{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:09:43Z","timestamp":1780070983490,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine an objective and quantitative evaluation of how severity of chin height variations influence perceived attractiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The chin height of an idealized male and female frontal facial image was altered in 2.5-mm increments from \u221212.5 to 22.5\u00a0mm (male images) and from \u221210 to 20\u00a0mm (female images). These images were rated on a seven-point Likert scale by a preselected group of pretreatment orthognathic patients, clinicians, and laypeople.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The classical lower facial proportional canon of upper lip height as one third (33.3%), lower lip height as one third (33.3%) and chin height as one third (33.3%) of lower anterior face height (LAFH) may be used as an \u201cideal\u201d proportional ratio. However, chin height variations within a given proportional range are largely unnoticed, ie, from approximately 30% chin height in relation to LAFH (male and female) up to approximately 40% (males) and 50% (females) chin height in relation to LAFH. Additionally, surgery is only desired with greater variations in chin height: greater than 50% and less than 20%\u201323% of LAFH in males, and greater than 58% and less than 20%\u201322% of LAFH in females. Patients and clinicians are more critical than laypeople, but no significant differences were found between clinicians and patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In relation to the classical canon, surgical correction of chin height deformities are desired with chin height greater than 50% and less than 20%\u201323% of LAFH in males, and greater than 58% and less than 20%\u201322% of LAFH in females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/050111-311.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,25]],"date-time":"2011-07-25T12:35:30Z","timestamp":1311597330000},"page":"88-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Influence of chin height on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, layperson, and clinician"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Farhad B.","family":"Naini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant\/Honorary Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, St George's Hospital & Medical School, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Nora A.","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Department Chair, Department of Biostatistics, King's College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Department Head, Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyn T.","family":"Cobourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b01","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"463","article-title":"Aesthetic guidelines in genioplasty: the role of facial disproportion.","volume":"95","author":"Rosen, H.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rosen, H.\n          \n          Aesthetic guidelines in genioplasty: the role of facial disproportion.\n          Plast Reconstr Surg\n          1995. 95:463\u2013469."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b02","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"877","article-title":"The influence of craniofacial to standing height proportion on perceived attractiveness.","volume":"37","author":"Naini, F. B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Naini, F. B., M. T.Cobourne, F.McDonald, and A. N.Donaldson. The influence of craniofacial to standing height proportion on perceived attractiveness.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg2008. 37:877\u2013885."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"385","article-title":"Silhouette profiles in the assessment of facial esthetics: a comparison of cases treated with various orthodontic appliances.","volume":"87","author":"Barrer, J. G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Barrer, J. G. and J.Ghafari. Silhouette profiles in the assessment of facial esthetics: a comparison of cases treated with various orthodontic appliances.Am J Orthod1985. 87:385\u2013391."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"326","article-title":"Effect of facial convexity on antero-posterior lip positions of the most favored Japanese facial profiles.","volume":"75","author":"Ioi, H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ioi, H., S.Nakata, A.Nakasima, and A.Counts. Effect of facial convexity on antero-posterior lip positions of the most favored Japanese facial profiles.Angle Orthod2005. 75:326\u2013332."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Influence of lower facial height changes on frontal facial attractiveness and perception of treatment need by lay people.","volume":"80","author":"Varlik, S. K.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Varlik, S. K., E.Demirba\u015f, and M.Orhan. Influence of lower facial height changes on frontal facial attractiveness and perception of treatment need by lay people.Angle Orthod2010. 80:1159\u20131164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b06","series-title":"Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis","first-page":"150","author":"Naini, F. B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naini, F. B.\n          \n          Facial Proportions. In: Naini FB. Facial Aesthetics:. Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis. Oxford, UKWiley-Blackwell. 2011. 150\u2013164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"52","article-title":"Anthropometric proportions in the upper lip-lower lip-chin area of the lower face in young White adults.","volume":"86","author":"Farkas, L. G.