{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:17:01Z","timestamp":1789049821695,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate nasal septum changes after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) during the mixed dentition and to verify the association between quantitative and qualitative assessments of nasal septum deviation (NSD) by ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The sample comprised 24 patients (11 male, 13 female) with a mean age of 7.62 \u00b1 0.92 years with maxillary transverse deficiencies. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained before and after RME. Three CBCT coronal sections passing through the maxillary first molars, 5 mm anterior and 5 mm posterior, were used for quantitative assessment. NSD was calculated using the ratio of nasal cavity height to nasal septum contour. Additionally, five ENT professionals evaluated NSD qualitatively using scores from 1 to 3 through CBCT sequential axial and coronal sections. Absent NSD was scored as zero. Interstage changes were assessed using Wilcoxon tests. Spearman correlation and linear regression were performed to evaluate the association between quantitative and qualitative analyses (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No significant change was observed in the NSD ratio. In pre-expansion CBCT images, absence of NSD and scores 1, 2, and 3 for NSD were found for 45.8%, 41.7%, 12.5%, and 0%, respectively. In the qualitative assessment, no significant change in NSD was observed after expansion. A strong association was found between NSD ratio and ENT score (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.750).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the mixed dentition, no significant change was observed in the NSD ratio. Qualitative analysis of NSD was associated with quantitative assessment of the ratio between nasal septum contour and nasal cavity height.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/050124-344.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T19:00:42Z","timestamp":1737054042000},"page":"166-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nasal septum deviation after rapid maxillary expansion in the early mixed dentition"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Garib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Gabriel Rando","family":"Poiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Adam","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio Henrique Kiemle","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Fernando Manzoni","family":"Louren\u00e7one","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djessyca","family":"Miranda e Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Flores-Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"200","article-title":"The treatment of maxillary deficiency by opening the midpalatal suture","volume":"35","author":"Haas","year":"1965","unstructured":"Haas\n              AJ.\n            \n          \n          The treatment of maxillary deficiency by opening the midpalatal suture. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:200\u2013217. doi:10.1043\/0003-3219(1965)035<0200:Ttomdb>2.0.Co;2"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b02","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"61","article-title":"Skeletal effects of RME in the transverse and vertical dimensions of the nasal cavity in mouth-breathing growing children","volume":"22","author":"Cappellette","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cappellette\n              M,\n              Jr.,\n            \n            \n              Nagai\n              LHY,\n            \n            \n              Gon\u00e7alves\n              RM,\n            \n            \n              Yuki\n              AK,\n            \n            \n              Pignatari\n              SSN,\n            \n            \n              Fujita\n              RR.\n            \n          \n          Skeletal effects of RME in the transverse and vertical dimensions of the nasal cavity in mouth-breathing growing children. Dental Press J Orthod. 2017;22(4):61\u201369. doi:10.1590\/2177-6709.22.4.061-069.oar"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b03","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"5999","article-title":"Comparison of nasal cavity changes between the expander with differential opening and the fan-type expander: a secondary data analysis from an RCT","volume":"27","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teixeira\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Massaro\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Garib\n              D.\n            \n          \n          Comparison of nasal cavity changes between the expander with differential opening and the fan-type expander: a secondary data analysis from an RCT. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(10):5999\u20136006. doi:10.1007\/s00784-023-05213-w"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b04","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"4715","article-title":"Impact of rapid maxillary expansion on palatal morphology at different dentition stages","volume":"26","author":"Kinzinger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n              GSM,\n            \n            \n              Lisson\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Buschhoff\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Hourfar\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Korbmacher-Steiner\n              H.\n            \n          \n          Impact of rapid maxillary expansion on palatal morphology at different dentition stages. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(7):4715\u20134725. doi:10.1007\/s00784-022-04434-9"},{"issue":"17","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b05","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5243","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion (RME): an otolaryngologic perspective","volume":"11","author":"Cerritelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cerritelli\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Hatzopoulos\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Catalano\n              A,\n            \n            et al.\n          Rapid maxillary expansion (RME): an otolaryngologic perspective. J Clin Med. 2022;11(17):5243. doi:10.3390\/jcm11175243"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b06","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Immediate impact of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway dimensions and on the quality of life of mouth breathers","volume":"20","author":"Izuka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Izuka\n              EN,\n            \n            \n              Feres\n              MF,\n            \n            \n              Pignatari\n              SS.