{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T22:55:45Z","timestamp":1784415345925,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the biomechanics of labial and lingual fixed orthodontic treatment options for a simulated curve of Spee malocclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An in vitro electromechanical orthodontic simulator was used to measure the three\u2212dimensional forces and moments on each tooth of a mandibular arch. Labial and lingual brackets, both with 0.018\u2212inch slot sizes, were bonded to mechanical teeth. Three archwire forms were considered: labial straight, lingual straight, and lingual mushroom. The simulator was set in a passive levelled position with 0.016\u2212inch \u00d7 0.022\u2212inch stainless steel archwires, then teeth were moved to a curve of Spee maloclussion with the first premolar intruded 1.5 mm and the canine and second premolar intruded 0.75 mm. Two\u2212way mixed multivariate analysis of variance (\u03b1 = 0.05) was used to compare forces and moments generated among the three archwires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Statistical differences were found in 55 of 63 comparisons of forces and moments between archwire types for each tooth around the arch. The lowest force magnitudes were measured for labial straight archwires at each tooth position. The lateral incisor experienced the largest gingival forces with all archwire forms. The first premolar and first molar experienced labial\u2212lingual crown tipping moments in opposite directions between labial and the two lingual archwire forms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biomechanical differences between labial, lingual straight, and lingual mushroom treatment modalities for the correction of curve of Spee misalignments were elucidated. Labial straight archwire exerted the lowest force magnitudes overall. For both lingual archwire forms, the labial\u2212lingual inclination of the first premolar could be highly variable during levelling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/050224-349.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T20:00:21Z","timestamp":1729195221000},"page":"35-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In vitro measurement of the initial forces and moments generated for a curve of Spee malocclusion with labial and lingual archwire forms"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Silas","family":"Yeung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giseon","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan L.","family":"Romanyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"808","article-title":"Treatment satisfaction and its influencing factors among adult orthodontic patients","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Lim\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Cha\n              J-Y,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              K-H,\n            \n            \n              Chung\n              CJ.\n            \n          \n          Treatment satisfaction and its influencing factors among adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;153:808\u2013817."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"476","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of dental esthetics regulates motivation to seek orthodontic treatment","volume":"150","author":"Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Ren\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Yao\n              L,\n            \n            \n              He\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Guo\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Ye\n              Q.\n            \n          \n          Psychosocial impact of dental esthetics regulates motivation to seek orthodontic treatment. 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Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques. 6th ed.St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier; 2017:1016."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"195","article-title":"Vertical forces in labial and lingual orthodontics applied on maxillary incisors\u2014A theoretical approach","volume":"74","author":"Geron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Geron\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Romano\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Brosh\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Vertical forces in labial and lingual orthodontics applied on maxillary incisors\u2014A theoretical approach. 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Am J Orthod. 1972;62:296\u2013309."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"344","article-title":"Development of the curve of Spee","volume":"134","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marshall\n              SD,\n            \n            \n              Caspersen\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Hardinger\n              RR,\n            \n            \n              Franciscus\n              RG,\n            \n            \n              Aquilino\n              SA,\n            \n            \n              Southard\n              TE.\n            \n          \n          Development of the curve of Spee. 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St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby; 2013:488."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep overbite correction by intrusion","volume":"72","author":"Burstone","year":"1977","unstructured":"Burstone\n              CR.\n            \n          \n          Deep overbite correction by intrusion. Am J Orthod. 1977;72:1\u201322."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b18","series-title":"In: biomechanics and esthetic strategies in clinical orthodontics","first-page":"131","article-title":"Management of deep overbite malocclusion","author":"Nanda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nanda\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Kuhlberg\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Management of deep overbite malocclusion. In: biomechanics and esthetic strategies in clinical orthodontics. 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Dental Press J Orthod. 2013;18:31\u201337."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"522","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of rectangular and round arch wires in leveling the curve of Spee","volume":"116","author":"AlQabandi","year":"1999","unstructured":"AlQabandi\n              AKh,\n            \n            \n              Sadowsky\n              C,\n            \n            \n              BeGole\n              EA.\n            \n          \n          A comparison of the effects of rectangular and round arch wires in leveling the curve of Spee. 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Philadelphia, IL: Elsevier; 2018."