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Farkas, L. G., M. J.Katic, T. A.Hreczko, C.Deutsch, and I. R.Munro. Anthropometric proportions in the upper lip-lower lip-chin area of the lower face in young White adults.Am J Orthod1984. 86:52\u201360."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b08","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"328","article-title":"Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Whites: revision of neoclassical canons.","volume":"75","author":"Farkas, L. G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Farkas, L. G., T. A.Hreczko, J. C.Kolar, and I. R.Munro. Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Whites: revision of neoclassical canons.Plast Reconstr Surg1985. 75:328\u2013338."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b09","series-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg","first-page":"191","article-title":"Geography of the nose: a morphometric study.","volume":"10","author":"Farkas, L. G.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Farkas, L. G., J. C.Kolar, and I. R.Munro. Geography of the nose: a morphometric study.Aesthetic Plast Surg1986. 10 (4):191\u2013223."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b10","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"599","article-title":"Anthropometrics and art in the aesthetics of women's faces.","volume":"14","author":"Farkas, L. G.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Farkas, L. G. and J. C.Kolar. Anthropometrics and art in the aesthetics of women's faces.Clin Plast Surg1987. 14:599\u2013616."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b11","series-title":"Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 2nd ed","first-page":"159","article-title":"Anthropometry of the attractive North American White face.","author":"Farkas, L. G.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farkas, L. G.\n          \n          Anthropometry of the attractive North American White face.\n          In\n          \n            \n              Farkas, L. G.\n          \n          ed.\n          Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 2nd ed. New York, NYRaven Press. 1994. 159\u2013179."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b12","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg Epub ahead of print","article-title":"Assessing the influence of mandibular and chin point asymmetry on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, layperson and clinician.","author":"Naini, F. B.","year":"May 13, 2011","unstructured":"Naini, F. B., A. N. A.Donaldson, F.McDonald, and M. T.Cobourne. Assessing the influence of mandibular and chin point asymmetry on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, layperson and clinician.J Oral Maxillofac Surg Epub ahead of printMay 13, 2011."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b13","series-title":"Psychol Bull","first-page":"390","article-title":"Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review.","volume":"126","author":"Langlois, J. H.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Langlois, J. H., L.Kalakanis, A. J.Rubenstein, A.Larson, M.Hallam, and M.Smoot. Maxims or myths of beauty? 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A Manual of Facial Growth: A Computer Analysis of Longitudinal Cephalometric Growth Data. Oxford, UKOxford University Press. 1993."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b17","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodont Orthognath Surg","first-page":"291","article-title":"A comparison of the perception of facial profile by the general public and 3 groups of clinicians.","volume":"14","author":"Cochrane, S. M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cochrane, S. M., S. J.Cunningham, and N. P.Hunt. A comparison of the perception of facial profile by the general public and 3 groups of clinicians.Int J Adult Orthodont Orthognath Surg1999. 14 (4):291\u2013295."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surgical orthodontic treatment planning: profile analysis and mandibular surgery.","volume":"46","author":"Worms, F. W.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Worms, F. W., R. J.Isaacson, and T. M.Speidel. Surgical orthodontic treatment planning: profile analysis and mandibular surgery.Angle Orthod1976. 46:1\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b19","series-title":"J Oral Surg","first-page":"744","article-title":"Soft tissue cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery.","volume":"38","author":"Legan, H. L.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Legan, H. L. and C. J.Burstone. Soft tissue cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery.J Oral Surg1980. 38:744\u2013751."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b20","series-title":"Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis","first-page":"312","author":"Naini, F. B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naini, F. B.\n          \n          Facial Aesthetic Regional Analysis: The Chin. In: Naini.\n          Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis. Oxford, UKWiley-Blackwell. 2011. 312\u2013334."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"404","article-title":"Cephalometric analysis of dentofacial normals.","volume":"78","author":"Scheideman, G. B.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Scheideman, G. B., W. H.Bell, H. L.Legan, R. A.Finn, and J. S.Reisch. Cephalometric analysis of dentofacial normals.Am J Orthod1980. 78:404\u2013420."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b22","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"107","article-title":"Ideal proportions in full face front view, contemporary versus antique.","volume":"39","author":"Mommaerts, M. Y.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mommaerts, M. Y. and B. A.Moerenhout. Ideal proportions in full face front view, contemporary versus antique.J Craniomaxillofac Surg2011. 