\n            \n          \n          Immediate impact of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway dimensions and on the quality of life of mouth breathers. Dental Press J Orthod. 2015;20(3):43\u201349. doi:10.1590\/2176-9451.20.3.043-049.oar"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b07","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1712","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Camacho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Camacho\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Chang\n              ET,\n            \n            \n              Song\n              SA,\n            \n            et al.\n          Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(7):1712\u20131719. doi:10.1002\/lary.26352"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b08","series-title":"Facial Plast Surg","first-page":"413","article-title":"The importance of the nasal septum in the deviated nose","volume":"27","author":"Sykes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sykes\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              JE,\n            \n            \n              Shaye\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Boccieri\n              A.\n            \n          \n          The importance of the nasal septum in the deviated nose. Facial Plast Surg. 2011;27(5):413\u2013421. doi:10.1055\/s-0031-1288928"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b09","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e31317","article-title":"Nasal septal deviation: a comprehensive narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alghamdi\n              FS,\n            \n            \n              Albogami\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Alsurayhi\n              AS,\n            \n            et al.\n          Nasal septal deviation: a comprehensive narrative review. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31317. doi:10.7759\/cureus.31317"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b10","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1477","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of deviated nasal septum on the structure of nasal cavity","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Dou\n              X,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              D,\n            \n            et al.\n          Assessment of the effect of deviated nasal septum on the structure of nasal cavity. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;273(6):1477\u20131480. doi:10.1007\/s00405-015-3770-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b11","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"308","article-title":"Transverse, vertical, and anterior-posterior changes between tooth-anchored versus Dresden bone-anchored rapid maxillary expansion 6 months post-expansion: a CBCT randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Lagrav\u00e8re","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lagrav\u00e8re\n              MO,\n            \n            \n              Ling\n              CP,\n            \n            \n              Woo\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Harzer\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Major\n              PW,\n            \n            \n              Carey\n              JP.\n            \n          \n          Transverse, vertical, and anterior-posterior changes between tooth-anchored versus Dresden bone-anchored rapid maxillary expansion 6 months post-expansion: a CBCT randomized controlled clinical trial. Int Orthod. 2020;18(2):308\u2013316. doi:10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.01.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b12","series-title":"Minerva Stomatol","first-page":"125","article-title":"RME: influences on the nasal septum","volume":"61","author":"Farronato","year":"2012","unstructured":"Farronato\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Giannini\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Galbiati\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Maspero\n              C.\n            \n          \n          RME: influences on the nasal septum. Minerva Stomatol. 2012;61(4):125\u2013134."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b13","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"51","article-title":"Changes in nasal septum morphology after rapid maxillary expansion: a cone-beam computed tomography study in pre-pubertal patient","volume":"25","author":"Bruno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruno\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Stefani\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Benetazzo\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Cavallin\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Gracco\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Changes in nasal septum morphology after rapid maxillary expansion: a cone-beam computed tomography study in pre-pubertal patient. Dental Press J Orthod. 2020;25(5):51\u201356. doi:10.1590\/2177-6709.25.5.051-056.oar"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b14","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"47","article-title":"Nasal septum changes in adolescent patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"21","author":"Aziz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aziz\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Wheatley\n              FC,\n            \n            \n              Ansari\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Lagravere\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Major\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Flores-Mir\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Nasal septum changes in adolescent patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion. Dental Press J Orthod. 2016;21(1):47\u201353. doi:10.1590\/2177-6709.21.1.047-053.oar"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b15","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"129","article-title":"Changes in nasal structures following orthopaedic and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"39","author":"Altug-Atac","year":"2010","unstructured":"Altug-Atac\n              AT,\n            \n            \n              Atac\n              MS,\n            \n            \n              Kurt\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Karasud\n              HA.