{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T10:24:29Z","timestamp":1783074269342,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the association between malocclusion\/dentofacial anomalies and traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n The sample of this cross-sectional study comprised 509 adolescents aged 11 to 14 years enrolled at public schools in the city of Os\u00f3rio, southern Brazil. Parents answered a structured questionnaire addressing demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. An examiner who had undergone a training and calibration exercise recorded malocclusion\/dentofacial anomalies (Dental Aesthetic Index, DAI), TDI (Andreasen), and dental caries (World Health Organisation). Statistical analyses (SPSS software) involved Poisson regression with robust variance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The prevalence of TDI was 11.6%, and the prevalence of defined, severe, and handicapping malocclusion was 24.0%, 21.6%, and 22.0%, respectively. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that the probability of TDI was approximately twofold higher among adolescents with severe malocclusion (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14\u20134.31) and handicapping malocclusion (PR 1.95; 95% CI 1.01\u20133.85) in comparison to those with normal occlusion or minor malocclusion. Defined malocclusion was not significantly associated with the outcome. Among the dentofacial anomalies evaluated, the probability of TDI was nearly twofold higher among adolescents with overjet greater than 3 mm (PR 1.96; 95% CI 1.14\u20133.37) and 2.2-fold higher among those with an abnormal molar relationship (PR 2.24; 95% CI 1.17\u20134.32), after controlling for confounding variables.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Severe and handicapping malocclusion, accentuated overjet, and abnormal molar relationship were strongly associated with the occurrence of TDI. Future studies should investigate whether the treatment of these conditions can help reduce the occurrence of TDI in adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/041417-258.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T14:16:23Z","timestamp":1503670583000},"page":"816-823","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Exploring the impact of malocclusion and dentofacial anomalies on the occurrence of traumatic dental injuries in adolescents"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Paulo Floriani","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Canoas, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Cezar","family":"Ilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD candidate, School of Dentistry, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e1ssia Silvana","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD candidate, School of Dentistry, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Perp\u00e9tua Mota","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Feldens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b01","series-title":"Dent Traumatol","first-page":"423","article-title":"Foster Page LA, Thomson WM, Bortoluzzi MC. Impact of traumatic dental injuries on the quality of life of schoolchildren","volume":"28","author":"Traebert \n J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Traebert \n J.\n \n \n Lacerda \n JT.\n \n \n Foster Page LA, Thomson WM, Bortoluzzi MC. Impact of traumatic dental injuries on the quality of life of schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28:423\u2013428."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b02","series-title":"Dent Traumatol","first-page":"27","article-title":"Impact of treated\/untreated traumatic dental injuries on quality of life among Brazilian schoolchildren","volume":"30","author":"Ramos-Jorge \n J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramos-Jorge \n J.\n \n \n Paiva \n SM.\n \n \n Tataounoff \n J.\n \n \n Pordeus \n IA.\n \n \n Marques \n LS.\n \n \n Ramos-Jorge \n ML.\n \n \n Impact of treated\/untreated traumatic dental injuries on quality of life among Brazilian schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol. 2014;30:27\u201331."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b03","series-title":"Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth, 4th ed","first-page":"217","article-title":"Classification, epidemiology and etiology","author":"Glendor \n U.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Glendor \n U.\n \n \n Marcenes \n W.\n \n \n Andreasen \n JO.\n \n \n Classification, epidemiology and etiology. In: Andreasen JO.Andreasen FM.Andersson L.eds. Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth, 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell;2007:217\u2013254."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b04","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"30","article-title":"Trends and associated factors in prevalence of dental trauma in Latin America and Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Aldrigui \n JM.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aldrigui \n JM.\n \n \n Jabbar \n NS.\n \n \n Bonecker \n M.\n \n \n Braga \n MM.\n \n \n Wanderley \n MT.\n \n \n Trends and associated factors in prevalence of dental trauma in Latin America and Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2014;42:30\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b05","series-title":"Dent Traumatol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Over two hundred million injuries to anterior teeth attributable to large overjet: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Petti \n S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petti \n S.\n \n \n Over two hundred million injuries to anterior teeth attributable to large overjet: a meta-analysis. Dent Traumatol. 2015;31:1\u20138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b06","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children","author":"Thiruvenkatachari \n B.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thiruvenkatachari \n B.\n \n \n Harrison \n JE.\n \n \n Worthington \n HV.\n \n \n O'Brien \n KD.\n \n \n Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;11:CD003452."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b07","series-title":"Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods, 4th ed","year":"1997","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods, 4th ed. Geneve, Switzerland: WHO;1997."