{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:55:10Z","timestamp":1781744110713,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate how smiles and occlusion influence behavioral response and the perception of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult laypeople (N = 80; 19\u201384 years) were asked to \u201cestimate the age\u201d and \u201cselect the younger and healthier face\u201d from pretreatment (pre-Tx) and posttreatment (post-Tx) neutral (N) and smiling (S) face photographs of female orthodontic patient models (N = 18; 25\u201366 years), along with eye tracking. A survey was conducted to monitor subjective perceptions of age. Age estimation toward peers and nonpeers was compared among young (19\u201339 years), middle-aged (40\u201359 years), and older adult (\u226560 years) participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Greater numbers of post-Tx faces were rated as younger than the actual age when compared with pre-Tx faces (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Post-Tx\/S was most frequently selected as looking younger and healthier (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Fixation time on the mouth region was significantly higher for S than for N during the tasks (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). For older adults, increase in the ratio of being estimated as younger following Tx was significantly higher for peers than for nonpeers (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with ideal occlusion and smiling were more likely to be perceived as younger by others, indicating a positive influence of orthodontic treatment on age perception. Older adults may benefit from orthodontic treatment for improving their smiles and for being judged younger by others.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/040725-276.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T01:16:11Z","timestamp":1770858971000},"page":"390-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Orthodontic treatment positively influences behavior and perception on age recognition"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Seolhee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Candidate, Department of Orthodontics, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kee-Joon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chooryung J.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"21","article-title":"The influence of dentofacial appearance on the social attractiveness of young adults","volume":"87","author":"Shaw","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shaw WC,\nRees G,\nDawe M,\nCharles C. The influence of dentofacial appearance on the social attractiveness of young adults. Am J Orthod. 1985;87(1):21\u201326."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of dental esthetics on quality of life in adolescents: association with malocclusion, self-Image, and oral health\u2013related issues","volume":"79","author":"de Paula","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Paula J,\nDelcides F,\nSantos NC,\nda Silva ET,\nNunes MF,\nLeles CR. Psychosocial impact of dental esthetics on quality of life in adolescents: association with malocclusion, self-Image, and oral health\u2013related issues. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(6):1188\u20131193."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"484","article-title":"Impact of self-esteem on the oral-health-related quality of life of children with malocclusion","volume":"134","author":"Agou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Agou S,\nLocker D,\nStreiner DL,\nTompson B. Impact of self-esteem on the oral-health-related quality of life of children with malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134(4):484\u2013489."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b04","series-title":"Emotion","first-page":"498","article-title":"Facial attractiveness is appraised in a glance","volume":"5","author":"Olson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olson IR,\nMarshuetz C. Facial attractiveness is appraised in a glance. Emotion. 2005;5(4):498."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b05","series-title":"Psychol Sci","first-page":"592","article-title":"First impressions: making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face","volume":"17","author":"Willis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Willis J,\nTodorov A. First impressions: making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychol Sci. 2006;17(7):592\u2013598."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b06","series-title":"Percept Mot Skills","first-page":"857","article-title":"Eyes as the center of focus in the visual examination of human faces","volume":"47","author":"Janik","year":"1978","unstructured":"Janik SW,\nWellens AR,\nGoldberg ML,\nDell\u2019Osso LF. Eyes as the center of focus in the visual examination of human faces. Percept Mot Skills. 1978;47(3):857\u2013858."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"601","article-title":"Objective method for evaluating orthodontic treatment from the lay perspective: an eye-tracking study","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang X,\nCai B,\nCao Y, et al. Objective method for evaluating orthodontic treatment from the lay perspective: an eye-tracking study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150(4):601\u2013610."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"329","article-title":"Visual attention during the evaluation of facial attractiveness is influenced by facial angles and smile","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SH,\nHwang S,\nHong Y-J,\nKim J-J,\nKim K-H,\nChung CJ. Visual attention during the evaluation of facial attractiveness is influenced by facial angles and smile. Angle Orthod. 2018;88(3):329\u2013337."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b09","series-title":"Emotion","first-page":"792","article-title":"Attentional mechanisms in judging genuine and fake smiles: eye-movement patterns","volume":"13","author":"Calvo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calvo MG,\nGuti\u00e9rrez-Garc\u00eda A,\nAvero P,\nLundqvist D. Attentional mechanisms in judging genuine and fake smiles: eye-movement patterns. Emotion. 