{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:04:45Z","timestamp":1780067085657,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare and quantify anchorage loss during space closure following premolar extraction in matched groups of different facial types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Variables such as facial divergency, age, sex, and crowding were considered for cephalometric analysis. Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient was used to determine the strength of the relationship between anchorage loss and facial divergence. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the factors associated with variability of anchorage loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Average treatment duration was 41.90 \u00b1 12.97 months. The mean anchorage loss was 3.30 \u00b1 1.99 mm, 3.47 \u00b1 1.95 mm, and 3.01 \u00b1 2.39 mm for hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent patients, respectively. No significant differences in the amount of anchorage loss were found among the three facial groups and between sexes. Increasing age and crowding were significantly negatively associated with anchorage loss (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .02 and &lt; .001, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial divergence does not significantly impact anchorage loss in orthodontic cases involving extractions. Horizontal anchorage loss decreases the mandibular plane angle, but the magnitude may not be clinically relevant. Vertical anchorage loss does not significantly change the mandibular plane angle in premolar extraction cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/040525-273.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:51:53Z","timestamp":1770771113000},"page":"287-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of facial divergence and other biological factors on anchorage control and overbite in extraction cases"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Dzingle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Gaylord, Mich, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaibhav","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Growth and Development, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, Neb, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Tadinada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Associate Dean of Graduate Research, Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, University of Connecticut Health School of Dentistry, Farmington, Conn, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Growth and Development, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, Neb, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhur","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health School of Dentistry, Farmington, Conn, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"493","article-title":"Orthodontic anchorage: a systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Feldmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Feldmann I,\nBondemark L. Orthodontic anchorage: a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:493\u2013501."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"730","article-title":"Anchorage loss\u2014a multifactorial response","volume":"73","author":"Geron","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geron S,\nShpack N,\nKandos S,\nDavidovitch M,\nVardimon AD. Anchorage loss\u2014a multifactorial response. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:730\u2013737."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"530","article-title":"Influence of patient age and sex on orthodontic treatment: evaluations of Begg lightwire, standard edgewise, and straightwire techniques","volume":"120","author":"McKinney","year":"2001","unstructured":"McKinney JR,\nHarris EF. Influence of patient age and sex on orthodontic treatment: evaluations of Begg lightwire, standard edgewise, and straightwire techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2001;120:530\u2013541."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b04","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors predisposing to maxillary anchorage loss: a retrospective study of 1403 cases","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2014","unstructured":"Su H,\nHan B,\nLi S,\nNa B,\nMa W,\nXu TM. Factors predisposing to maxillary anchorage loss: a retrospective study of 1403 cases. PLoS One. 2014;9:1\u20138."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"544.e1","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial comparing control of maxillary anchorage with 2 retraction techniques","volume":"138","author":"Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu TM,\nZhang X,\nOh HS,\nBoyd RL,\nKorn EL,\nBaumrind S. Randomized clinical trial comparing control of maxillary anchorage with 2 retraction techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2010;138:544.e1\u2013e9."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"247","article-title":"Growth patterns in subjects with long and short faces","volume":"98","author":"Nanda","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nanda SK. Growth patterns in subjects with long and short faces. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1990;98:247\u2013258."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"183","article-title":"Cephalometric changes in overbite and vertical facial height after removal of 4 first molars or first premolars","volume":"130","author":"Hans","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hans MG,\nGroisser G,\nDamon C,\nAmberman D,\nNelson S,\nPalomo JM. Cephalometric changes in overbite and vertical facial height after removal of 4 first molars or first premolars. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2006;130:183\u2013188."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"First or second premolar extraction effects on facial vertical dimension","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim TK,\nKim JT,\nMah J,\nYang WS,\nBaek SH. First or second premolar extraction effects on facial vertical dimension. