{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:53:44Z","timestamp":1789390424250,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To study the longitudinal changes in 19 soft tissue cephalometric traits (according to the Bergman cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Cephalograms and photographs of 40 subjects (20 male, 20 female, from the Burlington Growth Centre) that were obtained at ages 6, 9, 12, 14, 16, and 18\u00a0years were used. Subjects were orthodontically untreated whites and had Class I dentoskeletal relationships (ideal overjet and overbite). Images were obtained with the lips in a relaxed position or lightly touching.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Three groups of soft tissue traits were identified: (1) traits that increased in size with growth (nasal projection, lower face height, chin projection, chin-throat length, upper and lower lip thickness, upper lip length, and lower lip\u2013chin length); (2) traits that decreased in size with growth (interlabial gap and mandibular sulcus contour [only in females]); and (3) traits that remained relatively constant during growth (facial profile angle, nasolabial angle, lower face percentage, chin-throat\/lower face height percentage, lower face\u2013throat angle, upper incisor exposure, maxillary sulcus contour, and upper and lower lip protrusion).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Current findings identify areas of growth and change in individuals with Class I skeletal and dental relationships with ideal overjet and overbite and should be considered during treatment planning of orthodontic and orthognathic patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/041513-291.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,8]],"date-time":"2013-07-08T08:51:31Z","timestamp":1373273491000},"page":"48-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Longitudinal study of cephalometric soft tissue profile traits between the ages of 6 and 18\u00a0years"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Bergman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Lecturer, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA; Cleft Orthodontist, Ventura County Cleft Lip and Palate Team, Ventura, CA; Private Practice of Orthodontic, Camarillo, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Waschak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Grants Pass, OR."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Borzabadi-Farahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Teaching Fellow, Orthodontics, Warwick Dentistry, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Former Clinical Fellow, Craniofacial and Special Care Orthodontics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal C.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Professor, Departments of Orthodontics and Periodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b01","series-title":"The Teeth in Relation to Beauty, Voice, and Health: Being the Result of Twenty Years' Practical Experience and Assiduous Study to Produce the Full Development and Perfect Regularity of Those Essential Organs. 2nd ed","author":"Nicholes\n J.","year":"1834","unstructured":"Nicholes\n J. \n \n The Teeth in Relation to Beauty, Voice, and Health: Being the Result of Twenty Years' Practical Experience and Assiduous Study to Produce the Full Development and Perfect Regularity of Those Essential Organs. 2nd ed. London: Hamilton, Adams, and Co; 1834."},{"issue":"6","key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b02","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"20120423","article-title":"Effect of head position on cephalometric evaluation of the soft-tissue facial profile","volume":"42","author":"Hoogeveen\n R,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoogeveen\n R, \n \n Sanderink\n G, \n \n Berkhout\n W. \n \n Effect of head position on cephalometric evaluation of the soft-tissue facial profile. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42(6):20120423. doi: 10.1259\/dmfr.20120423."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b03","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"e24","article-title":"Soft tissue cephalometric norms for orthognathic and cosmetic surgery","volume":"71","author":"Shindoi\n JM,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shindoi\n JM, \n \n Matsumoto\n Y, \n \n Sato\n Y, \n \n Ono\n T, \n \n Harada\n K. \n \n Soft tissue cephalometric norms for orthognathic and cosmetic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71:e24\u201330."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"299","article-title":"Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Part 1","volume":"103","author":"Arnett\n GW,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arnett\n GW, \n \n Bergman\n RT. \n \n Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Part 1. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103:299\u2013312."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"395","article-title":"Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning\u2014part II","volume":"103","author":"Arnett\n GW,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arnett\n GW, \n \n Bergman\n RT. \n \n Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning\u2014part II. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103:395\u2013411."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"239","article-title":"Soft tissue cephalometric analysis: diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity","volume":"116","author":"Arnett\n GW,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Arnett\n GW, \n \n Jelic\n JS, \n \n Kim\n J, \n et al. \n Soft tissue cephalometric analysis: diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:239\u2013253."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"373","article-title":"Cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis","volume":"116","author":"Bergman\n RT.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bergman\n RT. \n \n Cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:373\u2013389."