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b08","series-title":"Int Dent J","first-page":"128","article-title":"Predicting handicapping malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)","volume":"43","author":"Jenny \n J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jenny \n J.\n \n \n Cons \n NC.\n \n \n Kohout \n FJ.\n \n \n Jakobsen \n J.\n \n \n Predicting handicapping malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Int Dent J. 1993;43:128\u2013132."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"168","article-title":"Dental Aesthetic Index scores and perception of personal dental appearance among Turkish university students","volume":"31","author":"Hamamci \n N.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamamci \n N.\n \n \n Ba\u015faran \n G.\n \n \n Uysal \n E.\n \n \n Dental Aesthetic Index scores and perception of personal dental appearance among Turkish university students. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:168\u2013173."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b10","series-title":"Caries Res","first-page":"414","article-title":"Clarifying the impact of untreated and treated dental caries on oral health-related quality of life among adolescents","volume":"50","author":"Feldens \n CA.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feldens \n CA.\n \n \n Ardenghi \n TM.\n \n \n Dullius \n AIS.\n \n \n Vargas-Ferreira \n F.\n \n \n Hernandez \n PAG.\n \n \n Kramer \n PF.\n \n \n Clarifying the impact of untreated and treated dental caries on oral health-related quality of life among adolescents. Caries Res. 2016;50:414\u2013421."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"512","article-title":"Malocclusion impacts adolescents' oral health-related quality of life","volume":"83","author":"Scapini \n A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scapini \n A.\n \n \n Feldens \n CA.\n \n \n Ardenghi \n TM.\n \n \n Kramer \n PF.\n \n \n Malocclusion impacts adolescents' oral health-related quality of life. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:512\u2013518."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"811","article-title":"Treatment-associated changes in malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life: a 4-year cohort study","volume":"150","author":"Healey \n DL.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Healey \n DL.\n \n \n Gauld \n RD.\n \n \n Thomson \n WM.\n \n \n Treatment-associated changes in malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life: a 4-year cohort study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150:811\u2013817."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b13","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"399","article-title":"The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health","volume":"28","author":"Sheiham \n A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sheiham \n A.\n \n \n Watt \n RG.\n \n \n The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000;28:399\u2013406."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b14","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"538","article-title":"Epidemiological evaluation of short-form versions of the Child Perception Questionnaire","volume":"116","year":"2008","unstructured":"Foster Page LA, Thomson WM, Jokovic A, Locker D. Epidemiological evaluation of short-form versions of the Child Perception Questionnaire. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008;116:538\u2013544."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b15","series-title":"Dent Traumatol","first-page":"198","article-title":"Traumatic anterior dental injuries in 7- to 12-year-old Brazilian children","volume":"25","author":"Cavalcanti \n AL.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cavalcanti \n AL.\n \n \n Bezerra \n PKM.\n \n \n Alencar \n CRB.\n \n \n Moura \n C.\n \n \n Traumatic anterior dental injuries in 7- to 12-year-old Brazilian children. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:198\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b16","series-title":"The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous Improvement of Oral Health in the 21st Century\u2014The Approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme","article-title":"WHO","year":"2003","unstructured":"WHO. The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous Improvement of Oral Health in the 21st Century\u2014The Approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO;2003."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b17","series-title":"Textbook and Color Atlas of Dental Trauma, 3rd ed","author":"Andreasen \n J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Andreasen \n J.\n \n \n Andreasen \n F.\n \n \n Textbook and Color Atlas of Dental Trauma, 3rd ed. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Artmed;2001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b18","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","first-page":"224","article-title":"The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach","volume":"26","author":"Victora \n CG.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Victora \n CG.\n \n \n Huttly \n S.\n \n \n Fuchs \n SC.\n \n \n Olinto \n MT.\n \n \n The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26:224\u2013227."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b19","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"503","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationship between overjet size and traumatic dental injuries","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen \n QV.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nguyen \n QV.\n \n \n Bezemer \n PD.\n \n \n Habets \n L.\n \n \n Prahl-Anedersen \n B.\n \n \n A systematic review of the relationship between overjet size and traumatic dental injuries. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:503\u2013515."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b20","series-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent","first-page":"151","article-title":"The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to permanent anterior teeth and its relation with predisposing risk factors among 8\u201313 years school children of Vadodara city: an epidemiological study","volume":"30","author":"Patel \n MC.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patel \n MC.\n \n \n Sujan \n SG.\n \n \n The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to permanent anterior teeth and its relation with predisposing risk factors among 8\u201313 years school children of Vadodara city: an epidemiological study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2012;30:151\u2013157."