V.\n \n \n Franchi \n L.\n \n \n Treatment and posttreatment effects induced by the Forsus appliance: a controlled clinical study. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:1010\u20131017."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus fatigue resistant devices in the treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"86","author":"Turkkahraman \n H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turkkahraman \n H.\n \n \n Eliacik \n SK.\n \n \n Findik \n Y.\n \n \n Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus fatigue resistant devices in the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:1026\u20131032."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"666","article-title":"Forsus nitinol flat spring and Jasper Jumper corrections of Class II Division 1 malocclusions","volume":"76","author":"Karacay \n S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karacay \n S.\n \n \n Akin \n E.\n \n \n Olmez \n H.\n \n \n Gurton \n AU.\n \n \n Sagdic \n D.\n \n \n Forsus nitinol flat spring and Jasper Jumper corrections of Class II Division 1 malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:666\u2013672."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b19","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"594","article-title":"Comparison of the headgear activator and Herbst appliance\u2014effects and post-treatment changes","volume":"28","author":"Phan \n KL.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Phan \n KL.\n \n \n Bendeus \n M.\n \n \n Hagg \n U.\n \n \n Hansen \n K.\n \n \n Rabie \n AB.\n \n \n Comparison of the headgear activator and Herbst appliance\u2014effects and post-treatment changes. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28:594\u2013604."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b20","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"136","article-title":"Active-treatment effects of the Forsus fatigue resistant device during comprehensive Class II correction in growing patients","volume":"44","author":"Cacciatore \n G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cacciatore \n G.\n \n \n Alvetro \n L.\n \n \n Defraia \n E.\n \n \n Ghislanzoni \n LT.\n \n \n Franchi \n L.\n \n \n Active-treatment effects of the Forsus fatigue resistant device during comprehensive Class II correction in growing patients. Korean J Orthod. 2014;44:136\u2013142."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b21","series-title":"Eur J Dent","first-page":"276","article-title":"Treatment of a skeletal Class II malocclusion using fixed functional appliance with miniplate anchorage","volume":"8","author":"Celikoglu \n M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Celikoglu \n M.\n \n \n Unal \n T.\n \n \n Bayram \n M.\n \n \n Candirli \n C.\n \n \n Treatment of a skeletal Class II malocclusion using fixed functional appliance with miniplate anchorage. Eur J Dent. 2014;8:276\u2013280."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"104","article-title":"The mechanism of Class II correction in Herbst appliance treatment. A cephalometric investigation","volume":"82","author":"Pancherz \n H.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pancherz \n H.\n \n \n The mechanism of Class II correction in Herbst appliance treatment. A cephalometric investigation. Am J Orthod. 1982;82:104\u2013113."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"311","article-title":"A cephalometric study of Class II Division 1 malocclusions treated with the Jasper Jumper appliance","volume":"69","author":"Covell \n DA\n Jr,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Covell \n DA\n Jr, \n \n \n Trammell \n DW.\n \n \n Boero \n RP.\n \n \n West \n R.\n \n \n A cephalometric study of Class II Division 1 malocclusions treated with the Jasper Jumper appliance. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:311\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b24","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"436","article-title":"Clinical application and effects of the Forsus spring. a study of a new Herbst hybrid","volume":"62","author":"Heinig \n N.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heinig \n N.\n \n \n Goz \n G.\n \n \n Clinical application and effects of the Forsus spring. a study of a new Herbst hybrid. J Orofac Orthop. 2001;62:436\u2013450."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b25","series-title":"Eur J Dent","first-page":"423","article-title":"Evaluation of the immediate dentofacial changes in late adolescent patients treated with the Forsus FRD","volume":"5","author":"Gunay \n EA.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gunay \n EA.\n \n \n Arun \n T.\n \n \n Nalbantgil \n D.\n \n \n Evaluation of the immediate dentofacial changes in late adolescent patients treated with the Forsus FRD. Eur J Dent. 2011;5:423\u2013432."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b26","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"687","article-title":"Comparison of the differences in cephalometric parameters after active orthodontic treatment applying mini-screw implants or transpalatal arches in adult patients with bialveolar dental protrusion","volume":"36","author":"Liu \n YH.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu \n YH.\n \n \n Ding \n WH.\n \n \n Liu \n J.\n \n \n Li \n Q.\n \n \n Comparison of the differences in cephalometric parameters after active orthodontic treatment applying mini-screw implants or transpalatal arches in adult patients with bialveolar dental protrusion. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36:687\u2013695."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b27","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"294","article-title":"Mini-implants vs fixed functional appliances for treatment of young adult Class II female patients","volume":"82","author":"Upadhyay \n M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Upadhyay \n M.\n \n \n Yadav \n S.\n \n \n Nagaraj \n K.\n \n \n Uribe \n F.\n \n \n Nanda \n R.\n \n \n Mini-implants vs fixed functional appliances for treatment of young adult Class II female patients. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:294\u2013303."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"302","article-title":"Class II malocclusion treated with miniscrew anchorage: comparison with traditional orthodontic mechanics outcomes","volume":"135","author":"Kuroda \n S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuroda \n S.\n \n \n Yamada \n K.\n \n \n Deguchi \n T.\n \n \n Kyung \n HM.\n \n \n Takano-Yamamoto \n T.\n \n \n Class II malocclusion treated with miniscrew anchorage: comparison with traditional orthodontic mechanics outcomes. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:302\u2013309."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara \n JA\n Jr.