{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:09:59Z","timestamp":1780070999023,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To reassess the inclination of lower incisors and evaluate possible associations with gender, age, symphyseal parameters, and skeletal pattern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve hundred and seventy-two (605 females, 667 males) cephalograms of untreated subjects of a craniofacial growth study (age: 8\u201316\u00a0years) were evaluated. Correlations between the angulation of the lower incisors and age, symphyseal distances (height, width, and depth), symphyseal ratios (height-width, height-depth), and skeletal angles (divergence of the jaws and gonial angle) were investigated for all ages separately and for both sexes independently.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inclination of lower incisors increased over age (8\u00a0years: girls \u200a=\u200a 93.9\u00b0 [95% CI, 92.3\u00b0\u201395.7\u00b0], boys \u200a=\u200a 93.3\u00b0 [95% CI, 91.8\u00b0\u201394.9\u00b0]; 16\u00a0years: girls \u200a=\u200a 96.1\u00b0 [95% CI, 94.1\u00b0\u201398.2\u00b0], boys \u200a=\u200a 97.1\u00b0 [95% CI, 95.6\u00b0\u201398.6\u00b0]). Inclination of lower incisors correlated with the divergence of the jaws for all ages significantly or highly significantly, except for boys and girls 9\u00a0years of age and girls 11 and 12\u00a0years of age, for which only a tendency was observed. Similarly, a strong correlation to gonial angle could be observed. No correlation could be found between the inclination of lower incisors and any symphyseal parameters (absolute measurements and ratios), except for symphyseal depth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower incisor inclination is linked to the subject's sex, age, and skeletal pattern. It is not associated with symphyseal dimensions, except symphyseal depth. Factors related to natural inclination of lower incisors should be respected when establishing a treatment plan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/040413-262.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,28]],"date-time":"2013-08-28T12:56:18Z","timestamp":1377694578000},"page":"109-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The inclination of mandibular incisors revisited"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"G\u00fctermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Peltom\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head of Department, Dental and Oral Diseases Outpatient Clinic, Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Markic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"H\u00e4nggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Sch\u00e4tzle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Signorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Patcas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"647","article-title":"Cephalometric synthesis","volume":"46","author":"Ricketts\n              CM.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Ricketts\n              CM. \n          \n          Cephalometric synthesis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1960;46:647\u2013673."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"60","article-title":"Assessment of symphysis morphology as a predictor of the direction of mandibular growth","volume":"106","author":"Aki\n              T,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aki\n              T, \n            \n              Nanda\n              RS, \n            \n              Currier\n              GF, \n            \n              Nanda\n              SK. \n          \n          Assessment of symphysis morphology as a predictor of the direction of mandibular growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;106:60\u201369."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation","volume":"55","author":"Bjork\n              A.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bjork\n              A. \n          \n          Prediction of mandibular growth rotation. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:585\u2013599."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"109","article-title":"A classification of skeletal facial types","volume":"55","author":"Sassouni\n              V.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Sassouni\n              V. \n          \n          A classification of skeletal facial types. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1969;55:109\u2013123."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"395","article-title":"Assessment of a method for the prediction of mandibular rotation","volume":"91","author":"Lee\n              RS,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lee\n              RS, \n            \n              Daniel\n              FJ, \n            \n              Swartz\n              M, \n            \n              Baumrind\n              S, \n            \n              Korn\n              EL. \n          \n          Assessment of a method for the prediction of mandibular rotation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:395\u2013402."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"659","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation: assessment of the Skieller, Bjork, and Linde-Hansen method","volume":"114","author":"Leslie\n              LR,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leslie\n              LR, \n            \n              Southard\n              TE, \n            \n              Southard\n              KA, \n            et al\n          . Prediction of mandibular growth rotation: assessment of the Skieller, Bjork, and Linde-Hansen method. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:659\u2013667."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"359","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation evaluated from a longitudinal implant sample","volume":"86","author":"Skieller\n              V,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Skieller\n              V, \n            \n              Bjork\n              A, \n            \n              Linde-Hansen\n              T. \n          \n          Prediction of mandibular growth rotation evaluated from a longitudinal implant sample. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:359\u2013370."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b08","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"95","article-title":"Evaluation of the predictive impact of cephalometric variables. Logistic regression and ROC curves","volume":"60","author":"Lux\n              CJ,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lux\n              CJ, \n            \n              Conradt\n              C, \n            \n              Stellzig\n              A, \n            \n              Komposch\n              G. \n          \n          Evaluation of the predictive impact of cephalometric variables. Logistic regression and ROC curves. J Orofac Orthop. 