39 (2):107\u2013110. Epub ahead of print Jun 122010."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b01","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"463","article-title":"Aesthetic guidelines in genioplasty: the role of facial disproportion.","volume":"95","author":"Rosen, H.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rosen, H.\n          \n          Aesthetic guidelines in genioplasty: the role of facial disproportion.\n          Plast Reconstr Surg\n          1995. 95:463\u2013469."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b02","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"877","article-title":"The influence of craniofacial to standing height proportion on perceived attractiveness.","volume":"37","author":"Naini, F. B.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Naini, F. B., M. T.Cobourne, F.McDonald, and A. N.Donaldson. The influence of craniofacial to standing height proportion on perceived attractiveness.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg2008. 37:877\u2013885."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"385","article-title":"Silhouette profiles in the assessment of facial esthetics: a comparison of cases treated with various orthodontic appliances.","volume":"87","author":"Barrer, J. G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Barrer, J. G. and J.Ghafari. Silhouette profiles in the assessment of facial esthetics: a comparison of cases treated with various orthodontic appliances.Am J Orthod1985. 87:385\u2013391."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"326","article-title":"Effect of facial convexity on antero-posterior lip positions of the most favored Japanese facial profiles.","volume":"75","author":"Ioi, H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ioi, H., S.Nakata, A.Nakasima, and A.Counts. Effect of facial convexity on antero-posterior lip positions of the most favored Japanese facial profiles.Angle Orthod2005. 75:326\u2013332."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Influence of lower facial height changes on frontal facial attractiveness and perception of treatment need by lay people.","volume":"80","author":"Varlik, S. K.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Varlik, S. K., E.Demirba\u015f, and M.Orhan. Influence of lower facial height changes on frontal facial attractiveness and perception of treatment need by lay people.Angle Orthod2010. 80:1159\u20131164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b06","series-title":"Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis","first-page":"150","author":"Naini, F. B.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naini, F. B.\n          \n          Facial Proportions. In: Naini FB. Facial Aesthetics:. Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis. 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Anthropometrics and art in the aesthetics of women's faces.Clin Plast Surg1987. 14:599\u2013616."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b11","series-title":"Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 2nd ed","first-page":"159","article-title":"Anthropometry of the attractive North American White face.","author":"Farkas, L. G.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farkas, L. G.\n          \n          Anthropometry of the attractive North American White face.\n          In\n          \n            \n              Farkas, L. G.\n          \n          ed.\n          Anthropometry of the Head and Face, 2nd ed. New York, NYRaven Press. 1994. 159\u2013179."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b12","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg Epub ahead of print","article-title":"Assessing the influence of mandibular and chin point asymmetry on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, layperson and clinician.","author":"Naini, F. B.","year":"May 13, 2011","unstructured":"Naini, F. B., A. N. A.Donaldson, F.McDonald, and M. T.Cobourne. Assessing the influence of mandibular and chin point asymmetry on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, layperson and clinician.J Oral Maxillofac Surg Epub ahead of printMay 13, 2011."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b13","series-title":"Psychol Bull","first-page":"390","article-title":"Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review.","volume":"126","author":"Langlois, J. H.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Langlois, J. H., L.Kalakanis, A. J.Rubenstein, A.Larson, M.Hallam, and M.Smoot. Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review.Psychol Bull2000. 126:390\u2013423."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b14","series-title":"An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth","author":"Riolo, M.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Riolo, M., R. E.Moyers, J.McNamara, and W. S.Hunter. An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth. Ann Arbor, MichUniversity of Michigan Center for Human Growth and Development. 1974."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b15","series-title":"Bolton Standards of Dentofacial Developmental Growth","author":"Broadbent\n              Sr, B. H.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Broadbent\n              Sr, B. H., B. H.BroadbentJr, and W. H.Golden. Bolton Standards of Dentofacial Developmental Growth. St Louis, MoMosby. 1975."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-1-88-b16","series-title":"A Manual of Facial Growth: A Computer Analysis of Longitudinal Cephalometric Growth Data","author":"Bhatia, S. N.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bhatia, S. N. and B. C.Leighton. A Manual of Facial Growth: A Computer Analysis of Longitudinal Cephalometric Growth Data. 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