{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:53:16Z","timestamp":1787068396872,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To compare airway volumes and minimum cross-section area changes of Class III patients treated with bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) versus untreated Class III controls.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Twenty-eight consecutive skeletal Class III patients between the ages of 10 and 14 years (mean age, 11.9 years) were treated using Class III intermaxillary elastics and bilateral miniplates (two in the infra-zygomatic crests of the maxilla and two in the anterior mandible). The subjects had cone beam computed tomographs (CBCTs) taken before initial loading (T1) and 1 year out (T2). Twenty-eight untreated Class III patients (mean age, 12.4 years) had CBCTs taken and cephalograms generated. The airway volumes and minimum cross-sectional area measurements were performed using Dolphin Imaging 11.7 3D software. The superior border of the airway was defined by a plane that passes through the posterior nasal spine and basion, while the inferior border included the base of the epiglottis to the lower border of C3.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n From T1 to T2, airway volume from BAMP-treated subjects showed a statistically significant increase (1499.64 mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ). The area in the most constricted section of the airway (choke point) increased slightly (15.44 mm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ). The airway volume of BAMP patients at T2 was 14136.61 mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n , compared with 14432.98 mm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n in untreated Class III subjects. Intraexaminer correlation coefficients values and 95% confidence interval values were all greater than .90, showing a high degree of reliability of the measurements.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n BAMP treatment did not hinder the development of the oropharynx.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/041614-282.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,23]],"date-time":"2014-09-23T08:28:49Z","timestamp":1411460929000},"page":"591-596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Effect of Class III bone anchor treatment on airway"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Tung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"De Clerck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adjunct Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC."},{"name":"Private practice, Brussels, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental student, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"304","article-title":"Treatment effect of combined maxillary protraction and chincap appliance in severe skeletal Class III cases","volume":"92","author":"Ishii\n H,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ishii\n H, \n \n Morita\n S, \n \n Takeuchi\n Y, \n et al. \n Treatment effect of combined maxillary protraction and chincap appliance in severe skeletal Class III cases. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;92:304\u2013312."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Int Dent J","first-page":"505","article-title":"A survey of handicapping dentofacial anomalies among Chinese in Hong Kong","volume":"14","author":"Allwright\n WC,","year":"1964","unstructured":"Allwright\n WC, \n \n Burndred\n WH. \n \n A survey of handicapping dentofacial anomalies among Chinese in Hong Kong. Int Dent J. 1964;14:505\u2013519."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"88","article-title":"The effects of maxillary protraction and its long-term stability\u2014a clinical trial in Chinese adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Chen\n L,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen\n L, \n \n Chen\n R, \n \n Yang\n Y, \n \n Ji\n G, \n \n Shen\n G. \n \n The effects of maxillary protraction and its long-term stability\u2014a clinical trial in Chinese adolescents. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:88\u201395."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"577","article-title":"Dentofacial effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction: a controlled study on consecutively treated Class III patients","volume":"138","author":"De Clerck\n H,","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Clerck\n H, \n \n Cevidanes\n L, \n \n Baccetti\n T. \n \n Dentofacial effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction: a controlled study on consecutively treated Class III patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:577\u2013581."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"25","article-title":"Mandibular and glenoid fossa changes in 3D following bone anchored Class III intermaxillary traction","volume":"142","author":"De Clerck\n HJ,","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Clerck\n HJ, \n \n Nguyen\n T, \n \n Leonardo K\n de Paula\n \n \n Cevidanes\n LHS. \n \n Mandibular and glenoid fossa changes in 3D following bone anchored Class III intermaxillary traction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142:25\u201331."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"329","article-title":"Use of shape correspondence analysis to quantify skeletal changes associated with bone-anchored Class III correction","volume":"84","author":"Nguyen\n T,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nguyen\n T, \n \n Cevidanes\n L, \n \n Paniagua\n B, \n \n Zhu\n H, \n \n de Paula\n L, \n \n De Clerck\n H. \n \n Use of shape correspondence analysis to quantify skeletal changes associated with bone-anchored Class III correction. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:329\u2013336."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"509","article-title":"Predicting the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery","volume":"63","author":"Chen\n F,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen\n F, \n \n Terada\n K, \n \n Hua\n Y, \n \n Saito\n I. \n \n Predicting the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery. 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Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40:1227\u20131237."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"696","article-title":"Automated 3-dimensional airway analysis from cone-beam computed tomography data","volume":"68","author":"Schendel\n SA,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schendel\n SA, \n \n Hatcher\n D. \n \n Automated 3-dimensional airway analysis from cone-beam computed tomography data. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:696\u2013701."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2424","article-title":"A 3-dimensional airway analysis of an obstructive sleep apnea surgical correction with cone beam computed tomography","volume":"69","author":"El\n AS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"El\n AS, \n \n El\n H, \n \n Palomo\n JM, \n \n Baur\n DA. \n \n A 3-dimensional airway analysis of an obstructive sleep apnea surgical correction with cone beam computed tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:2424\u20132436."