1999;60:95\u2013107."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"371","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular rotation: an empirical test of clinician performance","volume":"86","author":"Baumrind\n              S,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Baumrind\n              S, \n            \n              Korn\n              EL, \n            \n              West\n              EE. \n          \n          Prediction of mandibular rotation: an empirical test of clinician performance. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:371\u2013385."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25\u00a0years","volume":"5","author":"Bjork\n              A,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bjork\n              A, \n            \n              Skieller\n              V. \n          \n          Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25\u00a0years. Eur J Orthod. 1983;5:1\u201346."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"117","article-title":"The depth of the mandibular antegonial notch as an indicator of mandibular growth potential","volume":"91","author":"Singer\n              CP,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Singer\n              CP, \n            \n              Mamandras\n              AH, \n            \n              Hunter\n              WS. \n          \n          The depth of the mandibular antegonial notch as an indicator of mandibular growth potential. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:117\u2013124."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Dimensional differences in the craniofacial morphologies of groups with deep and shallow mandibular antegonial notching","volume":"66","author":"Lambrechts\n              AH,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lambrechts\n              AH, \n            \n              Harris\n              AM, \n            \n              Rossouw\n              PE, \n            \n              Stander\n              I. \n          \n          Dimensional differences in the craniofacial morphologies of groups with deep and shallow mandibular antegonial notching. Angle Orthod. 1996;66:265\u2013272."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"357","article-title":"Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction","volume":"121","author":"Kolodziej\n              RP,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kolodziej\n              RP, \n            \n              Southard\n              TE, \n            \n              Southard\n              KA, \n            \n              Casko\n              JS, \n            \n              Jakobsen\n              JR. \n          \n          Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;121:357\u2013363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b14","first-page":"7640","article-title":"Sonderbewilligung zur Offenbarung des Berufsgeheimnnisses zu Forschungszwecken im Bereich der Medizin und des Gesundheitswesen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Expertenkommission f\u00fcr das Berufsgeheimnis in der medizinischen Forschung, Sonderbewilligung zur Offenbarung des Berufsgeheimnnisses zu Forschungszwecken im Bereich der Medizin und des Gesundheitswesen. In: Bundesblatt, Volume 42, ed. Berne, Switzerland: The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation;2011;7640\u20137642."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b15","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"314","article-title":"Changes of the marginal periodontium as a result of labial tooth movement in monkeys","volume":"52","author":"Steiner\n              GG,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Steiner\n              GG, \n            \n              Pearson\n              JK, \n            \n              Ainamo\n              J. \n          \n          Changes of the marginal periodontium as a result of labial tooth movement in monkeys. J Periodontol. 1981;52:314\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b16","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"660","article-title":"Tissue changes resulting from facial tipping and extrusion of incisors in monkeys","volume":"45","author":"Batenhorst\n              KF,","year":"1974","unstructured":"Batenhorst\n              KF, \n            \n              Bowers\n              GM, \n            \n              Williams\n              JE\n              Jr. \n          \n          Tissue changes resulting from facial tipping and extrusion of incisors in monkeys. J Periodontol. 1974;45:660\u2013668."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"15","article-title":"Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth","volume":"122","author":"Sarikaya\n              S,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sarikaya\n              S, \n            \n              Haydar\n              B, \n            \n              Ciger\n              S, \n            \n              Ariyurek\n              M. \n          \n          Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122:15\u201326."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"6.e1","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults","volume":"130","author":"Yared\n              KF,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yared\n              KF, \n            \n              Zenobio\n              EG, \n            \n              Pacheco\n              W. \n          \n          Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:6.e1\u2013e8."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"286","article-title":"Mucogingival changes resulting from mandibular incisor tooth movement","volume":"74","author":"Dorfman\n              HS.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dorfman\n              HS. \n          \n          Mucogingival changes resulting from mandibular incisor tooth movement. Am J Orthod. 1978;74:286\u2013297."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"197","article-title":"Root resorption, marginal bone support and clinical crown length in orthodontically treated patients","volume":"2","author":"Hollender\n              L,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hollender\n              L, \n            \n              Ronnerman\n              A, \n            \n              Thilander\n              B. \n          \n          Root resorption, marginal bone support and clinical crown length in orthodontically treated patients. Eur J Orthod. 