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b08","series-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci","first-page":"S136","article-title":"Appraisal of the cephalometric norms for the upper and lower lips of the South Indian ethnic population","volume":"4","author":"Prabu\n NM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prabu\n NM, \n \n Kohila\n K, \n \n Sivaraj\n S, \n \n Prabu\n PS. \n \n Appraisal of the cephalometric norms for the upper and lower lips of the South Indian ethnic population. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012;4(suppl 2):S136\u2013138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b09","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"e10","article-title":"Soft and hard tissue profile changes after rapid maxillary expansion and face mask therapy","volume":"11","author":"Kurt\n G,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kurt\n G, \n \n Uysal\n T, \n \n Yagci\n A. \n \n Soft and hard tissue profile changes after rapid maxillary expansion and face mask therapy. World J Orthod. 2010;11:e10\u201318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"449","article-title":"Standards of soft tissue Arnett analysis for surgical planning in Turkish adults","volume":"31","author":"Uysal\n T,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uysal\n T, \n \n Yagci\n A, \n \n Basciftci\n FA, \n \n Sisman\n Y. \n \n Standards of soft tissue Arnett analysis for surgical planning in Turkish adults. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:449\u2013456."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b11","series-title":"The Individualized Soft Tissue Facial Analysis [masters's thesis]","author":"Waschak\n J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waschak\n J. \n \n The Individualized Soft Tissue Facial Analysis [masters's thesis]. Los Angeles, CA: Department of Orthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry; 2006."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b12","series-title":"Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth: Angle's System. 7th ed","first-page":"60","author":"Angle\n EH.","year":"1907","unstructured":"Angle\n EH. \n \n Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth: Angle's System. 7th ed. Philadelphia: SS White Dental Manufacturing Co; 1907:60."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"81","article-title":"On facial balance and harmony","volume":"7","author":"Wuerpel\n EH.","year":"1937","unstructured":"Wuerpel\n EH. \n \n On facial balance and harmony. Angle Orthod. 1937;7:81\u201389."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"272","article-title":"Esthetics, environment, and the law of lip relation","volume":"54","author":"Ricketts\n RM.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM. \n \n Esthetics, environment, and the law of lip relation. Am J Orthod. 1968;54:272\u2013289."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b15","series-title":"A Practical Treatise on the Technics and Principles of Dental Orthopedia and Prosthetic Correction of Cleft Palate. 2nd ed","author":"Case\n CS.","year":"1921","unstructured":"Case\n CS. \n \n A Practical Treatise on the Technics and Principles of Dental Orthopedia and Prosthetic Correction of Cleft Palate. 2nd ed. Chicago: CS Case Co; 1921."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b16","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"A review of the oral health-related evidence that supports the orthodontic treatment need indices","volume":"13","author":"Borzabadi-Farahani\n A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Borzabadi-Farahani\n A. \n \n A review of the oral health-related evidence that supports the orthodontic treatment need indices. Prog Orthod. 2012;13:314\u2013325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b17","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"304","article-title":"A review of the evidence supporting the aesthetic orthodontic treatment need indices","volume":"13","author":"Borzabadi-Farahani\n A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Borzabadi-Farahani\n A. \n \n A review of the evidence supporting the aesthetic orthodontic treatment need indices. Prog Orthod. 2012;13:304\u2013313."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b18","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","article-title":"Soft-tissue profile characteristics in children with beta thalassaemia major","author":"Amini\n F,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amini\n F, \n \n Borzabadi-Farahani\n A, \n \n Mashayekhi\n Z, \n \n Pousti\n M, \n \n Amirtouri\n M. \n \n Soft-tissue profile characteristics in children with beta thalassaemia major. Acta Odontol Scand. 2012. doi: 10.3109\/00016357.2012.741707."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"272","article-title":"Esthetics, environment, and the law of lip relation","volume":"54","author":"Ricketts\n RM.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM. \n \n Esthetics, environment, and the law of lip relation. Am J Orthod. 1968;54:272\u2013289."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning: part I","volume":"84","author":"Holdaway\n RA.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holdaway\n RA. \n \n A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning: part I. Am J Orthod. 1983;84:1\u201328."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"279","article-title":"A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning: part II","volume":"85","author":"Holdaway\n RA.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Holdaway\n RA. \n \n A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning: part II. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:279\u2013293."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"103","article-title":"An analysis of dentofacial relationships","volume":"43","author":"Riedel\n RA.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Riedel\n RA. \n \n An analysis of dentofacial relationships. Am J Orthod. 1957;43:103\u2013119."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"804","article-title":"The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics","volume":"52","author":"Merrifield\n LL.