{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T05:57:15Z","timestamp":1789797435315,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Objective: <\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>(1) To report the thickness of the cortical bone in insertion sites commonly used for orthodontic mini-implants, (2) to assess the impact of a change in insertion angle on primary cortical bone-to-implant contact, and (3) to evaluate the risk of maxillary sinus perforation.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Materials and Methods: <\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>At autopsy, 27 human samples containing three to five adjacent teeth were excised and scanned using a table-top micro-computed tomography system. Bone thickness measurements were taken at 45\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 to the long the axis of the adjacent teeth, simulating a mini-implant insertion at the mid-root level.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Results: <\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>In the maxilla, the overall mean cortical thickness at 90\u00b0 was 0.7\u00a0mm buccally in the lateral region, 1.0\u00a0mm buccally in the anterior region, and 1.3\u00a0mm palatally. In the mandible, the mean cortical thickness was 0.7\u00a0mm buccally and 1.8\u00a0mm lingually in the anterior region; 1.9\u00a0mm buccally and 2.6\u00a0mm lingually in the lateral region. Changing the insertion angle from 90\u00b0 to 45\u00b0 increased the cortical bone-to-implant contact by an average of 47%. Perpendicular insertion at the mid-root level only rarely interfered with the sinus, whereas apically inclined insertion increased the risk of sinus perforation.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Conclusions: <\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Buccally and palatally in the maxilla and buccally in the anterior mandible, the thickness of the alveolar cortical bone is often less than 1\u00a0mm. In contrast, the alveolar cortical bone is frequently thicker than 2\u00a0mm laterally in the mandible. Changing the insertion angle to 45\u00b0 will generally enhance implant stability but increase the risk of perforation to the maxillary sinus.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/042512-344.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]],"date-time":"2012-08-27T12:12:35Z","timestamp":1346069555000},"page":"222-229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["An evaluation of insertion sites for mini-implants"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Morten G.","family":"Laursen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus University, Denmark. Private practice, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birte","family":"Melsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Department Chair, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus University, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo M.","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus University, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-83-2-222-b01","series-title":"Orthodontics","first-page":"53","article-title":"Load transfer of miniscrews for orthodontic anchorage","volume":"1","author":"Dalstra\n              M ,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dalstra\n              M , \n            \n              Cattaneo\n              PM\n             and MelsenB\n          Load transfer of miniscrews for orthodontic anchorage . 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2009 . 136 :314.e1 \u2013314.e12 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-2-222-b14","series-title":"Eur J Radiol","first-page":"e389","article-title":"Tilting the jaw to improve the image quality or to reduce the dose in cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"80","author":"Luckow\n              M ,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luckow\n              M , \n            \n              Deyhlea\n              H\n            \n            \n              Beckmann\n              F\n            \n            \n              Dagassan-Berndt\n              D\n             and M\u00fcllerB\n          Tilting the jaw to improve the image quality or to reduce the dose in cone-beam computed tomography . 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J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 1984 . 42 :497 \u2013505 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-2-222-b28","series-title":"Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir","first-page":"S65","article-title":"Morbidity and complications of bone grafting of the floor of the maxillary sinus for the placement of endosseous implants","volume":"3","author":"Raghoebar\n              GM ,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Raghoebar\n              GM , \n            \n              Batenburg\n              RH\n            \n            \n              Timmenga\n              NM\n            \n            \n              Vissink\n              A\n             and ReintsemaH\n          Morbidity and complications of bone grafting of the floor of the maxillary sinus for the placement of endosseous implants . Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir . 1999 . 3 :S65 \u2013S69 ."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-2-222-b29","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"625","article-title":"Bicortical vs monocortical orthodontic skeletal anchorage","volume":"134","author":"Brettin\n              BT ,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brettin\n              BT , \n            \n              Grosland\n              NM\n            \n            \n              Qian\n              F\n            \n            \n              Southard\n              KA\n            \n            \n              Stuntz\n              TD\n            \n            \n              Morgan\n              TA\n            \n            \n              Marshall\n              SD\n             and SouthardTE\n          Bicortical vs monocortical orthodontic skeletal anchorage . 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