1980;2:197\u2013205."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b21","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"121","article-title":"Some periodontal tissue reactions to orthodontic tooth movement in monkeys","volume":"14","author":"Wennstrom\n              JL,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wennstrom\n              JL, \n            \n              Lindhe\n              J, \n            \n              Sinclair\n              F, \n            \n              Thilander\n              B. \n          \n          Some periodontal tissue reactions to orthodontic tooth movement in monkeys. J Clin Periodontol. 1987;14:121\u2013129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"103","article-title":"Patterns of vertical growth in the face","volume":"93","author":"Nanda\n              SK.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nanda\n              SK. \n          \n          Patterns of vertical growth in the face. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;93:103\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment","volume":"35","author":"Schudy\n              FF.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schudy\n              FF. \n          \n          The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:36\u201350."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"127","article-title":"Malocclusion and facial morphology is there a relationship? An epidemiologic study","volume":"55","author":"Siriwat\n              PP,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Siriwat\n              PP, \n            \n              Jarabak\n              JR. \n          \n          Malocclusion and facial morphology is there a relationship? An epidemiologic study. Angle Orthod. 1985;55:127\u2013138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"466","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types","volume":"88","author":"Bishara\n              SE,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bishara\n              SE, \n            \n              Jakobsen\n              JR. \n          \n          Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:466\u2013502."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"134","article-title":"Mandibular remodeling measured on cephalograms. 1. Osseous changes relative to superimposition on metallic implants","volume":"102","author":"Baumrind\n              S,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baumrind\n              S, \n            \n              Ben-Bassat\n              Y, \n            \n              Korn\n              EL, \n            \n              Bravo\n              LA, \n            \n              Curry\n              S. \n          \n          Mandibular remodeling measured on cephalograms. 1. Osseous changes relative to superimposition on metallic implants. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;102:134\u2013142."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b27","series-title":"A Manual of Facial Growth","author":"Bhatia\n              SN,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bhatia\n              SN, \n            \n              Leighton\n              BC. \n          \n          A Manual of Facial Growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b28","series-title":"An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth","author":"Riolo\n              ML,","year":"1974","unstructured":"Riolo\n              ML, \n            \n              Moyers\n              RE, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n              Hunter\n              WS. \n          \n          An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth. Ann Arbor, Mich: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan; 1974."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"225","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination. A study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism","volume":"91","author":"Artun\n              J,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Artun\n              J, \n            \n              Krogstad\n              O. \n          \n          Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination. A study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:225\u2013232."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"239","article-title":"Mandibular incisors, alveolar bone, and symphysis after orthodontic treatment. A retrospective study","volume":"110","author":"Wehrbein\n              H,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wehrbein\n              H, \n            \n              Bauer\n              W, \n            \n              Diedrich\n              P. \n          \n          Mandibular incisors, alveolar bone, and symphysis after orthodontic treatment. A retrospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:239\u2013246."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b31","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"400","article-title":"Variations in the growth pattern of the human mandible: longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method","volume":"42","author":"Bjork\n              A.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bjork\n              A. \n          \n          Variations in the growth pattern of the human mandible: longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method. J Dent Res. 1963;42:400\u2013411."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b32","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"499","article-title":"The short face syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Opdebeeck\n              H,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Opdebeeck\n              H, \n            \n              Bell\n              WH. \n          \n          The short face syndrome. Am J Orthod. 1978;73:499\u2013511."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b33","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"192","article-title":"Morphologic factors in open bite and deep bite","volume":"53","author":"Trouten\n              JC,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Trouten\n              JC, \n            \n              Enlow\n              DH, \n            \n              Rabine\n              M, \n            \n              Phelps\n              AE, \n            \n              Swedlow\n              D. \n          \n          Morphologic factors in open bite and deep bite. Angle Orthod. 1983;53:192\u2013211."