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Merrifield\n LL. \n \n The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics. Am J Orthod. 1966;52:804\u2013822."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"942","article-title":"Normal variation and its bearing on the use of cephalometric radiographs in orthodontic diagnosis","volume":"39","author":"Moorrees\n CFA.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Moorrees\n CFA. \n \n Normal variation and its bearing on the use of cephalometric radiographs in orthodontic diagnosis. Am J Orthod. 1953;39:942\u2013950."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"898","article-title":"The norm concept and cephalometrics","volume":"42","author":"Hixon\n EH.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Hixon\n EH. \n \n The norm concept and cephalometrics. Am J Orthod. 1956;42:898\u2013906."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b26","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"23","article-title":"The method for orthodontic diagnosis based upon the principles of morphologic and therapeutic relativity","volume":"9","author":"Muzj\n E.","year":"1939","unstructured":"Muzj\n E. \n \n The method for orthodontic diagnosis based upon the principles of morphologic and therapeutic relativity. Angle Orthod. 1939;9:23\u2013140."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning","volume":"53","author":"Burstone\n CJ.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ. \n \n Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning. Am J Orthod. 1967;53:262\u2013284."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"The integumental profile","volume":"44","author":"Burstone\n CJ.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ. \n \n The integumental profile. Am J Orthod. 1958;44:1\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b29","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"284","article-title":"A concept of facial esthetics","volume":"40","author":"Peck\n H,","year":"1970","unstructured":"Peck\n H, \n \n Peck\n S. \n \n A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod. 1970;40:284\u2013317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"327","article-title":"The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application","volume":"94","author":"Grayson\n B,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Grayson\n B, \n \n Cutting\n C, \n \n Bookstein\n FL, \n et al. \n The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;94:327\u2013337."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b31","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"238","article-title":"Changes in facial dimensions and relationships between the ages of 5 and 25\u00a0years","volume":"85","author":"Bishara\n SE,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE, \n \n Hession\n JT, \n \n Peterson\n LC, \n \n Bishara\n EC. \n \n Changes in facial dimensions and relationships between the ages of 5 and 25\u00a0years. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:238\u2013252."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b32","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"466","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types","volume":"88","author":"Bishara\n SE,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE, \n \n Jakobsen\n JR. \n \n Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:466\u2013502."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b33","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"209","article-title":"Longitudinal soft-tissue profile changes","volume":"88","author":"Bishara\n SE,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE, \n \n Hession\n TJ, \n \n Peterson\n LC. \n \n Longitudinal soft-tissue profile changes. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:209\u2013223."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b34","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Growth changes in the soft tissue facial profile","volume":"60","author":"Nanda\n RS,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nanda\n RS, \n \n Meng\n HP, \n \n Kapila\n S, \n \n Goorhuis\n J. \n \n Growth changes in the soft tissue facial profile. Angle Orthod. 1990;60:177\u2013190."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b35","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"476","article-title":"Adolescent growth changes in soft tissue profile","volume":"107","author":"Prahl-Andersen\n B,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Prahl-Andersen\n B, \n \n Ligthelm-Bakker\n ASWMR, \n \n Wattel\n E, \n \n Nanda\n R. \n \n Adolescent growth changes in soft tissue profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107:476\u2013483."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b36","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"698","article-title":"Soft tissue profile changes from 5 to 45\u00a0years of age","volume":"114","author":"Bishara\n SE,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE, \n \n Jakobsen\n RJ. \n \n Soft tissue profile changes from 5 to 45\u00a0years of age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:698\u2013706."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b37","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"199","article-title":"Longitudinal profile changes in an Anatolian Turkish population","volume":"32","author":"Hamamci\n N,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hamamci\n N, \n \n Arslan\n SG, \n \n Sahin\n S. \n \n Longitudinal profile changes in an Anatolian Turkish population. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32:199\u2013206."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b38","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"514","article-title":"Analysis of soft tissue facial profile in white males","volume":"101","author":"Zylinski\n CG,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zylinski\n CG, \n \n Nanda\n RS, \n \n Kapila\n S. \n \n Analysis of soft tissue facial profile in white males. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101:514\u2013518."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b39","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"191","article-title":"Development of the nose and soft tissue profile","volume":"60","author":"Genecov\n JS,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Genecov\n JS, \n \n Sinclair\n PM, \n \n Dechow\n PC. \n \n Development of the nose and soft tissue profile. Angle Orthod. 1990;60:191\u2013198."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b40","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"116","article-title":"A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft tissue profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17\u00a0years","volume":"109","author":"Blanchette\n ME,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blanchette\n ME, \n \n Nanda\n RS, \n \n Currier\n GF, \n \n Ghosh\n J, \n \n Nanda\n SK. \n \n A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft tissue profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17\u00a0years. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:116\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b01","series-title":"The Teeth in Relation to Beauty, Voice, and Health: Being the Result of Twenty Years' Practical Experience and Assiduous Study to Produce the Full Development and Perfect Regularity of Those Essential Organs. 2nd ed","author":"Nicholes\n J.","year":"1834","unstructured":"Nicholes\n J. \n \n The Teeth in Relation to Beauty, Voice, and Health: Being the Result of Twenty Years' Practical Experience and Assiduous Study to Produce the Full Development and Perfect Regularity of Those Essential Organs. 2nd ed. London: Hamilton, Adams, and Co; 1834."},{"issue":"6","key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b02","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"20120423","article-title":"Effect of head position on cephalometric evaluation of the soft-tissue facial profile","volume":"42","author":"Hoogeveen\n R,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoogeveen\n R, \n \n Sanderink\n G, \n \n Berkhout\n W. \n \n Effect of head position on cephalometric evaluation of the soft-tissue facial profile. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42(6):20120423. doi: 10.1259\/dmfr.20120423."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b03","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"e24","article-title":"Soft tissue cephalometric norms for orthognathic and cosmetic surgery","volume":"71","author":"Shindoi\n JM,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shindoi\n JM, \n \n Matsumoto\n Y, \n \n Sato\n Y, \n \n Ono\n T, \n \n Harada\n K. \n \n Soft tissue cephalometric norms for orthognathic and cosmetic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71:e24\u201330."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"299","article-title":"Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Part 1","volume":"103","author":"Arnett\n GW,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arnett\n GW, \n \n Bergman\n RT. \n \n Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Part 1. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103:299\u2013312."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"395","article-title":"Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning\u2014part II","volume":"103","author":"Arnett\n GW,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arnett\n GW, \n \n Bergman\n RT. \n \n Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning\u2014part II. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103:395\u2013411."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"239","article-title":"Soft tissue cephalometric analysis: diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity","volume":"116","author":"Arnett\n GW,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Arnett\n GW, \n \n Jelic\n JS, \n \n Kim\n J, \n et al. \n Soft tissue cephalometric analysis: diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:239\u2013253."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"373","article-title":"Cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis","volume":"116","author":"Bergman\n RT.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bergman\n RT. \n \n Cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:373\u2013389."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b08","series-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci","first-page":"S136","article-title":"Appraisal of the cephalometric norms for the upper and lower lips of the South Indian ethnic population","volume":"4","author":"Prabu\n NM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prabu\n NM, \n \n Kohila\n K, \n \n Sivaraj\n S, \n \n Prabu\n PS. \n \n Appraisal of the cephalometric norms for the upper and lower lips of the South Indian ethnic population. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012;4(suppl 2):S136\u2013138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b09","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"e10","article-title":"Soft and hard tissue profile changes after rapid maxillary expansion and face mask therapy","volume":"11","author":"Kurt\n G,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kurt\n G, \n \n Uysal\n T, \n \n Yagci\n A. \n \n Soft and hard tissue profile changes after rapid maxillary expansion and face mask therapy. World J Orthod. 2010;11:e10\u201318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"449","article-title":"Standards of soft tissue Arnett analysis for surgical planning in Turkish adults","volume":"31","author":"Uysal\n T,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uysal\n T, \n \n Yagci\n A, \n \n Basciftci\n FA, \n \n Sisman\n Y. \n \n Standards of soft tissue Arnett analysis for surgical planning in Turkish adults. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:449\u2013456."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b11","series-title":"The Individualized Soft Tissue Facial Analysis [masters's thesis]","author":"Waschak\n J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waschak\n J. \n \n The Individualized Soft Tissue Facial Analysis [masters's thesis]. Los Angeles, CA: Department of Orthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry; 2006."