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b21","series-title":"Arch Trauma Res","first-page":"e24596","article-title":"Prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to anterior teeth of 12-year-old school children in Kashmir, India","volume":"5","author":"Ain \n TS.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ain \n TS.\n \n \n Telgi \n RL.\n \n \n Sultan \n S.\n \n et al. \n Prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to anterior teeth of 12-year-old school children in Kashmir, India. Arch Trauma Res. 2016;5:e24596."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b22","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"1","article-title":"Traumatic dental injuries among 12-year-old Jordanian schoolchildren: an investigation on obesity and other risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Al-Bajjali \n TT.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Bajjali \n TT.\n \n \n Rajab \n LD.\n \n \n Traumatic dental injuries among 12-year-old Jordanian schoolchildren: an investigation on obesity and other risk factors. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:1\u20137."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b23","series-title":"Dent Traumatol","first-page":"442","article-title":"Traumatic dental injuries among primary school children in Sulaimani City, Iraq","volume":"25","author":"Noori \n AJ.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noori \n AJ.\n \n \n Al-Obaidi \n WA.\n \n \n Traumatic dental injuries among primary school children in Sulaimani City, Iraq. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:442\u2013446."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"728","article-title":"Prevalence and change of malocclusions from primary to early permanent dentition: a longitudinal study","volume":"85","author":"Dimberg \n L.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dimberg \n L.\n \n \n Lennartsson \n B.\n \n \n Arnrup \n K.\n \n \n Bondemark \n L.\n \n \n Prevalence and change of malocclusions from primary to early permanent dentition: a longitudinal study. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:728\u2013734."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b25","series-title":"Comparing Oral Health Systems: A Second International Collaborative Study","author":"Chen \n M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen \n M.\n \n \n Andersen \n RM.\n \n \n Barmes \n DE.\n \n \n Leclerq \n MH.\n \n \n Lyttle \n SC.\n \n \n Comparing Oral Health Systems: A Second International Collaborative Study. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO;1997."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b26","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1453","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"von Elm \n E.","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm \n E.\n \n \n Altman \n DG.\n \n \n Egger \n M.\n \n et al. \n The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007;370:1453\u20131457."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b01","series-title":"Dent Traumatol","first-page":"423","article-title":"Foster Page LA, Thomson WM, Bortoluzzi MC. Impact of traumatic dental injuries on the quality of life of schoolchildren","volume":"28","author":"Traebert \n J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Traebert \n J.\n \n \n Lacerda \n JT.\n \n \n Foster Page LA, Thomson WM, Bortoluzzi MC. Impact of traumatic dental injuries on the quality of life of schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28:423\u2013428."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b02","series-title":"Dent Traumatol","first-page":"27","article-title":"Impact of treated\/untreated traumatic dental injuries on quality of life among Brazilian schoolchildren","volume":"30","author":"Ramos-Jorge \n J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramos-Jorge \n J.\n \n \n Paiva \n SM.\n \n \n Tataounoff \n J.\n \n \n Pordeus \n IA.\n \n \n Marques \n LS.\n \n \n Ramos-Jorge \n ML.\n \n \n Impact of treated\/untreated traumatic dental injuries on quality of life among Brazilian schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol. 2014;30:27\u201331."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b03","series-title":"Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth, 4th ed","first-page":"217","article-title":"Classification, epidemiology and etiology","author":"Glendor \n U.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Glendor \n U.\n \n \n Marcenes \n W.\n \n \n Andreasen \n JO.\n \n \n Classification, epidemiology and etiology. In: Andreasen JO.Andreasen FM.Andersson L.eds. Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth, 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell;2007:217\u2013254."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b04","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"30","article-title":"Trends and associated factors in prevalence of dental trauma in Latin America and Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Aldrigui \n JM.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aldrigui \n JM.\n \n \n Jabbar \n NS.\n \n \n Bonecker \n M.\n \n \n Braga \n MM.\n \n \n Wanderley \n MT.\n \n \n Trends and associated factors in prevalence of dental trauma in Latin America and Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2014;42:30\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b05","series-title":"Dent Traumatol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Over two hundred million injuries to anterior teeth attributable to large overjet: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Petti \n S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petti \n S.\n \n \n Over two hundred million injuries to anterior teeth attributable to large overjet: a meta-analysis. Dent Traumatol. 2015;31:1\u20138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b06","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children","author":"Thiruvenkatachari \n B.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thiruvenkatachari \n B.\n \n \n Harrison \n JE.\n \n \n Worthington \n HV.\n \n \n O'Brien \n KD.\n \n \n Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;11:CD003452."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b07","series-title":"Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods, 4th ed","year":"1997","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods, 4th ed. Geneve, Switzerland: WHO;1997."