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:177\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b02","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"30","article-title":"Force-deflection characteristics of the fatigue-resistant device spring: an in vitro study","volume":"8","author":"El-Sheikh \n MM.","year":"2007","unstructured":"El-Sheikh \n MM.\n \n \n Godfrey \n K.\n \n \n Manosudprasit \n M.\n \n \n Viwattanatipa \n N.\n \n \n Force-deflection characteristics of the fatigue-resistant device spring: an in vitro study. World J Orthod. 2007;8:30\u201336."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"332","article-title":"Class II non-extraction patients treated with the Forsus fatigue resistant device versus intermaxillary elastics","volume":"78","author":"Jones \n G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones \n G.\n \n \n Buschang \n PH.\n \n \n Kim \n KB.\n \n \n Oliver \n DR.\n \n \n Class II non-extraction patients treated with the Forsus fatigue resistant device versus intermaxillary elastics. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:332\u2013338."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"306","article-title":"Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: a retrospective clinical study","volume":"86","author":"Celikoglu \n M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Celikoglu \n M.\n \n \n Buyuk \n SK.\n \n \n Ekizer \n A.\n \n \n Unal \n T.\n \n \n Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: a retrospective clinical study. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:306\u2013314."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"413","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"85","author":"Unal \n T.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Unal \n T.\n \n \n Celikoglu \n M.\n \n \n Candirli \n C.\n \n \n Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:413\u2013419."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"76","article-title":"Treatment effects of the Forsus fatigue resistant device used with miniscrew anchorage","volume":"84","author":"Aslan \n BI.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aslan \n BI.\n \n \n Kucukkaraca \n E.\n \n \n Turkoz \n C.\n \n \n Dincer \n M.\n \n \n Treatment effects of the Forsus fatigue resistant device used with miniscrew anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:76\u201387."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"292","article-title":"Three-dimensional effects of the mini-implant-anchored Forsus fatigue resistant device: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Elkordy \n SA.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elkordy \n SA.\n \n \n Abouelezz \n AM.\n \n \n Fayed \n MM.\n \n \n Attia \n KH.\n \n \n Ishaq \n RA.\n \n \n Mostafa \n YA.\n \n \n Three-dimensional effects of the mini-implant-anchored Forsus fatigue resistant device: a randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:292\u2013305."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"532","article-title":"Salah Fayed MM, AboulFotouh MH, Abouelezz AM. Can the use of skeletal anchors in conjunction with fixed functional appliances promote skeletal changes? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Elkordy \n SA.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elkordy \n SA.\n \n \n Aboelnaga \n AA.\n \n \n Salah Fayed MM, AboulFotouh MH, Abouelezz AM. Can the use of skeletal anchors in conjunction with fixed functional appliances promote skeletal changes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2016;38:532\u2013545."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"554","article-title":"The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment","volume":"68","author":"Little \n RM.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Little \n RM.\n \n \n The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. Am J Orthod. 1975;68:554\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b10","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"119","article-title":"The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"11","author":"Baccetti \n T.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baccetti \n T.\n \n \n Franchi \n L.\n \n \n McNamara \n JA.\n \n \n The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Semin Orthod. 2005;11:119\u2013129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b11","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"233","article-title":"Timing of myofunctional appliance therapy","volume":"35","author":"Singh \n S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh \n S.\n \n \n Singh \n M.\n \n \n Saini \n A.\n \n \n Misra \n V.\n \n \n Sharma \n VP.\n \n \n Singh \n GK.\n \n \n Timing of myofunctional appliance therapy. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2010;35:233\u2013240."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b12","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"39","article-title":"Guidelines for success in placement of orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"43","author":"Luzi \n C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luzi \n C.\n \n \n Verna \n C.\n \n \n Melsen \n B.\n \n \n Guidelines for success in placement of orthodontic mini-implants. J Clin Orthod. 2009;43:39\u201344."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"678","article-title":"Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus fatigue resistant device in Class II patients","volume":"81","author":"Franchi \n L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franchi \n L.\n \n \n Alvetro \n L.\n \n \n Giuntini \n V.\n \n \n Masucci \n C.\n \n \n Defraia \n E.\n \n \n Baccetti \n T.\n \n \n Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus fatigue resistant device in Class II patients. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:678\u2013683."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"784","article-title":"Treatment effects produced by the Twin-block appliance vs the Forsus fatigue resistant device in growing Class II patients","volume":"85","author":"Giuntini \n V.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giuntini \n V.\n \n \n Vangelisti \n A.\n \n \n Masucci \n C.\n \n \n Defraia \n E.\n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr, \n \n \n Franchi \n L.\n \n \n Treatment effects produced by the Twin-block appliance vs the Forsus fatigue resistant device in growing Class II patients. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:784\u2013789."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-824-b15","series-title":"Eur J Dent","first-page":"302","article-title":"A cephalometric comparative study of Class II correction with Sabbagh universal spring (SUS(2)) and Forsus FRD appliances","volume":"6","author":"Oztoprak \n MO.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oztoprak \n MO.\n \n \n Nalbantgil \n D.\n \n \n Uyanlar \n A.\n \n \n Arun \n T.\n \n \n A cephalometric comparative study of Class II correction with Sabbagh universal spring (SUS(2)) and Forsus FRD appliances. 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