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b12","series-title":"Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth: Angle's System. 7th ed","first-page":"60","author":"Angle\n EH.","year":"1907","unstructured":"Angle\n EH. \n \n Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth: Angle's System. 7th ed. Philadelphia: SS White Dental Manufacturing Co; 1907:60."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"81","article-title":"On facial balance and harmony","volume":"7","author":"Wuerpel\n EH.","year":"1937","unstructured":"Wuerpel\n EH. \n \n On facial balance and harmony. Angle Orthod. 1937;7:81\u201389."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"272","article-title":"Esthetics, environment, and the law of lip relation","volume":"54","author":"Ricketts\n RM.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM. \n \n Esthetics, environment, and the law of lip relation. Am J Orthod. 1968;54:272\u2013289."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b15","series-title":"A Practical Treatise on the Technics and Principles of Dental Orthopedia and Prosthetic Correction of Cleft Palate. 2nd ed","author":"Case\n CS.","year":"1921","unstructured":"Case\n CS. \n \n A Practical Treatise on the Technics and Principles of Dental Orthopedia and Prosthetic Correction of Cleft Palate. 2nd ed. Chicago: CS Case Co; 1921."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b16","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"314","article-title":"A review of the oral health-related evidence that supports the orthodontic treatment need indices","volume":"13","author":"Borzabadi-Farahani\n A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Borzabadi-Farahani\n A. \n \n A review of the oral health-related evidence that supports the orthodontic treatment need indices. Prog Orthod. 2012;13:314\u2013325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b17","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"304","article-title":"A review of the evidence supporting the aesthetic orthodontic treatment need indices","volume":"13","author":"Borzabadi-Farahani\n A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Borzabadi-Farahani\n A. \n \n A review of the evidence supporting the aesthetic orthodontic treatment need indices. Prog Orthod. 2012;13:304\u2013313."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b18","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","article-title":"Soft-tissue profile characteristics in children with beta thalassaemia major","author":"Amini\n F,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amini\n F, \n \n Borzabadi-Farahani\n A, \n \n Mashayekhi\n Z, \n \n Pousti\n M, \n \n Amirtouri\n M. \n \n Soft-tissue profile characteristics in children with beta thalassaemia major. Acta Odontol Scand. 2012. doi: 10.3109\/00016357.2012.741707."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"272","article-title":"Esthetics, environment, and the law of lip relation","volume":"54","author":"Ricketts\n RM.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM. \n \n Esthetics, environment, and the law of lip relation. Am J Orthod. 1968;54:272\u2013289."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning: part I","volume":"84","author":"Holdaway\n RA.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holdaway\n RA. \n \n A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning: part I. Am J Orthod. 1983;84:1\u201328."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"279","article-title":"A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning: part II","volume":"85","author":"Holdaway\n RA.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Holdaway\n RA. \n \n A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning: part II. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:279\u2013293."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"103","article-title":"An analysis of dentofacial relationships","volume":"43","author":"Riedel\n RA.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Riedel\n RA. \n \n An analysis of dentofacial relationships. Am J Orthod. 1957;43:103\u2013119."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"804","article-title":"The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics","volume":"52","author":"Merrifield\n LL.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Merrifield\n LL. \n \n The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics. Am J Orthod. 1966;52:804\u2013822."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"942","article-title":"Normal variation and its bearing on the use of cephalometric radiographs in orthodontic diagnosis","volume":"39","author":"Moorrees\n CFA.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Moorrees\n CFA. \n \n Normal variation and its bearing on the use of cephalometric radiographs in orthodontic diagnosis. Am J Orthod. 1953;39:942\u2013950."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"898","article-title":"The norm concept and cephalometrics","volume":"42","author":"Hixon\n EH.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Hixon\n EH. \n \n The norm concept and cephalometrics. Am J Orthod. 1956;42:898\u2013906."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b26","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"23","article-title":"The method for orthodontic diagnosis based upon the principles of morphologic and therapeutic relativity","volume":"9","author":"Muzj\n E.","year":"1939","unstructured":"Muzj\n E. \n \n The method for orthodontic diagnosis based upon the principles of morphologic and therapeutic relativity. Angle Orthod. 1939;9:23\u2013140."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning","volume":"53","author":"Burstone\n CJ.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ. \n \n Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning. Am J Orthod. 1967;53:262\u2013284."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"The integumental profile","volume":"44","author":"Burstone\n CJ.