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b08","series-title":"Int Dent J","first-page":"128","article-title":"Predicting handicapping malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)","volume":"43","author":"Jenny \n J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jenny \n J.\n \n \n Cons \n NC.\n \n \n Kohout \n FJ.\n \n \n Jakobsen \n J.\n \n \n Predicting handicapping malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Int Dent J. 1993;43:128\u2013132."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"168","article-title":"Dental Aesthetic Index scores and perception of personal dental appearance among Turkish university students","volume":"31","author":"Hamamci \n N.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamamci \n N.\n \n \n Ba\u015faran \n G.\n \n \n Uysal \n E.\n \n \n Dental Aesthetic Index scores and perception of personal dental appearance among Turkish university students. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:168\u2013173."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b10","series-title":"Caries Res","first-page":"414","article-title":"Clarifying the impact of untreated and treated dental caries on oral health-related quality of life among adolescents","volume":"50","author":"Feldens \n CA.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feldens \n CA.\n \n \n Ardenghi \n TM.\n \n \n Dullius \n AIS.\n \n \n Vargas-Ferreira \n F.\n \n \n Hernandez \n PAG.\n \n \n Kramer \n PF.\n \n \n Clarifying the impact of untreated and treated dental caries on oral health-related quality of life among adolescents. Caries Res. 2016;50:414\u2013421."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"512","article-title":"Malocclusion impacts adolescents' oral health-related quality of life","volume":"83","author":"Scapini \n A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scapini \n A.\n \n \n Feldens \n CA.\n \n \n Ardenghi \n TM.\n \n \n Kramer \n PF.\n \n \n Malocclusion impacts adolescents' oral health-related quality of life. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:512\u2013518."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"811","article-title":"Treatment-associated changes in malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life: a 4-year cohort study","volume":"150","author":"Healey \n DL.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Healey \n DL.\n \n \n Gauld \n RD.\n \n \n Thomson \n WM.\n \n \n Treatment-associated changes in malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life: a 4-year cohort study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150:811\u2013817."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b13","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"399","article-title":"The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health","volume":"28","author":"Sheiham \n A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sheiham \n A.\n \n \n Watt \n RG.\n \n \n The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000;28:399\u2013406."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b14","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"538","article-title":"Epidemiological evaluation of short-form versions of the Child Perception Questionnaire","volume":"116","year":"2008","unstructured":"Foster Page LA, Thomson WM, Jokovic A, Locker D. Epidemiological evaluation of short-form versions of the Child Perception Questionnaire. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008;116:538\u2013544."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b15","series-title":"Dent Traumatol","first-page":"198","article-title":"Traumatic anterior dental injuries in 7- to 12-year-old Brazilian children","volume":"25","author":"Cavalcanti \n AL.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cavalcanti \n AL.\n \n \n Bezerra \n PKM.\n \n \n Alencar \n CRB.\n \n \n Moura \n C.\n \n \n Traumatic anterior dental injuries in 7- to 12-year-old Brazilian children. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:198\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b16","series-title":"The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous Improvement of Oral Health in the 21st Century\u2014The Approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme","article-title":"WHO","year":"2003","unstructured":"WHO. The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous Improvement of Oral Health in the 21st Century\u2014The Approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO;2003."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b17","series-title":"Textbook and Color Atlas of Dental Trauma, 3rd ed","author":"Andreasen \n J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Andreasen \n J.\n \n \n Andreasen \n F.\n \n \n Textbook and Color Atlas of Dental Trauma, 3rd ed. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Artmed;2001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b18","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","first-page":"224","article-title":"The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach","volume":"26","author":"Victora \n CG.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Victora \n CG.\n \n \n Huttly \n S.\n \n \n Fuchs \n SC.\n \n \n Olinto \n MT.\n \n \n The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26:224\u2013227."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b19","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"503","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationship between overjet size and traumatic dental injuries","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen \n QV.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nguyen \n QV.\n \n \n Bezemer \n PD.\n \n \n Habets \n L.\n \n \n Prahl-Anedersen \n B.\n \n \n A systematic review of the relationship between overjet size and traumatic dental injuries. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:503\u2013515."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-6-816-b20","series-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent","first-page":"151","article-title":"The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to permanent anterior teeth and its relation with predisposing risk factors among 8\u201313 years school children of Vadodara city: an epidemiological study","volume":"30","author":"Patel \n MC.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patel \n MC.\n \n \n Sujan \n SG.\n \n \n The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to permanent anterior teeth and its relation with predisposing risk factors among 8\u201313 years school children of Vadodara city: an epidemiological study. 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