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:177\u2013182."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b09","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"275","article-title":"Nonsurgical management of the anterior open bite: a review of the options","volume":"5","author":"Beane","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beane RA. Nonsurgical management of the anterior open bite: a review of the options. Semin Orthod. 1999;5:275\u2013283."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"41","article-title":"The effect of first premolar extraction on vertical dimension in skeletal Class I patients","volume":"116","author":"Kocadereli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kocadereli I. The effect of first premolar extraction on vertical dimension in skeletal Class I patients. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1999;116:41\u201345."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b11","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","first-page":"195","author":"Proffit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Proffit WR,\nFields HW,\nSarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:195\u2013197."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"283","article-title":"A morphogenetic analysis of facial growth","volume":"52","author":"Enlow","year":"1966","unstructured":"Enlow DH. A morphogenetic analysis of facial growth. Am J Orthod. 1966;52:283\u2013299."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"474","article-title":"The capsular matrix","volume":"56","author":"Moss","year":"1969","unstructured":"Moss ML,\nSalentijn L. The capsular matrix. Am J Orthod. 1969;56:474\u2013490."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"75","article-title":"Vertical growth versus anterioposterior growth as related to function and treatment","volume":"34","author":"Schudy","year":"1964","unstructured":"Schudy FF. Vertical growth versus anterioposterior growth as related to function and treatment. Angle Orthod. 1964;34:75\u201393."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment","volume":"35","author":"Schudy","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schudy FF. The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:36\u201350."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation","volume":"55","author":"Bjork","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bjork A. Prediction of mandibular growth rotation. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:585\u2013599."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"109","article-title":"A classification of skeletal facial types","volume":"55","author":"Sassouni","year":"1969","unstructured":"Sassouni V. A classification of skeletal facial types. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:109\u2013123."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations","volume":"41","author":"Isaacson","year":"1971","unstructured":"Isaacson JR,\nIsaacson RJ,\nSpeidel TM,\nWorms FW. Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations. Angle Orthod. 1971;41:219\u2013229."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"170","article-title":"Cortical bone and ridge thickness of hyperdivergent and hypodivergent adults","volume":"142","author":"Horner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horner KA,\nBehrents RG,\nKim KB,\nBuschang PH. Cortical bone and ridge thickness of hyperdivergent and hypodivergent adults. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2012;142:170\u2013178."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b20","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"212","article-title":"The morphological characteristics, growth, and etiology of the hyperdivergent phenotype","volume":"19","author":"Buschang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nJacob H,\nCarrillo R. The morphological characteristics, growth, and etiology of the hyperdivergent phenotype. Semin Orthod. 2013;19:212\u2013226."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"190","article-title":"Cortical bone thickness of the alveolar process measured with cone-beam computed tomography in patients with different facial types","volume":"143","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ozdemir F,\nTozlu M,\nGermec-Cakan D. Cortical bone thickness of the alveolar process measured with cone-beam computed tomography in patients with different facial types. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2013;143:190\u2013196."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"415","article-title":"Correlation between maximum bite force and facial morphology in children","volume":"67","author":"Ingervall","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ingervall B,\nMinder C. Correlation between maximum bite force and facial morphology in children. Angle Orthod. 1997;67:415\u2013424."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b23","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"813","article-title":"Masticatory features EMG activity and muscle effort of subjects with different facial patterns","volume":"37","author":"Gomes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gomes SGF,\nCustodio W,\nFaot F,\nDel Bel Cury AA,\nGarcia RCMR. Masticatory features EMG activity and muscle effort of subjects with different facial patterns. J Oral Rehabil. 2010;37:813\u2013819."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"398","article-title":"The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess","volume":"70","author":"Schendel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schendel SA,\nEisenfeld J,\nBell WH,\nEpker BN,\nMishelevich DJ. The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. Am J Orthod. 1976;70:398\u2013408."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"716","article-title":"Transverse growth of the maxilla and mandible in untreated girls with low, average, and high MP-SN angles: a longitudinal study","volume":"128","author":"Wagner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wagner DM,\nChung CH. Transverse growth of the maxilla and mandible in untreated girls with low, average, and high MP-SN angles: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2005;128:716\u2013723."