2013;13(4):792."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"759","article-title":"Smile attractiveness: self-perception and influence on personality","volume":"77","author":"Van der Geld","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van der Geld P,\nOosterveld P,\nVan Heck G,\nKuijpers-Jagtman AM. Smile attractiveness: self-perception and influence on personality. Angle Orthod. 2007;77(5):759\u2013765."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"472","article-title":"Contribution of malocclusion and female facial attractiveness to smile esthetics evaluated by eye tracking","volume":"147","author":"Richards","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richards MR,\nFields HW Jr,\nBeck FM, et al. Contribution of malocclusion and female facial attractiveness to smile esthetics evaluated by eye tracking. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147(4):472\u2013482."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b12","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Evolution of aesthetic dentistry","volume":"98","author":"Blatz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blatz M,\nChiche G,\nBahat O,\nRoblee R,\nCoachman C,\nHeymann H. Evolution of aesthetic dentistry. J Dent Res. 2019;98(12):1294\u20131304."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"676","article-title":"Facial attractiveness: a longitudinal study","volume":"127","author":"Tatarunaite","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tatarunaite E,\nPlayle R,\nHood K,\nShaw W,\nRichmond S. Facial attractiveness: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127(6):676\u2013682."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b14","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"1166","article-title":"The role of cosmetic dentistry in restoring a youthful appearance","volume":"130","author":"Morley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Morley J. The role of cosmetic dentistry in restoring a youthful appearance. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130(8):1166\u20131172."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b15","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"463","article-title":"Rejuvenation of the ageing face and the role of orthodontics: guidelines for management","volume":"49","author":"Mavreas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mavreas D,\nAthanasiou AE. Rejuvenation of the ageing face and the role of orthodontics: guidelines for management. J Orthod. 2022;49(4):463\u2013471."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b16","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"400","article-title":"Persons with cleft lip and palate are looked at differently","volume":"89","author":"Meyer-Marcotty","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meyer-Marcotty P,\nGerdes A,\nReuther T,\nStellzig-Eisenhauer A,\nAlpers GW. Persons with cleft lip and palate are looked at differently. J Dent Res. 2010;89(4):400\u2013404."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b17","series-title":"Perception","first-page":"925","article-title":"Age and beauty are in the eye of the beholder","volume":"41","author":"Kwart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kwart DG,\nFoulsham T,\nKingstone A. Age and beauty are in the eye of the beholder. Perception. 2012;41(8):925\u2013938."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b18","series-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med","first-page":"36","article-title":"How old do I look? Exploring the facial cues of age in a tasked eye-tracking study","volume":"22","author":"Liao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao D,\nIshii LE,\nChen J, et al. How old do I look? Exploring the facial cues of age in a tasked eye-tracking study. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2020;22(1):36\u201341."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b19","series-title":"Aesthet Surg J","first-page":"115","article-title":"How we look at mature faces\u2014an eye-tracking investigation into the perception of age","volume":"43","author":"Frank","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frank K,\nEhrl D,\nBernardini F, et al. How we look at mature faces\u2014an eye-tracking investigation into the perception of age. Aesthet Surg J. 2023;43(2):115\u2013122."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"516","article-title":"Differences in the 3-dimensional aging changes of the lips among female adults with skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusion","volume":"164","author":"Nam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nam J-h,\nChoi Y,\nLee K-J,\nLee J-H,\nKim K-H,\nChung CJ. Differences in the 3-dimensional aging changes of the lips among female adults with skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2023;164(4):516\u2013529."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthodont","first-page":"309","article-title":"The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority","volume":"11","author":"Brook","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brook PH,\nShaw WC. The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority. Eur J Orthodont. 1989;11(3):309\u2013320."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b22","series-title":"Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures","author":"Holmqvist","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holmqvist K,\nAndersson R,\nDewhurst R,\nJarodzka H,\nVan de Weijer J. Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2011."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b23","series-title":"Psychol Bull","first-page":"146","article-title":"The own-age bias in face recognition: a meta-analytic and theoretical review","volume":"138","author":"Rhodes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rhodes MG,\nAnastasi JS. The own-age bias in face recognition: a meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychol Bull. 2012;138(1):146."