{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:59:07Z","timestamp":1790031547408,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n \u2002To evaluate the effects of functional appliance treatment on the oropharyngeal airway volume, airway dimensions, and anteroposterior hyoid bone position of growing Class II patients.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n \u2002Twenty Class II white patients (mean age, 11.7 \u00b1 1.75 years) treated with the MARA followed by fixed appliances were matched to an untreated control sample by cervical vertebrae maturation stage at pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) time points. Cone beam computed tomography scans were taken at T1 and T2. Dolphin3D imaging software was used to determine oropharyngeal airway volume, dimensions, and anteroposterior hyoid bone position.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n \u2002Multivariate ANOVA was used to evaluate changes between T1 and T2. Oropharyngeal airway volume, airway dimensions, and A-P position of the hyoid bone increased significantly with functional appliance treatment. SNA and ANB decreased significantly in the experimental group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 .05). Changes in SNB and Sn-GoGn failed to reach statistical significance.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n \u2002Functional appliance therapy increases oropharyngeal airway volume, airway dimensions, and anteroposterior hyoid bone position in growing patients.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/042915-295.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T14:23:14Z","timestamp":1449670994000},"page":"955-961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Changes in the oropharyngeal airway of Class II patients treated with the mandibular anterior repositioning appliance"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Rizk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Lathrup Village, Mich."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valmy Pangrazio","family":"Kulbersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Mich."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riyad","family":"Al-Qawasmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Mich."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r1","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"477","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of Class II Malocclusion","volume":"78","author":"Moyers\n R,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Moyers\n R, \n \n Riolo\n M, \n \n Guire\n K, \n \n Wainwright\n R, \n \n Bookstein\n F\n \n . Differential diagnosis of Class II Malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1980;78:477\u2013494."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r2","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara\n JA","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara\n JA\n \n . Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:177\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r3","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"35","article-title":"Soft tissue facial profile changes following functional appliance therapy","volume":"28","author":"Quintao\n C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Quintao\n C\n \n . Soft tissue facial profile changes following functional appliance therapy. 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Angle Orthod. 1981;51:177\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r3","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"35","article-title":"Soft tissue facial profile changes following functional appliance therapy","volume":"28","author":"Quintao\n C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Quintao\n C\n \n . Soft tissue facial profile changes following functional appliance therapy. Eur J Orthod. 2005;28:35\u201341."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r4","series-title":"SLEEP","first-page":"1135","article-title":"(2006) An epidemiologic study of sleep-disordered breathing symptoms among adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Johnson\n E,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnson\n E, \n \n Roth\n T\n \n . (2006) An epidemiologic study of sleep-disordered breathing symptoms among adolescents. SLEEP. 2006;29:1135\u20131142."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r5","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"316","article-title":"Class II Malocclusion and sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"20","author":"Kandasamy\n S,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kandasamy\n S, \n \n Goonewardene\n M\n \n . Class II Malocclusion and sleep-disordered breathing. Semin Orthod. 2014;20:316\u2013323."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r6","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions","volume":"35","author":"El\n H,","year":"2013","unstructured":"El\n H, \n \n Palomo\n J\n \n . An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:262\u2013270."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r7","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod","first-page":"E55","article-title":"A cone beam CT evaluation of oropharyngeal airway space and its relationship to mandibular position and dentocraniofacial morphology","volume":"1","author":"Abdelkarim\n A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abdelkarim\n A\n \n . A cone beam CT evaluation of oropharyngeal airway space and its relationship to mandibular position and dentocraniofacial morphology. J World Fed Orthod. 2012;1:E55\u2013E59."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"E511","article-title":"Airway volume for different dentofacial skeletal patterns","volume":"139","author":"El\n H,","year":"2011","unstructured":"El\n H, \n \n Palomo\n J\n \n . Airway volume for different dentofacial skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:E511\u2013E521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r9","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"228","article-title":"A cephalometric evaluation of the pharyngeal airway space in patients with mandibular retrognathia and prognathia, and normal subjects","volume":"37","author":"Muto\n T,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muto\n T, \n \n Yamazaki\n A, \n \n Takeda\n S\n \n . A cephalometric evaluation of the pharyngeal airway space in patients with mandibular retrognathia and prognathia, and normal subjects. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37:228\u2013231."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r10","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"184","article-title":"Computerized tomographic evaluation of effects of mandibular anterior repositioning on the upper airway: a pilot study","volume":"92","author":"Ogutcen-Toller\n M,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ogutcen-Toller\n M, \n \n Sarac\n Y, \n \n Cak\u00edr-Ozkan\n N, \n \n Sarac\n D, \n \n Sakan\n B\n \n . Computerized tomographic evaluation of effects of mandibular anterior repositioning on the upper airway: a pilot study. J Prosthet Dent. 2004;92:184\u2013189."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-955-r11","series-title":"Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine","first-page":"93","article-title":"Changes in the pharyngeal airway and position of the hyoid bone after treatment with a modified bionator in growing patients with retrognathia","volume":"3","author":"Lin\n Y,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin\n Y, \n \n Lin\n H, \n \n Tsai\n H\n \n . 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