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b34","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"28","article-title":"Skeletal morphologic features of anterior open bite","volume":"85","author":"Cangialosi\n              TJ.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cangialosi\n              TJ. \n          \n          Skeletal morphologic features of anterior open bite. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:28\u201336."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b35","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"217","article-title":"Facial pattern differences in long-faced children and adults","volume":"85","author":"Fields\n              HW,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fields\n              HW, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR, \n            \n              Nixon\n              WL, \n            \n              Phillips\n              C, \n            \n              Stanek\n              E. \n          \n          Facial pattern differences in long-faced children and adults. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:217\u2013223."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"647","article-title":"Cephalometric synthesis","volume":"46","author":"Ricketts\n              CM.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Ricketts\n              CM. \n          \n          Cephalometric synthesis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1960;46:647\u2013673."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"60","article-title":"Assessment of symphysis morphology as a predictor of the direction of mandibular growth","volume":"106","author":"Aki\n              T,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aki\n              T, \n            \n              Nanda\n              RS, \n            \n              Currier\n              GF, \n            \n              Nanda\n              SK. \n          \n          Assessment of symphysis morphology as a predictor of the direction of mandibular growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;106:60\u201369."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation","volume":"55","author":"Bjork\n              A.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bjork\n              A. \n          \n          Prediction of mandibular growth rotation. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:585\u2013599."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"109","article-title":"A classification of skeletal facial types","volume":"55","author":"Sassouni\n              V.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Sassouni\n              V. \n          \n          A classification of skeletal facial types. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1969;55:109\u2013123."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"395","article-title":"Assessment of a method for the prediction of mandibular rotation","volume":"91","author":"Lee\n              RS,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lee\n              RS, \n            \n              Daniel\n              FJ, \n            \n              Swartz\n              M, \n            \n              Baumrind\n              S, \n            \n              Korn\n              EL. \n          \n          Assessment of a method for the prediction of mandibular rotation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:395\u2013402."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"659","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation: assessment of the Skieller, Bjork, and Linde-Hansen method","volume":"114","author":"Leslie\n              LR,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leslie\n              LR, \n            \n              Southard\n              TE, \n            \n              Southard\n              KA, \n            et al\n          . Prediction of mandibular growth rotation: assessment of the Skieller, Bjork, and Linde-Hansen method. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:659\u2013667."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"359","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation evaluated from a longitudinal implant sample","volume":"86","author":"Skieller\n              V,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Skieller\n              V, \n            \n              Bjork\n              A, \n            \n              Linde-Hansen\n              T. \n          \n          Prediction of mandibular growth rotation evaluated from a longitudinal implant sample. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:359\u2013370."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b08","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"95","article-title":"Evaluation of the predictive impact of cephalometric variables. Logistic regression and ROC curves","volume":"60","author":"Lux\n              CJ,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lux\n              CJ, \n            \n              Conradt\n              C, \n            \n              Stellzig\n              A, \n            \n              Komposch\n              G. \n          \n          Evaluation of the predictive impact of cephalometric variables. Logistic regression and ROC curves. J Orofac Orthop. 1999;60:95\u2013107."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"371","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular rotation: an empirical test of clinician performance","volume":"86","author":"Baumrind\n              S,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Baumrind\n              S, \n            \n              Korn\n              EL, \n            \n              West\n              EE. \n          \n          Prediction of mandibular rotation: an empirical test of clinician performance. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:371\u2013385."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25\u00a0years","volume":"5","author":"Bjork\n              A,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bjork\n              A, \n            \n              Skieller\n              V. \n          \n          Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25\u00a0years. Eur J Orthod. 1983;5:1\u201346."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"117","article-title":"The depth of the mandibular antegonial notch as an indicator of mandibular growth potential","volume":"91","author":"Singer\n              CP,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Singer\n              CP, \n            \n              Mamandras\n              AH, \n            \n              Hunter\n              WS. \n          \n          The depth of the mandibular antegonial notch as an indicator of mandibular growth potential. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:117\u2013124."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Dimensional differences in the craniofacial morphologies of groups with deep and shallow mandibular antegonial notching","volume":"66","author":"Lambrechts\n              AH,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lambrechts\n              AH, \n            \n              Harris\n              AM, \n            \n              Rossouw\n              PE, \n            \n              Stander\n              I. \n          \n          Dimensional differences in the craniofacial morphologies of groups with deep and shallow mandibular antegonial notching. Angle Orthod. 1996;66:265\u2013272."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"357","article-title":"Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction","volume":"121","author":"Kolodziej\n              RP,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kolodziej\n              RP, \n            \n              Southard\n              TE, \n            \n              Southard\n              KA, \n            \n              Casko\n              JS, \n            \n              Jakobsen\n              JR. \n          \n          Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;121:357\u2013363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b14","first-page":"7640","article-title":"Sonderbewilligung zur Offenbarung des Berufsgeheimnnisses zu Forschungszwecken im Bereich der Medizin und des Gesundheitswesen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Expertenkommission f\u00fcr das Berufsgeheimnis in der medizinischen Forschung, Sonderbewilligung zur Offenbarung des Berufsgeheimnnisses zu Forschungszwecken im Bereich der Medizin und des Gesundheitswesen. In: Bundesblatt, Volume 42, ed. Berne, Switzerland: The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation;2011;7640\u20137642."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b15","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"314","article-title":"Changes of the marginal periodontium as a result of labial tooth movement in monkeys","volume":"52","author":"Steiner\n              GG,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Steiner\n              GG, \n            \n              Pearson\n              JK, \n            \n              Ainamo\n              J. \n          \n          Changes of the marginal periodontium as a result of labial tooth movement in monkeys. J Periodontol. 1981;52:314\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b16","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"660","article-title":"Tissue changes resulting from facial tipping and extrusion of incisors in monkeys","volume":"45","author":"Batenhorst\n              KF,","year":"1974","unstructured":"Batenhorst\n              KF, \n            \n              Bowers\n              GM, \n            \n              Williams\n              JE\n              Jr. \n          \n          Tissue changes resulting from facial tipping and extrusion of incisors in monkeys. J Periodontol. 1974;45:660\u2013668."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"15","article-title":"Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth","volume":"122","author":"Sarikaya\n              S,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sarikaya\n              S, \n            \n              Haydar\n              B, \n            \n              Ciger\n              S, \n            \n              Ariyurek\n              M. \n          \n          Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122:15\u201326."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"6.e1","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults","volume":"130","author":"Yared\n              KF,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yared\n              KF, \n            \n              Zenobio\n              EG, \n            \n              Pacheco\n              W. \n          \n          Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:6.e1\u2013e8."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"286","article-title":"Mucogingival changes resulting from mandibular incisor tooth movement","volume":"74","author":"Dorfman\n              HS.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dorfman\n              HS. \n          \n          Mucogingival changes resulting from mandibular incisor tooth movement. Am J Orthod. 1978;74:286\u2013297."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"197","article-title":"Root resorption, marginal bone support and clinical crown length in orthodontically treated patients","volume":"2","author":"Hollender\n              L,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hollender\n              L, \n            \n              Ronnerman\n              A, \n            \n              Thilander\n              B. \n          \n          Root resorption, marginal bone support and clinical crown length in orthodontically treated patients. Eur J Orthod. 1980;2:197\u2013205."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b21","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"121","article-title":"Some periodontal tissue reactions to orthodontic tooth movement in monkeys","volume":"14","author":"Wennstrom\n              JL,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wennstrom\n              JL, \n            \n              Lindhe\n              J, \n            \n              Sinclair\n              F, \n            \n              Thilander\n              B. \n          \n          Some periodontal tissue reactions to orthodontic tooth movement in monkeys. J Clin Periodontol. 1987;14:121\u2013129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"103","article-title":"Patterns of vertical growth in the face","volume":"93","author":"Nanda\n              SK.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nanda\n              SK. \n          \n          Patterns of vertical growth in the face. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;93:103\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment","volume":"35","author":"Schudy\n              FF.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schudy\n              FF. \n          \n          The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:36\u201350."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"127","article-title":"Malocclusion and facial morphology is there a relationship? An epidemiologic study","volume":"55","author":"Siriwat\n              PP,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Siriwat\n              PP, \n            \n              Jarabak\n              JR. \n          \n          Malocclusion and facial morphology is there a relationship? An epidemiologic study. Angle Orthod. 