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"808","article-title":"Treatment satisfaction and its influencing factors among adult orthodontic patients","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Hwang\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Lim\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Cha\n              J-Y,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              K-H,\n            \n            \n              Chung\n              CJ.\n            \n          \n          Treatment satisfaction and its influencing factors among adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;153:808\u2013817."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"476","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of dental esthetics regulates motivation to seek orthodontic treatment","volume":"150","author":"Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Ren\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Yao\n              L,\n            \n            \n              He\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Guo\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Ye\n              Q.\n            \n          \n          Psychosocial impact of dental esthetics regulates motivation to seek orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150:476\u2013482."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b03","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Lingual orthodontic treatment: what is the current evidence base","volume":"40","author":"Auluck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Auluck\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Lingual orthodontic treatment: what is the current evidence base? J Orthod. 2013;40:S27\u201333."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"202","article-title":"Comparison of treatment effects with labial and lingual fixed appliances","volume":"99","author":"Gorman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gorman\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Smith\n              RJ.\n            \n          \n          Comparison of treatment effects with labial and lingual fixed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;99:202\u2013209."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b05","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"298","article-title":"Caries outcomes after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: do lingual brackets make a difference?: Lingual brackets and caries prevention","volume":"118","author":"Van Der Veen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Der Veen\n              MH,\n            \n            \n              Attin\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Schwestka\u2212Polly\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Wiechmann\n              D.\n            \n          \n          Caries outcomes after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: do lingual brackets make a difference?: Lingual brackets and caries prevention. Eur J Oral Sci. 2010;118:298\u2013303."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"414","article-title":"Lingual appliances reduce the incidence of white spot lesions during orthodontic multibracket treatment","volume":"148","author":"Wiechmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wiechmann\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Klang\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Helms\n              H\u2212J,\n            \n            \n              Kn\u00f6sel\n              M.\n            \n          \n          Lingual appliances reduce the incidence of white spot lesions during orthodontic multibracket treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:414\u2013422."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"820","article-title":"Adverse effects of lingual and buccal orthodontic techniques: A systematic review and meta\u2212analysis","volume":"149","author":"Ata\u2212Ali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ata\u2212Ali\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Ata\u2212Ali\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Ferrer\u2212Molina\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Cobo\n              T,\n            \n            \n              De Carlos\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Cobo\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Adverse effects of lingual and buccal orthodontic techniques: A systematic review and meta\u2212analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;149:820\u2013829."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b08","series-title":"Seminars Orthod","first-page":"178","article-title":"Concepts on Control of the Anterior Teeth Using the Lingual Appliance","volume":"12","author":"Romano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Romano\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Concepts on Control of the Anterior Teeth Using the Lingual Appliance. Seminars Orthod. 2006;12:178\u2013185."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b09","series-title":"Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques","first-page":"1016","author":"Graber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graber\n              LW,\n            \n            \n              Vanarsdall\n              RL,\n            \n            \n              Vig\n              KWL,\n            \n            \n              Huang\n              GJ\n            \n          , eds. Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques. 6th ed.St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier; 2017:1016."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-35-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"195","article-title":"Vertical forces in labial and lingual orthodontics applied on maxillary incisors\u2014A theoretical approach","volume":"74","author":"Geron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Geron\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Romano\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Brosh\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Vertical forces in labial and lingual orthodontics applied on maxillary incisors\u2014A theoretical approach. 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Philadelphia, IL: Elsevier; 2018."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p35.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/95\/1\/35\/3465698\/i1945-7103-95-1-35.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p35.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p35.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:46:08Z","timestamp":1780065968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p35.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/050224-349.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-7103","0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}