{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:07:26Z","timestamp":1780067246908,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the changes in retropalatal airway and velopharyngeal dimensions after posterior impaction (PI) only or PI and setback (PI\/SB) of the maxilla in patients with skeletal Class III undergoing two-jaw surgery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n Subjects consisted of 60 Class III patients treated with two-jaw surgery. They were divided into two groups: group 1 (n \u200a=\u200a30; PI of the maxilla; mean \u200a=\u200a 2.6 mm) and group 2 (n\u200a=\u200a30; PI\/SB of the maxilla; mean \u200a=\u200a 2.8 mm and 1.8 mm, respectively). Using three dimensional computed tomography images taken 1month before surgery (T0) and at least 6 months after surgery (T1), retropalatal airway volume, minimum cross-sectional area, and lateral and anteroposterior (AP) dimensions of minimum cross-sectional area, soft palate angle, soft palate length, and pharyngeal depth were measured. A paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test and independent\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test were used for statistical analysis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n Group 1 showed increase in retropalatal airway volume and minimum cross-sectional area (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05, respectively). Group 2 exhibited decrease in retropalatal airway volume, minimum cross-sectional area, and lateral and AP dimensions of minimum cross-sectional area (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01). Although groups 1 and 2 showed an increase in soft palate length (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, respectively), pharyngeal depth significantly increased only in group 1 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01). Groups 1 and 2 were significantly different in retropalatal airway volume, minimum cross-sectional area, and AP dimension (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05, respectively).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Because the direction of surgical movement in the maxilla can determine the changes in the retropalatal airway and velopharyngeal dimensions, it is recommended that clinicians investigate whether patients suffer from sleep-related breathing disorders before performing PI\/SB of the maxilla.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/041614-281.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]],"date-time":"2014-10-09T08:15:58Z","timestamp":1412842558000},"page":"625-630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of posterior impaction and setback of the maxilla on retropalatal airway and velopharyngeal dimensions after two-jaw surgery in skeletal Class III patients"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Taeyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate student (PhD), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hak","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"372","article-title":"Effects of bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback surgery on pharyngeal airway measurements in patients with Class III skeletal deformities","volume":"131","author":"Chen\n F,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen\n F, \n \n Terada\n K, \n \n Hua\n Y, \n \n Saito\n I. \n \n Effects of bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback surgery on pharyngeal airway measurements in patients with Class III skeletal deformities. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:372\u2013377."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"584","article-title":"Changes in oropharyngeal airway and respiratory function during sleep after orthognathic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism","volume":"40","author":"Hasebe\n D,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hasebe\n D, \n \n Kobayashi\n T, \n \n Hasegawa\n M, \n et al. \n Changes in oropharyngeal airway and respiratory function during sleep after orthognathic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40:584\u2013592."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"e409","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of pharyngeal airway space changes in Class III patients undergoing orthognathic surgery","volume":"69","author":"Pereira-Filho\n VA,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pereira-Filho\n VA, \n \n Castro-Silva\n LM, \n \n de Moraes\n M, \n \n Gabrielli\n MF, \n \n Campos\n JA, \n \n Juergens\n P. \n \n Cephalometric evaluation of pharyngeal airway space changes in Class III patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:e409\u2013e415."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"19","article-title":"Classification of Angle Class III malocclusion and its treatment modalities","volume":"16","author":"Park\n JU,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Park\n JU, \n \n Baik\n SH. \n \n Classification of Angle Class III malocclusion and its treatment modalities. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2001;16:19\u201329."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"2049","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment modality for skeletal Class III malocclusion with labioversed upper Incisors and\/or protrusive maxilla: surgical movement and stability of rotational maxillary setback procedure","volume":"20","author":"Baek\n SH,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baek\n SH, \n \n Kim\n KW, \n \n Choi\n JY. \n \n Evaluation of treatment modality for skeletal Class III malocclusion with labioversed upper Incisors and\/or protrusive maxilla: surgical movement and stability of rotational maxillary setback procedure. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:2049\u20132054."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Soft tissue changes after posterior impaction and setback of the maxilla with Le Fort 1 osteotomy in skeletal Class III patients","volume":"25","author":"Jeon\n HM,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeon\n HM, \n \n Choi\n JY, \n \n Baek\n SH. \n \n Soft tissue changes after posterior impaction and setback of the maxilla with Le Fort 1 osteotomy in skeletal Class III patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25:1495\u20131500."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"J Oral Maxillafac Surg","first-page":"282","article-title":"Assessment of the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery","volume":"58","author":"Tselnik\n M,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tselnik\n M, \n \n Pogrel\n MA. \n \n Assessment of the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery. J Oral Maxillafac Surg. 2000;58:282\u2013285."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"Volumetric, planar, and linear analyses of pharyngeal airway change on computed tomography and cephalometry after mandibular setback surgery","volume":"138","author":"Park\n JW,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park\n JW, \n \n Kim\n NK, \n \n Kim\n JW, \n \n Kim\n MJ, \n \n Chang\n YI. \n \n Volumetric, planar, and linear analyses of pharyngeal airway change on computed tomography and cephalometry after mandibular setback surgery. 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Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;105:495\u2013502."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"87","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of short- and long-term airway change and stability after orthognathic surgery in patients with Class III skeletal deformities: bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback","volume":"41","author":"Park\n SB,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park\n SB, \n \n Kim\n YI, \n \n Son\n SW, \n \n Hwang\n DS, \n \n Cho\n BH. \n \n Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of short- and long-term airway change and stability after orthognathic surgery in patients with Class III skeletal deformities: bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;41:87\u201393."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Dynamic upper airway imaging during awake respiration in normal subjects and patients with sleep disordered breathing","volume":"148","author":"Schwab\n RJ,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schwab\n RJ, \n \n Gefter\n WB, \n \n Hoffman\n EA, \n \n Gupta\n KB, \n \n Pack\n AI. \n \n Dynamic upper airway imaging during awake respiration in normal subjects and patients with sleep disordered breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:1385\u2013400."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"727","article-title":"Comparison of primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: role of pharyngeal narrowing ratio and soft palate-tongue contact in awake patient","volume":"266","author":"Koren\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koren\n A, \n \n Groselj\n LD, \n \n Fajdiga\n I. \n \n Comparison of primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: role of pharyngeal narrowing ratio and soft palate-tongue contact in awake patient. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;266:727\u2013734."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Respir Med","first-page":"301","article-title":"Computed tomographic evaluation of the role of craniofacial and upper airway morphology in obstructive sleep apnea in Chinese","volume":"98","author":"Lam\n B,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lam\n B, \n \n Ooi\n CG, \n \n Peh\n WC, \n et al. \n Computed tomographic evaluation of the role of craniofacial and upper airway morphology in obstructive sleep apnea in Chinese. Respir Med. 2004;98:301\u2013307."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"730","article-title":"Retropalatal airway characteristics in uvulopalatopharyngoplasty compared with transpalatal advancement pharyngoplasty","volume":"107","author":"Woodson\n BT.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Woodson\n BT. \n \n Retropalatal airway characteristics in uvulopalatopharyngoplasty compared with transpalatal advancement pharyngoplasty. Laryngoscope. 1997;107:730\u2013740."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"J Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"116","article-title":"Velopharyngeal anatomy and maxillary advancement","volume":"7","author":"Schendel\n SA,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Schendel\n SA, \n \n Oeschlager\n M, \n \n Wolford\n LM, \n \n Epker\n BN. \n \n Velopharyngeal anatomy and maxillary advancement. J Maxillofac Surg. 1979;7:116\u2013124."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"335","article-title":"Premature aging of the face after orthognathic surgery","volume":"18","author":"Van der Dussen\n FN,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Van der Dussen\n FN, \n \n Egyedi\n P. \n \n Premature aging of the face after orthognathic surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1990;18:335\u2013337."