\n            \n          \n          Changes in nasal structures following orthopaedic and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39(2):129\u2013135. doi:10.1016\/j.ijom.2009.11.013"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b16","series-title":"Children","article-title":"Nasal septum changes in adolescents treated with tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT retrospective study using skeletal tortuosity ratio and deviation analysis","volume":"9","author":"Ronsivalle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ronsivalle\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Carli\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Lo Giudice\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Lagrav\u00e8re\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Leonardi\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Venezia\n              P.\n            \n          \n          Nasal septum changes in adolescents treated with tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT retrospective study using skeletal tortuosity ratio and deviation analysis. Children. 2022;9(12)doi:10.3390\/children9121853"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b17","series-title":"Sleep Breath","first-page":"427","article-title":"Subjective, anatomical, and functional nasal evaluation of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"17","author":"de Aguiar Vidigal","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Aguiar Vidigal\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Martinho Haddad\n              FL,\n            \n            \n              Greg\u00f3rio\n              LC,\n            \n            \n              Poyares\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Tufik\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Azeredo Bittencourt\n              LR.\n            \n          \n          Subjective, anatomical, and functional nasal evaluation of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Breath. 2013;17(1):427\u201333. doi:10.1007\/s11325-012-0667-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b18","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin N Am","first-page":"743","article-title":"The nasal septum","volume":"20","author":"Beeson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Beeson\n              WH.\n            \n          \n          The nasal septum. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 1987;20(4):743\u2013767."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b19","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"235","article-title":"Otolaryngologists' radiological assessment of nasal septum deviation symptomatology","volume":"280","author":"Lepley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lepley\n              TJ,\n            \n            \n              Frusciante\n              RP,\n            \n            \n              Malik\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Farag\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Otto\n              BA,\n            \n            \n              Zhao\n              K.\n            \n          \n          Otolaryngologists' radiological assessment of nasal septum deviation symptomatology. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2023;280(1):235\u2013240. doi:10.1007\/s00405-022-07528-y"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b20","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"61","article-title":"Acoustic rhinometry and computed tomography scans for the diagnosis of nasal septal deviation, with clinical correlation","volume":"123","author":"Mamikoglu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mamikoglu\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Houser\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Akbar\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Ng\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Corey\n              JP.\n            \n          \n          Acoustic rhinometry and computed tomography scans for the diagnosis of nasal septal deviation, with clinical correlation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;123(1 Pt 1):61\u201368. doi:10.1067\/mhn.2000.105255"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b21","series-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol","first-page":"20150327","article-title":"The nasal septum deviation index (NSDI) based on CBCT data","volume":"45","author":"Codari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Codari\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Zago\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Guidugli\n              GA,\n            \n            et al.\n          The nasal septum deviation index (NSDI) based on CBCT data. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol. 2016;45(2):20150327. doi:10.1259\/dmfr.20150327"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b22","series-title":"Children","first-page":"1714","article-title":"An evaluation of health-related quality of life in children with nasal septum deviation","volume":"9","author":"Chmielik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chmielik\n              LP,\n            \n            \n              Mielnik-Niedzielsk\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Kasprzyk\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Stankiewicz\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Niedzielski\n              A.\n            \n          \n          An evaluation of health-related quality of life in children with nasal septum deviation. Children. 2022;9(11):1714. doi:10.3390\/children9111714"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b23","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"123","article-title":"RME: effects on the nasal septum. A CBCT evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Maspero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maspero\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Galbiati\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Del Rosso\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Farronato\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Giannini\n              L.\n            \n          \n          RME: effects on the nasal septum. A CBCT evaluation. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2019;20(2):123\u2013126. doi:10.23804\/ejpd.2019.20.02.08"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b24","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1547","article-title":"Effects of orthopedic maxillary expansion on nasal cavity size in growing subjects: a low dose computer tomography clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Cordasco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cordasco\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Nucera\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Fastuca\n              R,\n            \n            et al.