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b26","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"201","article-title":"The wisdom of the bioprogressive philosophy","volume":"4","author":"Ricketts","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ricketts RM. The wisdom of the bioprogressive philosophy. Semin Orthod. 1998;4:201\u2013209."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"82","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of maxillary alveolar cortical bone thickness and density using computed tomography imaging","volume":"151","author":"Ohiomoba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ohiomoba H,\nSonis A,\nYansane A,\nFriedland B. Quantitative evaluation of maxillary alveolar cortical bone thickness and density using computed tomography imaging. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2017;151:82\u201391."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"361","article-title":"The effects of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment on the growth of the lower anterior face height","volume":"104","author":"Chua","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chua AL,\nLim JYS,\nLubit EC. The effects of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment on the growth of the lower anterior face height. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1993;104:361\u2013368."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"493","article-title":"Orthodontic anchorage: a systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Feldmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Feldmann I,\nBondemark L. Orthodontic anchorage: a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:493\u2013501."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"730","article-title":"Anchorage loss\u2014a multifactorial response","volume":"73","author":"Geron","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geron S,\nShpack N,\nKandos S,\nDavidovitch M,\nVardimon AD. Anchorage loss\u2014a multifactorial response. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:730\u2013737."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"530","article-title":"Influence of patient age and sex on orthodontic treatment: evaluations of Begg lightwire, standard edgewise, and straightwire techniques","volume":"120","author":"McKinney","year":"2001","unstructured":"McKinney JR,\nHarris EF. Influence of patient age and sex on orthodontic treatment: evaluations of Begg lightwire, standard edgewise, and straightwire techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2001;120:530\u2013541."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b04","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors predisposing to maxillary anchorage loss: a retrospective study of 1403 cases","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2014","unstructured":"Su H,\nHan B,\nLi S,\nNa B,\nMa W,\nXu TM. Factors predisposing to maxillary anchorage loss: a retrospective study of 1403 cases. PLoS One. 2014;9:1\u20138."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"544.e1","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial comparing control of maxillary anchorage with 2 retraction techniques","volume":"138","author":"Xu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xu TM,\nZhang X,\nOh HS,\nBoyd RL,\nKorn EL,\nBaumrind S. Randomized clinical trial comparing control of maxillary anchorage with 2 retraction techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2010;138:544.e1\u2013e9."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"247","article-title":"Growth patterns in subjects with long and short faces","volume":"98","author":"Nanda","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nanda SK. Growth patterns in subjects with long and short faces. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1990;98:247\u2013258."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"183","article-title":"Cephalometric changes in overbite and vertical facial height after removal of 4 first molars or first premolars","volume":"130","author":"Hans","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hans MG,\nGroisser G,\nDamon C,\nAmberman D,\nNelson S,\nPalomo JM. Cephalometric changes in overbite and vertical facial height after removal of 4 first molars or first premolars. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2006;130:183\u2013188."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"First or second premolar extraction effects on facial vertical dimension","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim TK,\nKim JT,\nMah J,\nYang WS,\nBaek SH. First or second premolar extraction effects on facial vertical dimension. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:177\u2013182."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b09","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"275","article-title":"Nonsurgical management of the anterior open bite: a review of the options","volume":"5","author":"Beane","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beane RA. Nonsurgical management of the anterior open bite: a review of the options. Semin Orthod. 1999;5:275\u2013283."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"41","article-title":"The effect of first premolar extraction on vertical dimension in skeletal Class I patients","volume":"116","author":"Kocadereli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kocadereli I. The effect of first premolar extraction on vertical dimension in skeletal Class I patients. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1999;116:41\u201345."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b11","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","first-page":"195","author":"Proffit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Proffit WR,\nFields HW,\nSarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:195\u2013197."