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol","first-page":"373","article-title":"Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography incidental findings between patients with moderate\/severe obstructive sleep apnea and mild obstructive sleep apnea\/healthy patients","volume":"114","author":"Enciso\n R,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Enciso\n R, \n \n Shigeta\n Y, \n \n Nguyen\n M, \n \n Clark\n G. \n \n Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography incidental findings between patients with moderate\/severe obstructive sleep apnea and mild obstructive sleep apnea\/healthy patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;114:373\u2013381."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis","first-page":"221","article-title":"Computerized tomography in obstructive sleep apnea: correlation of airway size with physiology during sleep and wakefulness","volume":"127","author":"Haponik\n EF,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Haponik\n EF, \n \n Smith\n PL, \n \n Bohlman\n ME, \n \n Allen\n RP, \n \n Goldman\n SM, \n \n Bleecker\n ER. \n \n Computerized tomography in obstructive sleep apnea: correlation of airway size with physiology during sleep and wakefulness. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;127:221\u2013226."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Acta Otolaryngol","first-page":"527","article-title":"Upper airway changes in severe obstructive sleep apnea: upper airway length and volumetric analyses using 3D MDCT","volume":"131","author":"Kim\n EJ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim\n EJ, \n \n Choi\n JH, \n \n Kim\n YS, \n et al. \n Upper airway changes in severe obstructive sleep apnea: upper airway length and volumetric analyses using 3D MDCT. Acta Otolaryngol. 2011;131:527\u2013532."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"136","article-title":"Evidence for dental and dental specialty treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea. Part 1: the adult OSA patient and part 2: the paediatric and adolescent patient","volume":"38","author":"Conley\n RS.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Conley\n RS. \n \n Evidence for dental and dental specialty treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea. Part 1: the adult OSA patient and part 2: the paediatric and adolescent patient. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38:136\u2013156."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc","first-page":"242","article-title":"Epidemiology of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"5","author":"Lumeng\n JC,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lumeng\n JC, \n \n Chervin\n RD. \n \n Epidemiology of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:242\u2013252."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction oncraniofacial structures and upper-airway dimension","volume":"72","author":"Hiyama\n S,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hiyama\n S, \n \n Suda\n N, \n \n Ishii-Suzuki\n M, \n et al. \n Effects of maxillary protraction oncraniofacial structures and upper-airway dimension. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:43\u201347."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"660","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction and fixed appliance therapy on the pharyngeal airway","volume":"79","author":"Kaygisiz\n E,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaygisiz\n E, \n \n Tuncer\n BB, \n \n Yuksel\n S, \n \n Tuncer\n C, \n \n Yildiz\n C. \n \n Effects of maxillary protraction and fixed appliance therapy on the pharyngeal airway. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:660\u2013667."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"346","article-title":"Treatment and post-treatment effects of facemask therapy on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions in Class III subjects","volume":"32","author":"Baccetti\n T,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baccetti\n T, \n \n Franchi\n L, \n \n Mucedero\n M, \n \n Cozza\n P. \n \n Treatment and post-treatment effects of facemask therapy on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions in Class III subjects. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32:346\u2013350."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"777","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction with or without expansion on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions in Class III subjects","volume":"135","author":"Mucedero\n M,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mucedero\n M, \n \n Baccetti\n T, \n \n Franchi\n L, \n \n Cozza\n P. \n \n Effects of maxillary protraction with or without expansion on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions in Class III subjects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:777\u2013781."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"110","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway dimensions after chin cup treatment in Class III malocclusion subjects","volume":"36","author":"Tuncer\n BB,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tuncer\n BB, \n \n Kaygisiz\n E, \n \n Tuncer\n C, \n \n Y\u00fcksel\n S. \n \n Pharyngeal airway dimensions after chin cup treatment in Class III malocclusion subjects. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36:110\u2013117."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"96","article-title":"An analysis of different approaches to the assessment of upper airway morphology: a CBCT study","volume":"13","author":"Lenza\n MG,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lenza\n MG, \n \n Lenza\n MM, \n \n Dalstra\n M, \n \n Melsen\n B, \n \n Cattaneo\n PM. \n \n An analysis of different approaches to the assessment of upper airway morphology: a CBCT study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2010;13:96\u2013105."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"468","article-title":"Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"135","author":"Aboudara\n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aboudara\n C, \n \n Nielsen\n I, \n \n Huang\n JC, \n \n Maki\n K, \n \n Miller\n AJ, \n \n Hatcher\n D. \n \n Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:468\u2013479."},{"key":"r24","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"e385","article-title":"Comparison of pharyngeal airway changes on plain radiography and cone-beam computed tomography after orthognathic surgery","volume":"69","author":"Sears\n CR,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sears\n CR, \n \n Miller\n AJ, \n \n Chang\n MK, \n \n Huang\n JC, \n \n Lee\n JS. \n \n Comparison of pharyngeal airway changes on plain radiography and cone-beam computed tomography after orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:e385\u2013e394."