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"162","article-title":"Correction of dentofacial deformities by surgery in the anterior part of the jaws: A study of stability and soft tissue changes","volume":"64","author":"Bell\n WH,","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bell\n WH, \n \n Dann\n JJ. \n \n Correction of dentofacial deformities by surgery in the anterior part of the jaws: A study of stability and soft tissue changes. Am J Orthod. 1973;64:162\u2013187."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac","first-page":"317","article-title":"Total osteotomy for maxillary setback. Indications, technique, results","volume":"104","author":"Chouet-Girard\n F,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chouet-Girard\n F, \n \n Mercier\n J. \n \n Total osteotomy for maxillary setback. Indications, technique, results. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2003;104:317\u2013325."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"372","article-title":"Effects of bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback surgery on pharyngeal airway measurements in patients with Class III skeletal deformities","volume":"131","author":"Chen\n F,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen\n F, \n \n Terada\n K, \n \n Hua\n Y, \n \n Saito\n I. \n \n Effects of bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback surgery on pharyngeal airway measurements in patients with Class III skeletal deformities. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:372\u2013377."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"584","article-title":"Changes in oropharyngeal airway and respiratory function during sleep after orthognathic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism","volume":"40","author":"Hasebe\n D,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hasebe\n D, \n \n Kobayashi\n T, \n \n Hasegawa\n M, \n et al. \n Changes in oropharyngeal airway and respiratory function during sleep after orthognathic surgery in patients with mandibular prognathism. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40:584\u2013592."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"e409","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of pharyngeal airway space changes in Class III patients undergoing orthognathic surgery","volume":"69","author":"Pereira-Filho\n VA,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pereira-Filho\n VA, \n \n Castro-Silva\n LM, \n \n de Moraes\n M, \n \n Gabrielli\n MF, \n \n Campos\n JA, \n \n Juergens\n P. \n \n Cephalometric evaluation of pharyngeal airway space changes in Class III patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:e409\u2013e415."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"19","article-title":"Classification of Angle Class III malocclusion and its treatment modalities","volume":"16","author":"Park\n JU,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Park\n JU, \n \n Baik\n SH. \n \n Classification of Angle Class III malocclusion and its treatment modalities. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2001;16:19\u201329."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"2049","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment modality for skeletal Class III malocclusion with labioversed upper Incisors and\/or protrusive maxilla: surgical movement and stability of rotational maxillary setback procedure","volume":"20","author":"Baek\n SH,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baek\n SH, \n \n Kim\n KW, \n \n Choi\n JY. \n \n Evaluation of treatment modality for skeletal Class III malocclusion with labioversed upper Incisors and\/or protrusive maxilla: surgical movement and stability of rotational maxillary setback procedure. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:2049\u20132054."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Soft tissue changes after posterior impaction and setback of the maxilla with Le Fort 1 osteotomy in skeletal Class III patients","volume":"25","author":"Jeon\n HM,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeon\n HM, \n \n Choi\n JY, \n \n Baek\n SH. \n \n Soft tissue changes after posterior impaction and setback of the maxilla with Le Fort 1 osteotomy in skeletal Class III patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25:1495\u20131500."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"J Oral Maxillafac Surg","first-page":"282","article-title":"Assessment of the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery","volume":"58","author":"Tselnik\n M,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tselnik\n M, \n \n Pogrel\n MA. \n \n Assessment of the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery. J Oral Maxillafac Surg. 2000;58:282\u2013285."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"Volumetric, planar, and linear analyses of pharyngeal airway change on computed tomography and cephalometry after mandibular setback surgery","volume":"138","author":"Park\n JW,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park\n JW, \n \n Kim\n NK, \n \n Kim\n JW, \n \n Kim\n MJ, \n \n Chang\n YI. \n \n Volumetric, planar, and linear analyses of pharyngeal airway change on computed tomography and cephalometry after mandibular setback surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:292\u2013299."