{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:36:29Z","timestamp":1785198989297,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate possible differences in skeletal asymmetry between patients with skeletal Class I and skeletal Class II relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were examined from 70 consecutive patients who presented for orthodontic care and fit the inclusion criteria. Asymmetry was quantified using an asymmetry index developed by Katsumata et al. Anatomic landmarks were defined and reference planes were established to determine the asymmetry of the landmarks using a constructed coordinate plane system. Thirty randomly selected patients were reanalyzed to assess the reliability of the method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Statistical analysis did not find any significant relationship between asymmetry and A-P skeletal relationship for any of the landmarks. Asymmetry index scores were reproducible within a certain range of agreement for each landmark.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on this study, the discrepant jaw growth resulting in a Class II skeletal pattern results in no more skeletal asymmetry than Class I skeletal patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/041711-271.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,6]],"date-time":"2011-10-06T11:34:54Z","timestamp":1317900894000},"page":"410-417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Asymmetry assessment using cone beam CT"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Matthew M.","family":"Sievers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Cambridge, Owatonna, and Faribault, Minn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent E.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor and Director, Division of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe R.","family":"Gaillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Wey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Associate, Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b01","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"212","article-title":"3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry.","volume":"99","author":"Katsumata, A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Katsumata, A., M.Fujishita, M.Maeda, Y.Ariji, E.Ariji, and R. P.Langlais. 3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2005. 99:212\u2013220."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"57","article-title":"Class II subdivision malocclusion types and evaluation of their asymmetries.","volume":"131","author":"Janson, G.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Janson, G., K. J.de Lima, D. G.Woodside, A.Metaxas, M. R.de Freitas, and J. F.Henriques. Class II subdivision malocclusion types and evaluation of their asymmetries.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2007. 131:57\u201366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"38","article-title":"Facial and dental arch asymmetries in class II subdivision malocclusion.","volume":"93","author":"Alavi, D. G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Alavi, D. G., E. A.BeGole, and B. J.Schneider. Facial and dental arch asymmetries in class II subdivision malocclusion.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1988. 93:38\u201346."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b04","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"97","article-title":"A computerized photographic assessment of the relationship between skeletal discrepancy and mandibular outline asymmetry.","volume":"28","author":"Good, S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Good, S., R.Edler, D.Wertheim, and D.Greenhill. A computerized photographic assessment of the relationship between skeletal discrepancy and mandibular outline asymmetry.Eur J Orthod2006. 28:97\u2013102."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b05","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"171","article-title":"The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina.","volume":"12","author":"Severt, T. R.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Severt, T. R. and W. R.Proffit. The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina.Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg1997. 12:171\u2013176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b06","series-title":"Phys Med Biol","first-page":"R23","article-title":"Imaging modalities in x-ray computerized tomography and in selected volume tomography.","volume":"44","author":"Carlson, C. A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carlson, C. A.\n          \n          Imaging modalities in x-ray computerized tomography and in selected volume tomography.\n          Phys Med Biol\n          1999. 44:R23\u201356."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"857","article-title":"A 3-dimensional method for analyzing the morphology of patients with maxillofacial deformities.","volume":"136","author":"Terajima, M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Terajima, M., A.Nakasima, Y.Aoki, et al. A 3-dimensional method for analyzing the morphology of patients with maxillofacial deformities.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2009. 136:857\u2013867."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b08","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"33","article-title":"Asymmetry of the cranio-facial skeleton.","volume":"7","author":"Cook, J. T.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cook, J. T.\n          \n          Asymmetry of the cranio-facial skeleton.\n          Br J Orthod\n          1980. 7:33\u201338."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b09","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"256","article-title":"Observer reliability of three-dimensional cephalometric landmark identification on cone-beam computerized tomography.","volume":"107","author":"de Oliveira, A. E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Oliveira, A. E., L. H.Cevidanes, C.Phillips, A.Motta, B.Burke, and D.Tyndall. Observer reliability of three-dimensional cephalometric landmark identification on cone-beam computerized tomography.