\n          Effects of orthopedic maxillary expansion on nasal cavity size in growing subjects: a low dose computer tomography clinical trial. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76(11):1547\u20131551. doi:10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.07.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening","volume":"58","author":"Wertz","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wertz\n              RA.\n            \n          \n          Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening. Am J Orthod. 1970;58(1):41\u201366. doi:10.1016\/0002-9416(70)90127-2"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b26","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"15","article-title":"Effect of non-surgical maxillary expansion on the nasal septum deviation: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Aziz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aziz\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Ansari\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Lagravere\n              MO,\n            \n            \n              Major\n              MP,\n            \n            \n              Flores-Mir\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Effect of non-surgical maxillary expansion on the nasal septum deviation: a systematic review. Prog Orthod. 2015;16:15. doi:10.1186\/s40510-015-0084-y"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"200","article-title":"The treatment of maxillary deficiency by opening the midpalatal suture","volume":"35","author":"Haas","year":"1965","unstructured":"Haas\n              AJ.\n            \n          \n          The treatment of maxillary deficiency by opening the midpalatal suture. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:200\u2013217. doi:10.1043\/0003-3219(1965)035<0200:Ttomdb>2.0.Co;2"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b02","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"61","article-title":"Skeletal effects of RME in the transverse and vertical dimensions of the nasal cavity in mouth-breathing growing children","volume":"22","author":"Cappellette","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cappellette\n              M,\n              Jr.,\n            \n            \n              Nagai\n              LHY,\n            \n            \n              Gon\u00e7alves\n              RM,\n            \n            \n              Yuki\n              AK,\n            \n            \n              Pignatari\n              SSN,\n            \n            \n              Fujita\n              RR.\n            \n          \n          Skeletal effects of RME in the transverse and vertical dimensions of the nasal cavity in mouth-breathing growing children. Dental Press J Orthod. 2017;22(4):61\u201369. doi:10.1590\/2177-6709.22.4.061-069.oar"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b03","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"5999","article-title":"Comparison of nasal cavity changes between the expander with differential opening and the fan-type expander: a secondary data analysis from an RCT","volume":"27","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teixeira\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Massaro\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Garib\n              D.\n            \n          \n          Comparison of nasal cavity changes between the expander with differential opening and the fan-type expander: a secondary data analysis from an RCT. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(10):5999\u20136006. doi:10.1007\/s00784-023-05213-w"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b04","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"4715","article-title":"Impact of rapid maxillary expansion on palatal morphology at different dentition stages","volume":"26","author":"Kinzinger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kinzinger\n              GSM,\n            \n            \n              Lisson\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Buschhoff\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Hourfar\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Korbmacher-Steiner\n              H.\n            \n          \n          Impact of rapid maxillary expansion on palatal morphology at different dentition stages. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(7):4715\u20134725. doi:10.1007\/s00784-022-04434-9"},{"issue":"17","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b05","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5243","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion (RME): an otolaryngologic perspective","volume":"11","author":"Cerritelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cerritelli\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Hatzopoulos\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Catalano\n              A,\n            \n            et al.\n          Rapid maxillary expansion (RME): an otolaryngologic perspective. J Clin Med. 2022;11(17):5243. doi:10.3390\/jcm11175243"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b06","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Immediate impact of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway dimensions and on the quality of life of mouth breathers","volume":"20","author":"Izuka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Izuka\n              EN,\n            \n            \n              Feres\n              MF,\n            \n            \n              Pignatari\n              SS.\n            \n          \n          Immediate impact of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway dimensions and on the quality of life of mouth breathers. Dental Press J Orthod. 2015;20(3):43\u201349. doi:10.1590\/2176-9451.20.3.043-049.oar"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b07","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1712","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Camacho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Camacho\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Chang\n              ET,\n            \n            \n              Song\n              SA,\n            \n            et al.\n          Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(7):1712\u20131719. doi:10.1002\/lary.26352"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b08","series-title":"Facial Plast Surg","first-page":"413","article-title":"The importance of the nasal septum in the deviated nose","volume":"27","author":"Sykes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sykes\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              JE,\n            \n            \n              Shaye\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Boccieri\n              A.