{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:22:41Z","timestamp":1780482161077,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with steel-ligated conventional brackets and self-ligating brackets on halitosis and periodontal health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Sixty patients, at the permanent dentition stage aged 12 to 18 years, who had Angle Class I malocclusion with mild-to-moderate crowding were randomly selected. Inclusion criteria were nonsmokers, without systematic disease, and no use of antibiotics and oral mouth rinses during the 2-month period before the study. The patients were subdivided into three groups randomly: the group treated with conventional brackets (group 1, n \u200a=\u200a 20) ligated with steel ligature wires, the group treated with self-ligating brackets (group 2, n \u200a=\u200a 20), and the control group (group 3, n \u200a=\u200a 20). The periodontal records were obtained 1 week before bonding (T1), immediately before bonding (T2), 1 week after bonding (T3), 4 weeks after bonding (T4), and 8 weeks after bonding (T5). Measurements of the control group were repeated within the same periods. The volatile sulfur components determining halitosis were measured with the Halimeter at T2, T3, T4, and T5. A two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the groups statistically.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n No statistically significant group \u00d7 time interactions were found for plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and halitosis, which means three independent groups change like each other by time. The risk of tongue coating index (TCI) being 2 was 10.2 times higher at T1 than at T5 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). Therefore, the probability of higher TCI was decreased by time in all groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n The self-ligating brackets do not have an advantage over conventional brackets with respect to periodontal status and halitosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/041714-289.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T11:56:01Z","timestamp":1407412561000},"page":"468-473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Effects of self-ligating and conventional brackets on halitosis and periodontal conditions"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Emine","family":"Kaygisiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma Deniz","family":"Uzuner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sema","family":"Yuksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levent","family":"Taner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"\u00c7ulhao\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Sezgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ba\u015fkent University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Ate\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistician, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice","author":"Newman\n MG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Newman\n MG\n , van WinkelhofAJ. \n Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice. 2nd ed. London, UK: Quintessence; 2000."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"384","article-title":"Evaluation of oral malodor in children","volume":"106","author":"Nal\u00e7aci\n R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nal\u00e7aci\n R\n , S\u00f6nmezIS. \n Evaluation of oral malodor in children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106:384\u2013388."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of the treatment strategies for oral malodour","volume":"6","author":"Quirynen\n M,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Quirynen\n M, \n \n Zhao\n H\n , van SteenbergheD. \n Review of the treatment strategies for oral malodour. Clin Oral Investig. 2002;6:1\u201310."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"13","article-title":"Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis","volume":"48","author":"Tonzetich\n J","year":"1977","unstructured":"Tonzetich\n J\n . \n Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. J Periodontol. 1977;48:13\u201320."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol","first-page":"378","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan in periodontal pockets","volume":"7","author":"Persson\n S","year":"1992","unstructured":"Persson\n S\n . \n Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan in periodontal pockets. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1992;7:378\u2013379."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"1384","article-title":"Assessing the contribution of anaerobic microflora of the tongue to oral malodor","volume":"126","author":"De Boever\n EH","year":"1995","unstructured":"De Boever\n EH\n , LoescheWJ. \n Assessing the contribution of anaerobic microflora of the tongue to oral malodor. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995;126:1384\u20131393."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal","first-page":"924","article-title":"Effect of orthodontic treatment on saliva, plaque and the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus","volume":"15","author":"Lara-Carrillo\n E,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lara-Carrillo\n E, \n \n Montiel-Bastida\n NM, \n \n S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez\n L\n , Alan\u00eds-TaviraJ. \n Effect of orthodontic treatment on saliva, plaque and the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15:924\u2013929."