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b24","series-title":"J Gerontol, Ser B","first-page":"P203","article-title":"Mind matters: cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes","volume":"58","author":"Levy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Levy BR. Mind matters: cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes. J Gerontol, Ser B. 2003;58(4):P203\u2013P211."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b25","series-title":"Psychol Bull","first-page":"372","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research","volume":"124","author":"Rayner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rayner K. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychol Bull. 1998;124(3):372."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b26","series-title":"Behav Res Methods","first-page":"130","article-title":"Age of face matters: age-group differences in ratings of young and old faces","volume":"40","author":"Ebner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ebner NC. Age of face matters: age-group differences in ratings of young and old faces. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40:130\u2013136."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b27","series-title":"Psychol Aging","first-page":"326","article-title":"How young and older adults differ in their responses to perceived age discrimination","volume":"19","author":"Garstka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garstka TA,\nSchmitt MT,\nBranscombe NR,\nHummert ML. How young and older adults differ in their responses to perceived age discrimination. Psychol Aging. 2004;19(2):326."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"808","article-title":"Treatment satisfaction and its influencing factors among adult orthodontic patients","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee R,\nHwang S,\nLim H,\nCha J-Y,\nKim K-H,\nChung CJ. Treatment satisfaction and its influencing factors among adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;153(6):808\u2013817."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"650","article-title":"Periodontal and root changes after orthodontic treatment in middle-aged adults are similar to those in young adults","volume":"155","author":"Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han J,\nHwang S,\nNguyen T, et al. Periodontal and root changes after orthodontic treatment in middle-aged adults are similar to those in young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2019;155(5):650\u2013655.e652."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b30","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"59","article-title":"Total intrusion and distalization of the maxillary arch to improve smile esthetics","volume":"47","author":"Baek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baek ES,\nHwang S,\nKim K-H,\nChung CJ. Total intrusion and distalization of the maxillary arch to improve smile esthetics. Korean J Orthod. 2017;47(1):59\u201373."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"21","article-title":"The influence of dentofacial appearance on the social attractiveness of young adults","volume":"87","author":"Shaw","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shaw WC,\nRees G,\nDawe M,\nCharles C. The influence of dentofacial appearance on the social attractiveness of young adults. Am J Orthod. 1985;87(1):21\u201326."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of dental esthetics on quality of life in adolescents: association with malocclusion, self-Image, and oral health\u2013related issues","volume":"79","author":"de Paula","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Paula J,\nDelcides F,\nSantos NC,\nda Silva ET,\nNunes MF,\nLeles CR. Psychosocial impact of dental esthetics on quality of life in adolescents: association with malocclusion, self-Image, and oral health\u2013related issues. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(6):1188\u20131193."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"484","article-title":"Impact of self-esteem on the oral-health-related quality of life of children with malocclusion","volume":"134","author":"Agou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Agou S,\nLocker D,\nStreiner DL,\nTompson B. Impact of self-esteem on the oral-health-related quality of life of children with malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134(4):484\u2013489."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b04","series-title":"Emotion","first-page":"498","article-title":"Facial attractiveness is appraised in a glance","volume":"5","author":"Olson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olson IR,\nMarshuetz C. Facial attractiveness is appraised in a glance. Emotion. 2005;5(4):498."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b05","series-title":"Psychol Sci","first-page":"592","article-title":"First impressions: making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face","volume":"17","author":"Willis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Willis J,\nTodorov A. First impressions: making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychol Sci. 2006;17(7):592\u2013598."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b06","series-title":"Percept Mot Skills","first-page":"857","article-title":"Eyes as the center of focus in the visual examination of human faces","volume":"47","author":"Janik","year":"1978","unstructured":"Janik SW,\nWellens AR,\nGoldberg ML,\nDell\u2019Osso LF. Eyes as the center of focus in the visual examination of human faces. Percept Mot Skills. 1978;47(3):857\u2013858."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"601","article-title":"Objective method for evaluating orthodontic treatment from the lay perspective: an eye-tracking study","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang X,\nCai B,\nCao Y, et al. Objective method for evaluating orthodontic treatment from the lay perspective: an eye-tracking study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150(4):601\u2013610."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"329","article-title":"Visual attention during the evaluation of facial attractiveness is influenced by facial angles and smile","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SH,\nHwang S,\nHong Y-J,\nKim J-J,\nKim K-H,\nChung CJ. Visual attention during the evaluation of facial attractiveness is influenced by facial angles and smile. Angle Orthod. 