\n            \n          \n          The importance of the nasal septum in the deviated nose. Facial Plast Surg. 2011;27(5):413\u2013421. doi:10.1055\/s-0031-1288928"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b09","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e31317","article-title":"Nasal septal deviation: a comprehensive narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alghamdi\n              FS,\n            \n            \n              Albogami\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Alsurayhi\n              AS,\n            \n            et al.\n          Nasal septal deviation: a comprehensive narrative review. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31317. doi:10.7759\/cureus.31317"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b10","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1477","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of deviated nasal septum on the structure of nasal cavity","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Dou\n              X,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              D,\n            \n            et al.\n          Assessment of the effect of deviated nasal septum on the structure of nasal cavity. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;273(6):1477\u20131480. doi:10.1007\/s00405-015-3770-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b11","series-title":"Int Orthod","first-page":"308","article-title":"Transverse, vertical, and anterior-posterior changes between tooth-anchored versus Dresden bone-anchored rapid maxillary expansion 6 months post-expansion: a CBCT randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Lagrav\u00e8re","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lagrav\u00e8re\n              MO,\n            \n            \n              Ling\n              CP,\n            \n            \n              Woo\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Harzer\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Major\n              PW,\n            \n            \n              Carey\n              JP.\n            \n          \n          Transverse, vertical, and anterior-posterior changes between tooth-anchored versus Dresden bone-anchored rapid maxillary expansion 6 months post-expansion: a CBCT randomized controlled clinical trial. Int Orthod. 2020;18(2):308\u2013316. doi:10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.01.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b12","series-title":"Minerva Stomatol","first-page":"125","article-title":"RME: influences on the nasal septum","volume":"61","author":"Farronato","year":"2012","unstructured":"Farronato\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Giannini\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Galbiati\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Maspero\n              C.\n            \n          \n          RME: influences on the nasal septum. Minerva Stomatol. 2012;61(4):125\u2013134."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b13","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"51","article-title":"Changes in nasal septum morphology after rapid maxillary expansion: a cone-beam computed tomography study in pre-pubertal patient","volume":"25","author":"Bruno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bruno\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Stefani\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Benetazzo\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Cavallin\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Gracco\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Changes in nasal septum morphology after rapid maxillary expansion: a cone-beam computed tomography study in pre-pubertal patient. Dental Press J Orthod. 2020;25(5):51\u201356. doi:10.1590\/2177-6709.25.5.051-056.oar"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b14","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"47","article-title":"Nasal septum changes in adolescent patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"21","author":"Aziz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aziz\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Wheatley\n              FC,\n            \n            \n              Ansari\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Lagravere\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Major\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Flores-Mir\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Nasal septum changes in adolescent patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion. Dental Press J Orthod. 2016;21(1):47\u201353. doi:10.1590\/2177-6709.21.1.047-053.oar"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b15","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"129","article-title":"Changes in nasal structures following orthopaedic and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"39","author":"Altug-Atac","year":"2010","unstructured":"Altug-Atac\n              AT,\n            \n            \n              Atac\n              MS,\n            \n            \n              Kurt\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Karasud\n              HA.\n            \n          \n          Changes in nasal structures following orthopaedic and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39(2):129\u2013135. doi:10.1016\/j.ijom.2009.11.013"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b16","series-title":"Children","article-title":"Nasal septum changes in adolescents treated with tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT retrospective study using skeletal tortuosity ratio and deviation analysis","volume":"9","author":"Ronsivalle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ronsivalle\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Carli\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Lo Giudice\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Lagrav\u00e8re\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Leonardi\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Venezia\n              P.\n            \n          \n          Nasal septum changes in adolescents treated with tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT retrospective study using skeletal tortuosity ratio and deviation analysis. Children. 2022;9(12)doi:10.3390\/children9121853"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b17","series-title":"Sleep Breath","first-page":"427","article-title":"Subjective, anatomical, and functional nasal evaluation of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"17","author":"de Aguiar Vidigal","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Aguiar Vidigal\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Martinho Haddad\n              FL,\n            \n            \n              Greg\u00f3rio\n              LC,\n            \n            \n              Poyares\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Tufik\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Azeredo Bittencourt\n              LR.