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"552","article-title":"Cephalometric analysis of long-term airway space changes with maxillary osteotomies","volume":"70","author":"Greco\n JM,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Greco\n JM, \n \n Frohberg\n U, \n \n Van Sickels\n JE. \n \n Cephalometric analysis of long-term airway space changes with maxillary osteotomies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;70:552\u2013554."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"495","article-title":"A comparative CT evaluation of pharyngeal airway changes in Class III patients receiving bimaxillay surgery or mandibular setback surgery","volume":"105","author":"Degerliyurt\n K,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Degerliyurt\n K, \n \n Ueki\n K, \n \n Hashiba\n Y, \n \n Marukawa\n K, \n \n Nakagawa\n K, \n \n Yamamoto\n E. \n \n A comparative CT evaluation of pharyngeal airway changes in Class III patients receiving bimaxillay surgery or mandibular setback surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;105:495\u2013502."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"87","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of short- and long-term airway change and stability after orthognathic surgery in patients with Class III skeletal deformities: bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback","volume":"41","author":"Park\n SB,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park\n SB, \n \n Kim\n YI, \n \n Son\n SW, \n \n Hwang\n DS, \n \n Cho\n BH. \n \n Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation of short- and long-term airway change and stability after orthognathic surgery in patients with Class III skeletal deformities: bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;41:87\u201393."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Dynamic upper airway imaging during awake respiration in normal subjects and patients with sleep disordered breathing","volume":"148","author":"Schwab\n RJ,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schwab\n RJ, \n \n Gefter\n WB, \n \n Hoffman\n EA, \n \n Gupta\n KB, \n \n Pack\n AI. \n \n Dynamic upper airway imaging during awake respiration in normal subjects and patients with sleep disordered breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:1385\u2013400."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"727","article-title":"Comparison of primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: role of pharyngeal narrowing ratio and soft palate-tongue contact in awake patient","volume":"266","author":"Koren\n A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koren\n A, \n \n Groselj\n LD, \n \n Fajdiga\n I. \n \n Comparison of primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: role of pharyngeal narrowing ratio and soft palate-tongue contact in awake patient. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;266:727\u2013734."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Respir Med","first-page":"301","article-title":"Computed tomographic evaluation of the role of craniofacial and upper airway morphology in obstructive sleep apnea in Chinese","volume":"98","author":"Lam\n B,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lam\n B, \n \n Ooi\n CG, \n \n Peh\n WC, \n et al. \n Computed tomographic evaluation of the role of craniofacial and upper airway morphology in obstructive sleep apnea in Chinese. Respir Med. 2004;98:301\u2013307."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"730","article-title":"Retropalatal airway characteristics in uvulopalatopharyngoplasty compared with transpalatal advancement pharyngoplasty","volume":"107","author":"Woodson\n BT.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Woodson\n BT. \n \n Retropalatal airway characteristics in uvulopalatopharyngoplasty compared with transpalatal advancement pharyngoplasty. Laryngoscope. 1997;107:730\u2013740."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"J Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"116","article-title":"Velopharyngeal anatomy and maxillary advancement","volume":"7","author":"Schendel\n SA,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Schendel\n SA, \n \n Oeschlager\n M, \n \n Wolford\n LM, \n \n Epker\n BN. \n \n Velopharyngeal anatomy and maxillary advancement. J Maxillofac Surg. 1979;7:116\u2013124."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"335","article-title":"Premature aging of the face after orthognathic surgery","volume":"18","author":"Van der Dussen\n FN,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Van der Dussen\n FN, \n \n Egyedi\n P. \n \n Premature aging of the face after orthognathic surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1990;18:335\u2013337."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"162","article-title":"Correction of dentofacial deformities by surgery in the anterior part of the jaws: A study of stability and soft tissue changes","volume":"64","author":"Bell\n WH,","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bell\n WH, \n \n Dann\n JJ. \n \n Correction of dentofacial deformities by surgery in the anterior part of the jaws: A study of stability and soft tissue changes. Am J Orthod. 1973;64:162\u2013187."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac","first-page":"317","article-title":"Total osteotomy for maxillary setback. Indications, technique, results","volume":"104","author":"Chouet-Girard\n F,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chouet-Girard\n F, \n \n Mercier\n J. \n \n Total osteotomy for maxillary setback. Indications, technique, results. 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