},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"790","article-title":"3D assessment of maxillary changes associated with bone anchored maxillary protraction","volume":"140","author":"Nguyen\n T,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nguyen\n T, \n \n Cevidanes\n LHS, \n \n Cornelius\n MA, \n \n Heymann\n G, \n \n Leonardo K\n de Paula\n \n \n De Clerck\n HJ. \n \n 3D assessment of maxillary changes associated with bone anchored maxillary protraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:790\u2013798."},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"184","article-title":"Sagittal airway dimensions following maxillary protraction: a pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Say\u0131nsu\n K,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Say\u0131nsu\n K, \n \n Isik\n F, \n \n Arun\n T. \n \n Sagittal airway dimensions following maxillary protraction: a pilot study. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28:184\u2013189."},{"key":"r27","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"701","article-title":"Three-dimensional alterations in pharyngeal airway and maxillary sinus volumes in Class III maxillary deficiency subjects undergoing orthopedic facemask treatment","volume":"84","author":"Pamporakis\n P,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pamporakis\n P, \n \n Nevzato\u011flu\n S, \n \n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckkele\u015f\n N. \n \n Three-dimensional alterations in pharyngeal airway and maxillary sinus volumes in Class III maxillary deficiency subjects undergoing orthopedic facemask treatment. 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Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:2624\u20132629."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"304","article-title":"Treatment effect of combined maxillary protraction and chincap appliance in severe skeletal Class III cases","volume":"92","author":"Ishii\n H,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ishii\n H, \n \n Morita\n S, \n \n Takeuchi\n Y, \n et al. \n Treatment effect of combined maxillary protraction and chincap appliance in severe skeletal Class III cases. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;92:304\u2013312."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Int Dent J","first-page":"505","article-title":"A survey of handicapping dentofacial anomalies among Chinese in Hong Kong","volume":"14","author":"Allwright\n WC,","year":"1964","unstructured":"Allwright\n WC, \n \n Burndred\n WH. \n \n A survey of handicapping dentofacial anomalies among Chinese in Hong Kong. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:577\u2013581."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"25","article-title":"Mandibular and glenoid fossa changes in 3D following bone anchored Class III intermaxillary traction","volume":"142","author":"De Clerck\n HJ,","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Clerck\n HJ, \n \n Nguyen\n T, \n \n Leonardo K\n de Paula\n \n \n Cevidanes\n LHS. \n \n Mandibular and glenoid fossa changes in 3D following bone anchored Class III intermaxillary traction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142:25\u201331."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"329","article-title":"Use of shape correspondence analysis to quantify skeletal changes associated with bone-anchored Class III correction","volume":"84","author":"Nguyen\n T,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nguyen\n T, \n \n Cevidanes\n L, \n \n Paniagua\n B, \n \n Zhu\n H, \n \n de Paula\n L, \n \n De Clerck\n H. \n \n Use of shape correspondence analysis to quantify skeletal changes associated with bone-anchored Class III correction. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:329\u2013336."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"509","article-title":"Predicting the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery","volume":"63","author":"Chen\n F,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen\n F, \n \n Terada\n K, \n \n Hua\n Y, \n \n Saito\n I. \n \n Predicting the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery. 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Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40:1227\u20131237."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"696","article-title":"Automated 3-dimensional airway analysis from cone-beam computed tomography data","volume":"68","author":"Schendel\n SA,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schendel\n SA, \n \n Hatcher\n D. \n \n Automated 3-dimensional airway analysis from cone-beam computed tomography data. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:696\u2013701."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"2424","article-title":"A 3-dimensional airway analysis of an obstructive sleep apnea surgical correction with cone beam computed tomography","volume":"69","author":"El\n AS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"El\n AS, \n \n El\n H, \n \n Palomo\n JM, \n \n Baur\n DA. \n \n A 3-dimensional airway analysis of an obstructive sleep apnea surgical correction with cone beam computed tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:2424\u20132436."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol","first-page":"373","article-title":"Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography incidental findings between patients with moderate\/severe obstructive sleep apnea and mild obstructive sleep apnea\/healthy patients","volume":"114","author":"Enciso\n R,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Enciso\n R, \n \n Shigeta\n Y, \n \n Nguyen\n M, \n \n Clark\n G. \n \n Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography incidental findings between patients with moderate\/severe obstructive sleep apnea and mild obstructive sleep apnea\/healthy patients. 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Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;127:221\u2013226."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Acta Otolaryngol","first-page":"527","article-title":"Upper airway changes in severe obstructive sleep apnea: upper airway length and volumetric analyses using 3D MDCT","volume":"131","author":"Kim\n EJ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim\n EJ, \n \n Choi\n JH, \n \n Kim\n YS, \n et al. \n Upper airway changes in severe obstructive sleep apnea: upper airway length and volumetric analyses using 3D MDCT. Acta Otolaryngol. 2011;131:527\u2013532."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"136","article-title":"Evidence for dental and dental specialty treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea. Part 1: the adult OSA patient and part 2: the paediatric and adolescent patient","volume":"38","author":"Conley\n RS.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Conley\n RS. \n \n Evidence for dental and dental specialty treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea. 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