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2009. 107:256\u2013265."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"312.e1","article-title":"Precision of cephalometric landmark identification: Cone-beam computed tomography vs conventional cephalometric views.","volume":"136","author":"Ludlow, J. B.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ludlow, J. B., M.Gubler, L.Cevidanes, and A.Mol. Precision of cephalometric landmark identification: Cone-beam computed tomography vs conventional cephalometric views.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2009. 136:312.e1\u201310. ; discussion 312\u2013313."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b11","series-title":"J Oral Surg (Chic)","first-page":"185","article-title":"Cephalometric roentgenology; history, technics and uses.","volume":"7","author":"Brodie, A. G.","year":"1949","unstructured":"Brodie, A. G.\n          \n          Cephalometric roentgenology; history, technics and uses.\n          J Oral Surg (Chic)\n          1949. 7:185\u2013198."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b12","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"262","article-title":"Comparison of reliability in anatomical landmark identification using two-dimensional digital cephalometrics and three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography in vivo.","volume":"38","author":"Chien, P. C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chien, P. C., E. T.Parks, F.Eraso, J. K.Hartsfield, W. E.Roberts, and S.Ofner. Comparison of reliability in anatomical landmark identification using two-dimensional digital cephalometrics and three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography in vivo.Dentomaxillofac Radiol2009. 38:262\u2013273."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"169","article-title":"Limitations of roentgenographic cephalometrics.","volume":"50","author":"Salzmann, J. A.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Salzmann, J. A.\n          \n          Limitations of roentgenographic cephalometrics.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1964. 50:169\u2013188."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"460","article-title":"Working with DICOM craniofacial images.","volume":"136","author":"Grauer, D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grauer, D., L. S.Cevidanes, and W. R.Proffit. Working with DICOM craniofacial images.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2009. 136:460\u2013470."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"387","article-title":"Linear accuracy and reliability of cone beam CT derived 3-dimensional images constructed using an orthodontic volumetric rendering program.","volume":"78","author":"Periago, D. R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Periago, D. R., W. C.Scarfe, M.Moshiri, J. P.Scheetz, A. M.Silveira, and A. G.Farman. Linear accuracy and reliability of cone beam CT derived 3-dimensional images constructed using an orthodontic volumetric rendering program.Angle Orthod2008. 78:387\u2013395."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"16.e1","article-title":"Accuracy of linear measurements from cone-beam computed tomography-derived surface models of different voxel sizes.","volume":"137","author":"Damstra, J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Damstra, J., Z.Fourie, J. J.Huddleston Slater, and Y.Ren. Accuracy of linear measurements from cone-beam computed tomography-derived surface models of different voxel sizes.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2010. 137:16.e1\u20136. ; discussion 16\u201317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b17","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"111","article-title":"Comparison of the reliability of craniofacial anatomic landmarks based on cephalometric radiographs and three-dimensional CT scans.","volume":"34","author":"Kragskov, J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kragskov, J., C.Bosch, C.Gyldensted, and S.Sindet-Pedersen. Comparison of the reliability of craniofacial anatomic landmarks based on cephalometric radiographs and three-dimensional CT scans.Cleft Palate Craniofac J1997. 34:111\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b18","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"113","article-title":"Capturing data from three-dimensional surfaces using fuzzy landmarks.","volume":"107","author":"Valeri, C. 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Accuracy of linear temporomandibular joint measurements with cone beam computed tomography and digital cephalometric radiography.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2005. 128:803\u2013811."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b22","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"534","article-title":"Accuracy of measurements of mandibular anatomy in cone beam computed tomography images.","volume":"103","author":"Ludlow, J. B.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ludlow, J. B., W. S.Laster, M.See, L. J.Bailey, and H. G.Hershey. Accuracy of measurements of mandibular anatomy in cone beam computed tomography images.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2007. 103:534\u2013542."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b23","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"410","article-title":"Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements using cone-beam CT.","volume":"35","author":"Pinsky, H. M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pinsky, H. M., S.Dyda, R. W.Pinsky, K. A.Misch, and D. P.Sarment. Accuracy of three-dimensional measurements using cone-beam CT.Dentomaxillofac Radiol2006. 35:410\u2013416."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b24","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"217","article-title":"Precision, repeatability, and validation of the localization of cranial landmarks using computed tomography scans.","volume":"32","author":"Richtsmeier, J. T.