\n            \n          \n          Subjective, anatomical, and functional nasal evaluation of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Breath. 2013;17(1):427\u201333. doi:10.1007\/s11325-012-0667-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b18","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin N Am","first-page":"743","article-title":"The nasal septum","volume":"20","author":"Beeson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Beeson\n              WH.\n            \n          \n          The nasal septum. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 1987;20(4):743\u2013767."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b19","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"235","article-title":"Otolaryngologists' radiological assessment of nasal septum deviation symptomatology","volume":"280","author":"Lepley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lepley\n              TJ,\n            \n            \n              Frusciante\n              RP,\n            \n            \n              Malik\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Farag\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Otto\n              BA,\n            \n            \n              Zhao\n              K.\n            \n          \n          Otolaryngologists' radiological assessment of nasal septum deviation symptomatology. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2023;280(1):235\u2013240. doi:10.1007\/s00405-022-07528-y"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b20","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"61","article-title":"Acoustic rhinometry and computed tomography scans for the diagnosis of nasal septal deviation, with clinical correlation","volume":"123","author":"Mamikoglu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mamikoglu\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Houser\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Akbar\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Ng\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Corey\n              JP.\n            \n          \n          Acoustic rhinometry and computed tomography scans for the diagnosis of nasal septal deviation, with clinical correlation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;123(1 Pt 1):61\u201368. doi:10.1067\/mhn.2000.105255"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b21","series-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol","first-page":"20150327","article-title":"The nasal septum deviation index (NSDI) based on CBCT data","volume":"45","author":"Codari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Codari\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Zago\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Guidugli\n              GA,\n            \n            et al.\n          The nasal septum deviation index (NSDI) based on CBCT data. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol. 2016;45(2):20150327. doi:10.1259\/dmfr.20150327"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b22","series-title":"Children","first-page":"1714","article-title":"An evaluation of health-related quality of life in children with nasal septum deviation","volume":"9","author":"Chmielik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chmielik\n              LP,\n            \n            \n              Mielnik-Niedzielsk\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Kasprzyk\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Stankiewicz\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Niedzielski\n              A.\n            \n          \n          An evaluation of health-related quality of life in children with nasal septum deviation. Children. 2022;9(11):1714. doi:10.3390\/children9111714"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b23","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"123","article-title":"RME: effects on the nasal septum. A CBCT evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Maspero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maspero\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Galbiati\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Del Rosso\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Farronato\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Giannini\n              L.\n            \n          \n          RME: effects on the nasal septum. A CBCT evaluation. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2019;20(2):123\u2013126. doi:10.23804\/ejpd.2019.20.02.08"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b24","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"1547","article-title":"Effects of orthopedic maxillary expansion on nasal cavity size in growing subjects: a low dose computer tomography clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Cordasco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cordasco\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Nucera\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Fastuca\n              R,\n            \n            et al.\n          Effects of orthopedic maxillary expansion on nasal cavity size in growing subjects: a low dose computer tomography clinical trial. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76(11):1547\u20131551. doi:10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.07.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening","volume":"58","author":"Wertz","year":"1970","unstructured":"Wertz\n              RA.\n            \n          \n          Skeletal and dental changes accompanying rapid midpalatal suture opening. Am J Orthod. 1970;58(1):41\u201366. doi:10.1016\/0002-9416(70)90127-2"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-2-166-b26","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"15","article-title":"Effect of non-surgical maxillary expansion on the nasal septum deviation: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Aziz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aziz\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Ansari\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Lagravere\n              MO,\n            \n            \n              Major\n              MP,\n            \n            \n              Flores-Mir\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Effect of non-surgical maxillary expansion on the nasal septum deviation: a systematic review. 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