1985;55:127\u2013138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"466","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types","volume":"88","author":"Bishara\n              SE,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bishara\n              SE, \n            \n              Jakobsen\n              JR. \n          \n          Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:466\u2013502."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"134","article-title":"Mandibular remodeling measured on cephalograms. 1. Osseous changes relative to superimposition on metallic implants","volume":"102","author":"Baumrind\n              S,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baumrind\n              S, \n            \n              Ben-Bassat\n              Y, \n            \n              Korn\n              EL, \n            \n              Bravo\n              LA, \n            \n              Curry\n              S. \n          \n          Mandibular remodeling measured on cephalograms. 1. Osseous changes relative to superimposition on metallic implants. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;102:134\u2013142."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b27","series-title":"A Manual of Facial Growth","author":"Bhatia\n              SN,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bhatia\n              SN, \n            \n              Leighton\n              BC. \n          \n          A Manual of Facial Growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b28","series-title":"An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth","author":"Riolo\n              ML,","year":"1974","unstructured":"Riolo\n              ML, \n            \n              Moyers\n              RE, \n            \n              McNamara\n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n              Hunter\n              WS. \n          \n          An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth. Ann Arbor, Mich: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan; 1974."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"225","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination. A study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism","volume":"91","author":"Artun\n              J,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Artun\n              J, \n            \n              Krogstad\n              O. \n          \n          Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination. A study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:225\u2013232."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"239","article-title":"Mandibular incisors, alveolar bone, and symphysis after orthodontic treatment. A retrospective study","volume":"110","author":"Wehrbein\n              H,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wehrbein\n              H, \n            \n              Bauer\n              W, \n            \n              Diedrich\n              P. \n          \n          Mandibular incisors, alveolar bone, and symphysis after orthodontic treatment. A retrospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:239\u2013246."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b31","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"400","article-title":"Variations in the growth pattern of the human mandible: longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method","volume":"42","author":"Bjork\n              A.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bjork\n              A. \n          \n          Variations in the growth pattern of the human mandible: longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method. J Dent Res. 1963;42:400\u2013411."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b32","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"499","article-title":"The short face syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Opdebeeck\n              H,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Opdebeeck\n              H, \n            \n              Bell\n              WH. \n          \n          The short face syndrome. Am J Orthod. 1978;73:499\u2013511."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b33","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"192","article-title":"Morphologic factors in open bite and deep bite","volume":"53","author":"Trouten\n              JC,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Trouten\n              JC, \n            \n              Enlow\n              DH, \n            \n              Rabine\n              M, \n            \n              Phelps\n              AE, \n            \n              Swedlow\n              D. \n          \n          Morphologic factors in open bite and deep bite. Angle Orthod. 1983;53:192\u2013211."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b34","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"28","article-title":"Skeletal morphologic features of anterior open bite","volume":"85","author":"Cangialosi\n              TJ.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cangialosi\n              TJ. \n          \n          Skeletal morphologic features of anterior open bite. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:28\u201336."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-109-b35","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"217","article-title":"Facial pattern differences in long-faced children and adults","volume":"85","author":"Fields\n              HW,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fields\n              HW, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR, \n            \n              Nixon\n              WL, \n            \n              Phillips\n              C, \n            \n              Stanek\n              E. \n          \n          Facial pattern differences in long-faced children and adults. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:217\u2013223."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/84\/1\/article-p109.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/84\/1\/109\/1393661\/040413-262_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/84\/1\/article-p109.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/84\/1\/article-p109.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:51:28Z","timestamp":1780069888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/84\/1\/article-p109.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/040413-262.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}}}