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Richtsmeier, J. T., C. H.Paik, P. C.Elfert, T. M.ColeIII, and H. R.Dahlman. Precision, repeatability, and validation of the localization of cranial landmarks using computed tomography scans.Cleft Palate Craniofac J1995. 32:217\u2013227."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b25","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"494","article-title":"Comparison of mandibular landmarks from computed tomography and 3D digitizer data.","volume":"16","author":"Williams, F. L.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Williams, F. L. and J. T.Richtsmeier. Comparison of mandibular landmarks from computed tomography and 3D digitizer data.Clin Anat2003. 16:494\u2013500."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b26","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"307","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.","author":"Bland, J. M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bland, J. M. and D. G.Altman. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.Lancet1986. 307\u2013310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b01","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"212","article-title":"3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry.","volume":"99","author":"Katsumata, A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Katsumata, A., M.Fujishita, M.Maeda, Y.Ariji, E.Ariji, and R. P.Langlais. 3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2005. 99:212\u2013220."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"57","article-title":"Class II subdivision malocclusion types and evaluation of their asymmetries.","volume":"131","author":"Janson, G.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Janson, G., K. J.de Lima, D. G.Woodside, A.Metaxas, M. R.de Freitas, and J. F.Henriques. Class II subdivision malocclusion types and evaluation of their asymmetries.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2007. 131:57\u201366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"38","article-title":"Facial and dental arch asymmetries in class II subdivision malocclusion.","volume":"93","author":"Alavi, D. G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Alavi, D. G., E. A.BeGole, and B. J.Schneider. 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The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina.Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg1997. 12:171\u2013176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b06","series-title":"Phys Med Biol","first-page":"R23","article-title":"Imaging modalities in x-ray computerized tomography and in selected volume tomography.","volume":"44","author":"Carlson, C. A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carlson, C. A.\n          \n          Imaging modalities in x-ray computerized tomography and in selected volume tomography.\n          Phys Med Biol\n          1999. 44:R23\u201356."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"857","article-title":"A 3-dimensional method for analyzing the morphology of patients with maxillofacial deformities.","volume":"136","author":"Terajima, M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Terajima, M., A.Nakasima, Y.Aoki, et al. A 3-dimensional method for analyzing the morphology of patients with maxillofacial deformities.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2009. 136:857\u2013867."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b08","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"33","article-title":"Asymmetry of the cranio-facial skeleton.","volume":"7","author":"Cook, J. T.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cook, J. T.\n          \n          Asymmetry of the cranio-facial skeleton.\n          Br J Orthod\n          1980. 7:33\u201338."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b09","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"256","article-title":"Observer reliability of three-dimensional cephalometric landmark identification on cone-beam computerized tomography.","volume":"107","author":"de Oliveira, A. E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Oliveira, A. E., L. H.Cevidanes, C.Phillips, A.Motta, B.Burke, and D.Tyndall. 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Accuracy of linear measurements from cone-beam computed tomography-derived surface models of different voxel sizes.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2010. 137:16.e1\u20136. ; discussion 16\u201317."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b17","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"111","article-title":"Comparison of the reliability of craniofacial anatomic landmarks based on cephalometric radiographs and three-dimensional CT scans.","volume":"34","author":"Kragskov, J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kragskov, J., C.Bosch, C.Gyldensted, and S.Sindet-Pedersen. Comparison of the reliability of craniofacial anatomic landmarks based on cephalometric radiographs and three-dimensional CT scans.Cleft Palate Craniofac J1997. 34:111\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b18","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"113","article-title":"Capturing data from three-dimensional surfaces using fuzzy landmarks.","volume":"107","author":"Valeri, C. 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A.Will. Accuracy and reliability of linear cephalometric measurements from cone-beam computed tomography scans of a dry human skull.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2009. 136:17.e1\u20139. ; discussion 17\u201318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-3-410-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"803","article-title":"Accuracy of linear temporomandibular joint measurements with cone beam computed tomography and digital cephalometric radiography.","volume":"128","author":"Hilgers, M. L.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hilgers, M. L., W. C.Scarfe, J. P.Scheetz, and A. G.Farman. 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