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Burstone\n CJ. \n \n The integumental profile. Am J Orthod. 1958;44:1\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b29","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"284","article-title":"A concept of facial esthetics","volume":"40","author":"Peck\n H,","year":"1970","unstructured":"Peck\n H, \n \n Peck\n S. \n \n A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod. 1970;40:284\u2013317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"327","article-title":"The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application","volume":"94","author":"Grayson\n B,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Grayson\n B, \n \n Cutting\n C, \n \n Bookstein\n FL, \n et al. \n The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;94:327\u2013337."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b31","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"238","article-title":"Changes in facial dimensions and relationships between the ages of 5 and 25\u00a0years","volume":"85","author":"Bishara\n SE,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE, \n \n Hession\n JT, \n \n Peterson\n LC, \n \n Bishara\n EC. \n \n Changes in facial dimensions and relationships between the ages of 5 and 25\u00a0years. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:238\u2013252."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b32","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"466","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types","volume":"88","author":"Bishara\n SE,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE, \n \n Jakobsen\n JR. \n \n Longitudinal changes in three normal facial types. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:466\u2013502."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b33","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"209","article-title":"Longitudinal soft-tissue profile changes","volume":"88","author":"Bishara\n SE,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE, \n \n Hession\n TJ, \n \n Peterson\n LC. \n \n Longitudinal soft-tissue profile changes. Am J Orthod. 1985;88:209\u2013223."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b34","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Growth changes in the soft tissue facial profile","volume":"60","author":"Nanda\n RS,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nanda\n RS, \n \n Meng\n HP, \n \n Kapila\n S, \n \n Goorhuis\n J. \n \n Growth changes in the soft tissue facial profile. Angle Orthod. 1990;60:177\u2013190."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b35","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"476","article-title":"Adolescent growth changes in soft tissue profile","volume":"107","author":"Prahl-Andersen\n B,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Prahl-Andersen\n B, \n \n Ligthelm-Bakker\n ASWMR, \n \n Wattel\n E, \n \n Nanda\n R. \n \n Adolescent growth changes in soft tissue profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107:476\u2013483."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b36","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"698","article-title":"Soft tissue profile changes from 5 to 45\u00a0years of age","volume":"114","author":"Bishara\n SE,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE, \n \n Jakobsen\n RJ. \n \n Soft tissue profile changes from 5 to 45\u00a0years of age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:698\u2013706."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b37","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"199","article-title":"Longitudinal profile changes in an Anatolian Turkish population","volume":"32","author":"Hamamci\n N,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hamamci\n N, \n \n Arslan\n SG, \n \n Sahin\n S. \n \n Longitudinal profile changes in an Anatolian Turkish population. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32:199\u2013206."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b38","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"514","article-title":"Analysis of soft tissue facial profile in white males","volume":"101","author":"Zylinski\n CG,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zylinski\n CG, \n \n Nanda\n RS, \n \n Kapila\n S. \n \n Analysis of soft tissue facial profile in white males. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101:514\u2013518."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b39","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"191","article-title":"Development of the nose and soft tissue profile","volume":"60","author":"Genecov\n JS,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Genecov\n JS, \n \n Sinclair\n PM, \n \n Dechow\n PC. \n \n Development of the nose and soft tissue profile. Angle Orthod. 1990;60:191\u2013198."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-48-b40","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"116","article-title":"A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft tissue profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17\u00a0years","volume":"109","author":"Blanchette\n ME,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blanchette\n ME, \n \n Nanda\n RS, \n \n Currier\n GF, \n \n Ghosh\n J, \n \n Nanda\n SK. \n \n A longitudinal cephalometric study of the soft tissue profile of short- and long-face syndromes from 7 to 17\u00a0years. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:116\u2013131."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/84\/1\/article-p48.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/84\/1\/48\/1393228\/041513-291_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/84\/1\/article-p48.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/84\/1\/article-p48.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:50:57Z","timestamp":1780069857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/84\/1\/article-p48.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/041513-291.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}}}