2018;88(3):329\u2013337."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b09","series-title":"Emotion","first-page":"792","article-title":"Attentional mechanisms in judging genuine and fake smiles: eye-movement patterns","volume":"13","author":"Calvo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calvo MG,\nGuti\u00e9rrez-Garc\u00eda A,\nAvero P,\nLundqvist D. Attentional mechanisms in judging genuine and fake smiles: eye-movement patterns. Emotion. 2013;13(4):792."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"759","article-title":"Smile attractiveness: self-perception and influence on personality","volume":"77","author":"Van der Geld","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van der Geld P,\nOosterveld P,\nVan Heck G,\nKuijpers-Jagtman AM. Smile attractiveness: self-perception and influence on personality. Angle Orthod. 2007;77(5):759\u2013765."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"472","article-title":"Contribution of malocclusion and female facial attractiveness to smile esthetics evaluated by eye tracking","volume":"147","author":"Richards","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richards MR,\nFields HW Jr,\nBeck FM, et al. Contribution of malocclusion and female facial attractiveness to smile esthetics evaluated by eye tracking. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147(4):472\u2013482."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b12","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Evolution of aesthetic dentistry","volume":"98","author":"Blatz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blatz M,\nChiche G,\nBahat O,\nRoblee R,\nCoachman C,\nHeymann H. Evolution of aesthetic dentistry. J Dent Res. 2019;98(12):1294\u20131304."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"676","article-title":"Facial attractiveness: a longitudinal study","volume":"127","author":"Tatarunaite","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tatarunaite E,\nPlayle R,\nHood K,\nShaw W,\nRichmond S. Facial attractiveness: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127(6):676\u2013682."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b14","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"1166","article-title":"The role of cosmetic dentistry in restoring a youthful appearance","volume":"130","author":"Morley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Morley J. The role of cosmetic dentistry in restoring a youthful appearance. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130(8):1166\u20131172."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b15","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"463","article-title":"Rejuvenation of the ageing face and the role of orthodontics: guidelines for management","volume":"49","author":"Mavreas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mavreas D,\nAthanasiou AE. Rejuvenation of the ageing face and the role of orthodontics: guidelines for management. J Orthod. 2022;49(4):463\u2013471."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b16","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"400","article-title":"Persons with cleft lip and palate are looked at differently","volume":"89","author":"Meyer-Marcotty","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meyer-Marcotty P,\nGerdes A,\nReuther T,\nStellzig-Eisenhauer A,\nAlpers GW. Persons with cleft lip and palate are looked at differently. J Dent Res. 2010;89(4):400\u2013404."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b17","series-title":"Perception","first-page":"925","article-title":"Age and beauty are in the eye of the beholder","volume":"41","author":"Kwart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kwart DG,\nFoulsham T,\nKingstone A. Age and beauty are in the eye of the beholder. Perception. 2012;41(8):925\u2013938."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b18","series-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med","first-page":"36","article-title":"How old do I look? Exploring the facial cues of age in a tasked eye-tracking study","volume":"22","author":"Liao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao D,\nIshii LE,\nChen J, et al. How old do I look? Exploring the facial cues of age in a tasked eye-tracking study. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2020;22(1):36\u201341."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b19","series-title":"Aesthet Surg J","first-page":"115","article-title":"How we look at mature faces\u2014an eye-tracking investigation into the perception of age","volume":"43","author":"Frank","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frank K,\nEhrl D,\nBernardini F, et al. How we look at mature faces\u2014an eye-tracking investigation into the perception of age. Aesthet Surg J. 2023;43(2):115\u2013122."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"516","article-title":"Differences in the 3-dimensional aging changes of the lips among female adults with skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusion","volume":"164","author":"Nam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nam J-h,\nChoi Y,\nLee K-J,\nLee J-H,\nKim K-H,\nChung CJ. Differences in the 3-dimensional aging changes of the lips among female adults with skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2023;164(4):516\u2013529."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthodont","first-page":"309","article-title":"The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority","volume":"11","author":"Brook","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brook PH,\nShaw WC. The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority. Eur J Orthodont. 1989;11(3):309\u2013320."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-390-b22","series-title":"Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures","author":"Holmqvist","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holmqvist K,\nAndersson R,\nDewhurst R,\nJarodzka H,\nVan de Weijer J. Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures. 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