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"426.e1","article-title":"Plaque retention by self-ligating vs elastomeric orthodontic brackets: quantitative comparison of oral bacteria and detection with adenosine triphosphate-driven bioluminescence","volume":"135","author":"Pellegrini\n P,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pellegrini\n P, \n \n Sauerwein\n R, \n \n Finlayson\n T, \n et al\n . Plaque retention by self-ligating vs elastomeric orthodontic brackets: quantitative comparison of oral bacteria and detection with adenosine triphosphate-driven bioluminescence. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:426.e1\u2013e9."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Scand J Dent Res","first-page":"211","article-title":"Effect of orthodontic treatment on prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in plaque and saliva","volume":"92","author":"Scheie\n AA,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Scheie\n AA, \n \n Arneberg\n P\n , KrosgstadAO. \n Effect of orthodontic treatment on prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in plaque and saliva. Scand J Dent Res. 1984;92:211\u2013217."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"211","article-title":"Periodontal condition of the mandibular anterior dentition in patients with conventional and self-ligating brackets","volume":"11","author":"Pandis\n N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pandis\n N, \n \n Vlachopoulos\n K, \n \n Polychronopoulou\n A, \n \n Madianos\n P\n , EliadesT. \n Periodontal condition of the mandibular anterior dentition in patients with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11:211\u2013215."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"351","article-title":"Effect of fixed appliances on oral malodor","volume":"139","author":"Babacan\n H,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Babacan\n H, \n \n Sokucu\n O, \n \n Marakoglu\n I, \n \n Ozdemir\n H\n , NalcaciR. \n Effect of fixed appliances on oral malodor. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:351\u2013355."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"479","article-title":"Effect of bracket type on halitosis, periodontal status, and microbial colonization","volume":"84","author":"Nal\u00e7ac\u0131\n R,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nal\u00e7ac\u0131\n R, \n \n Ozat\n Y, \n \n Cokako\u011flu\n S, \n \n T\u00fcrkkahraman\n H, \n \n Onal\n S\n , KayaS. \n Effect of bracket type on halitosis, periodontal status, and microbial colonization. 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Lesion development","volume":"94","author":"Qgaard\n B,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Qgaard\n B, \n \n Rolla\n G\n , ArendsJ. \n Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development. Am J Orthod. 1998;94:68\u201373."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"964","article-title":"Clinical reliability of non-organoleptic oral malodour measurements","volume":"36","author":"Vandekerckhove\n B,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vandekerckhove\n B, \n \n Van den Velde\n S, \n \n De Smit\n M, \n et al\n . Clinical reliability of non-organoleptic oral malodour measurements. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36:964\u2013969."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"231","article-title":"Archwire ligation techniques, microbial colonization, and periodontal status in orthodontically treated patients","volume":"75","author":"T\u00fcrkkahraman\n H,","year":"2005","unstructured":"T\u00fcrkkahraman\n H, \n \n Say\u0131n\n O, \n \n Bozkurt\n Y, \n \n Yetkin\n Z, \n \n Kaya\n S\n , OnalS. \n Archwire ligation techniques, microbial colonization, and periodontal status in orthodontically treated patients. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:231\u2013236."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"2806","article-title":"Relationship between oral malodor and the global composition of indigenous bacterial populations in saliva","volume":"76","author":"Takeshita\n T,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Takeshita\n T, \n \n Suzuki\n N, \n \n Nakano\n Y, \n et al\n . 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J Periodontol. 1995;66:679\u2013684."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"233","article-title":"Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease","volume":"27","author":"Yaegaki\n K","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yaegaki\n K\n , SanadaK. \n Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res. 1992;27:233\u2013238."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Horm Behav","first-page":"13","article-title":"Communication of gender from human breath odors: relationship to perceived intensity and pleasantness","volume":"16","author":"Doty\n RL,","year":"1982","unstructured":"Doty\n RL, \n \n Green\n PA, \n \n Ram\n C\n , YankelSL. \n Communication of gender from human breath odors: relationship to perceived intensity and pleasantness. 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Int Dent J. 2002;52(suppl 3):181\u2013186."