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"283","article-title":"A morphogenetic analysis of facial growth","volume":"52","author":"Enlow","year":"1966","unstructured":"Enlow DH. A morphogenetic analysis of facial growth. Am J Orthod. 1966;52:283\u2013299."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"474","article-title":"The capsular matrix","volume":"56","author":"Moss","year":"1969","unstructured":"Moss ML,\nSalentijn L. The capsular matrix. Am J Orthod. 1969;56:474\u2013490."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"75","article-title":"Vertical growth versus anterioposterior growth as related to function and treatment","volume":"34","author":"Schudy","year":"1964","unstructured":"Schudy FF. Vertical growth versus anterioposterior growth as related to function and treatment. Angle Orthod. 1964;34:75\u201393."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment","volume":"35","author":"Schudy","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schudy FF. The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:36\u201350."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"585","article-title":"Prediction of mandibular growth rotation","volume":"55","author":"Bjork","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bjork A. Prediction of mandibular growth rotation. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:585\u2013599."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"109","article-title":"A classification of skeletal facial types","volume":"55","author":"Sassouni","year":"1969","unstructured":"Sassouni V. A classification of skeletal facial types. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:109\u2013123."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"219","article-title":"Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations","volume":"41","author":"Isaacson","year":"1971","unstructured":"Isaacson JR,\nIsaacson RJ,\nSpeidel TM,\nWorms FW. Extreme variation in vertical facial growth and associated variation in skeletal and dental relations. Angle Orthod. 1971;41:219\u2013229."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"170","article-title":"Cortical bone and ridge thickness of hyperdivergent and hypodivergent adults","volume":"142","author":"Horner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horner KA,\nBehrents RG,\nKim KB,\nBuschang PH. Cortical bone and ridge thickness of hyperdivergent and hypodivergent adults. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2012;142:170\u2013178."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b20","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"212","article-title":"The morphological characteristics, growth, and etiology of the hyperdivergent phenotype","volume":"19","author":"Buschang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nJacob H,\nCarrillo R. The morphological characteristics, growth, and etiology of the hyperdivergent phenotype. Semin Orthod. 2013;19:212\u2013226."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"190","article-title":"Cortical bone thickness of the alveolar process measured with cone-beam computed tomography in patients with different facial types","volume":"143","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ozdemir F,\nTozlu M,\nGermec-Cakan D. Cortical bone thickness of the alveolar process measured with cone-beam computed tomography in patients with different facial types. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2013;143:190\u2013196."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"415","article-title":"Correlation between maximum bite force and facial morphology in children","volume":"67","author":"Ingervall","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ingervall B,\nMinder C. Correlation between maximum bite force and facial morphology in children. Angle Orthod. 1997;67:415\u2013424."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b23","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"813","article-title":"Masticatory features EMG activity and muscle effort of subjects with different facial patterns","volume":"37","author":"Gomes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gomes SGF,\nCustodio W,\nFaot F,\nDel Bel Cury AA,\nGarcia RCMR. Masticatory features EMG activity and muscle effort of subjects with different facial patterns. J Oral Rehabil. 2010;37:813\u2013819."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"398","article-title":"The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess","volume":"70","author":"Schendel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schendel SA,\nEisenfeld J,\nBell WH,\nEpker BN,\nMishelevich DJ. The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. Am J Orthod. 1976;70:398\u2013408."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"716","article-title":"Transverse growth of the maxilla and mandible in untreated girls with low, average, and high MP-SN angles: a longitudinal study","volume":"128","author":"Wagner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wagner DM,\nChung CH. Transverse growth of the maxilla and mandible in untreated girls with low, average, and high MP-SN angles: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2005;128:716\u2013723."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b26","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"201","article-title":"The wisdom of the bioprogressive philosophy","volume":"4","author":"Ricketts","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ricketts RM. The wisdom of the bioprogressive philosophy. Semin Orthod. 1998;4:201\u2013209."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-3-287-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"82","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of maxillary alveolar cortical bone thickness and density using computed tomography imaging","volume":"151","author":"Ohiomoba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ohiomoba H,\nSonis A,\nYansane A,\nFriedland B. Quantitative evaluation of maxillary alveolar cortical bone thickness and density using computed tomography imaging. 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