},{"key":"r24","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"285","article-title":"Detection of odorous compounds in breath","volume":"88","author":"Van den Velde\n S,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van den Velde\n S, \n \n van Steenberghe\n D, \n \n Van Hee\n P\n , QuirynenM. \n Detection of odorous compounds in breath. J Dent Res. 2009;88:285\u2013289."},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"94","article-title":"Salivary Streptococcus mutans levels in patients with conventional and self-ligating brackets","volume":"32","author":"Pandis\n N,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pandis\n N, \n \n Papaioannou\n W, \n \n Kontou\n E, \n \n Nakou\n M, \n \n Makou\n M\n , EliadesT. \n Salivary Streptococcus mutans levels in patients with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32:94\u201399."},{"key":"r26","series-title":"J Dent Educ","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Intentional use of the Hawthorne effect to improve oral hygiene compliance in orthodontic patients","volume":"66","author":"Feil\n PH,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Feil\n PH, \n \n Grauer\n JS, \n \n Gadbury-Amyot\n CC, \n \n Kula\n K\n , McCunniffMD. \n Intentional use of the Hawthorne effect to improve oral hygiene compliance in orthodontic patients. J Dent Educ. 2002;66:1129\u20131135."},{"key":"r27","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Effect of tongue scraping","volume":"73","author":"Menon\n MV","year":"1994","unstructured":"Menon\n MV\n , CoykendallAL. \n Effect of tongue scraping. J Dent Res. 1994;73:1492."},{"key":"r28","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"506","article-title":"Impact of tongue cleansers on coating, microbial load and taste sensation in periodontitis free subjects","volume":"31","author":"Quirynen\n M,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Quirynen\n M, \n \n Avontroodt\n P, \n \n Soers\n C, \n \n Zhao\n H, \n \n Pauwels\n M\n , van SteenbergheD. \n Impact of tongue cleansers on coating, microbial load and taste sensation in periodontitis free subjects. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31:506\u2013510."},{"key":"r29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e147","article-title":"Effect of a self-etching adhesive containing an antibacterial monomer on clinical periodontal parameters and subgingival microbiologic composition in orthodontic patients","volume":"140","author":"Amasyal\u0131\n M,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amasyal\u0131\n M, \n \n Enhos\n S, \n \n Uysal\n T, \n \n Saygun\n I, \n \n Kilic\n A\n , BedirO. \n Effect of a self-etching adhesive containing an antibacterial monomer on clinical periodontal parameters and subgingival microbiologic composition in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:e147\u2013e153."},{"key":"r30","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"475","article-title":"Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study","volume":"23","author":"Sukontapatipark\n W,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sukontapatipark\n W, \n \n El-Agroudi\n M, \n \n Selliseth\n NJ, \n \n Thunold\n K\n , SelvigKA. \n Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23:475\u2013484."},{"key":"r31","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"157","article-title":"The effect of oral health education on dental plaque development and the level of caries-related Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp","volume":"29","author":"Smiech-Slomkowska\n G","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smiech-Slomkowska\n G\n , Jablonska-ZrobekJ. \n The effect of oral health education on dental plaque development and the level of caries-related Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:157\u2013160."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice","author":"Newman\n MG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Newman\n MG\n , van WinkelhofAJ. \n Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice. 2nd ed. London, UK: Quintessence; 2000."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"384","article-title":"Evaluation of oral malodor in children","volume":"106","author":"Nal\u00e7aci\n R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nal\u00e7aci\n R\n , S\u00f6nmezIS. \n Evaluation of oral malodor in children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106:384\u2013388."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of the treatment strategies for oral malodour","volume":"6","author":"Quirynen\n M,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Quirynen\n M, \n \n Zhao\n H\n , van SteenbergheD. \n Review of the treatment strategies for oral malodour. 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Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15:924\u2013929."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"426.e1","article-title":"Plaque retention by self-ligating vs elastomeric orthodontic brackets: quantitative comparison of oral bacteria and detection with adenosine triphosphate-driven bioluminescence","volume":"135","author":"Pellegrini\n P,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pellegrini\n P, \n \n Sauerwein\n R, \n \n Finlayson\n T, \n et al\n . Plaque retention by self-ligating vs elastomeric orthodontic brackets: quantitative comparison of oral bacteria and detection with adenosine triphosphate-driven bioluminescence. 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