{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:25:55Z","timestamp":1784892355138,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The presence of an impacted mandibular canine is one of the most difficult challenges that an orthodontist will meet. Orthodontic treatment is planned on an individual basis after thoroughly considering the patient\u2019s overall facial and dentoskeletal characteristics; the duration, risks, and costs of treatment; patient preferences; and the orthodontist\u2019s experience. This article reports an orthodontic treatment of a boy, age 12.9 years, with an impacted mandibular canine in the permanent dentition that was successfully managed. Radiographic analysis indicated a transmigration of the mandibular right canine. The orthodontic treatment plan included extraction of the deciduous right canine followed by surgical exposure and ligation of the permanent canine. Eruption was properly guided, and the correct position of the tooth was achieved. This challenging treatment approach is described in detail, including the mechanics used to align the impacted canine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/050615-309.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T16:29:07Z","timestamp":1445876947000},"page":"681-691","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Combined orthodontic-surgical management of a transmigrated mandibular canine"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Serena","family":"Cavuoti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Orthodontic Student, Postgraduate Orthodontic Program, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Matarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical, Odontostomatological Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images, Section of Orthodontics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Isola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Department of Biomedical, Odontostomatological Sciences and of Morphological and Functional Images, Section of Orthodontics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamilian","family":"Abdolreza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Tehran Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felice","family":"Femiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Perillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Chairman of Post Graduate Orthodontic Program, and Head of Unit of Orthodontics, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"393","article-title":"Correction of bilateral impacted mandibular canines with a lip bumper for anchorage reinforcement","volume":"143","author":"Agarwal\n              S,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agarwal\n              S, \n            \n              Yadav\n              S, \n            \n              Shah\n              NV, \n            \n              Valiathan\n              A, \n            \n              Uribe\n              F, \n            \n              Nanda\n              R. \n          \n          Correction of bilateral impacted mandibular canines with a lip bumper for anchorage reinforcement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:393\u2013403."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"231","article-title":"Long-term results of orthodontic treatment of impacted maxillary canines","volume":"73","author":"D\u2019Amico\n              RM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico\n              RM, \n            \n              Bjerklin\n              K, \n            \n              Kurol\n              J, \n            \n              Falahat\n              B. \n          \n          Long-term results of orthodontic treatment of impacted maxillary canines. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:231\u2013238."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Contemp Clin Dent","first-page":"217","article-title":"Aberrantly placed impacted mandibular canine","volume":"4","author":"Bahl\n              R,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bahl\n              R, \n            \n              Singla\n              J, \n            \n              Gupta\n              M, \n            \n              Malhotra\n              A. \n          \n          Aberrantly placed impacted mandibular canine. Contemp Clin Dent. 2013;4:217\u2013219."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"198","article-title":"Transmigration of impacted canines","volume":"32","author":"Aydin\n              U,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aydin\n              U, \n            \n              Yilmaz\n              HH. \n          \n          Transmigration of impacted canines. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2003;32:198\u2013200."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"753","article-title":"Transmigration of mandibular canines\u2014a review of the literature and a report of five cases","volume":"73","author":"Camilleri\n              S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Camilleri\n              S, \n            \n              Scerri\n              E. \n          \n          Transmigration of mandibular canines\u2014a review of the literature and a report of five cases. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:753\u2013762."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal","first-page":"e335","article-title":"Analysis of different type of transmigrant mandibular teeth","volume":"16","author":"Kara\n              MI,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kara\n              MI, \n            \n              Ay\n              S, \n            \n              Aktan\n              AM, \n            et al. \n          Analysis of different type of transmigrant mandibular teeth. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16:e335\u2013340."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"ASDC J Dent Child","first-page":"362","article-title":"The displaced mandibular canine","volume":"49","author":"Shapira\n              Y,","year":"1982","unstructured":"Shapira\n              Y, \n            \n              Mischler\n              WA, \n            \n              Kuftinec\n              MM. \n          \n          The displaced mandibular canine. ASDC J Dent Child. 1982;49:362\u2013364."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"12","article-title":"Transmigrant mandibular canines: a record of 28 cases and a retrospective review of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Joshi\n              MR.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Joshi\n              MR. \n          \n          Transmigrant mandibular canines: a record of 28 cases and a retrospective review of the literature. Angle Orthod. 2001;71:12\u201322."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Pol J Radiol","first-page":"20","article-title":"Transmigration of mandibular canine\u2014case report","volume":"79","author":"Gruszka\n              K,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gruszka\n              K, \n            \n              R\u00f3\u017cy\u0142o\n              TK, \n            \n              R\u00f3\u017cy\u0142o-Kalinowska\n              I, \n            \n              Denkiewicz\n              K, \n            \n              Maslowska\n              K. \n          \n          Transmigration of mandibular canine\u2014case report. Pol J Radiol. 2014;79:20\u201323."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"738","article-title":"Intrabony migration of impacted teeth","volume":"73","author":"Shapira\n              Y,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shapira\n              Y, \n            \n              Kuftinec\n              MM. \n          \n          Intrabony migration of impacted teeth. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:738\u2013743."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"4","article-title":"Evaluation of crown-root angulation of lateral incisors adjacent to palatally impacted canines","volume":"16","author":"Kanavakis\n              G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kanavakis\n              G, \n            \n              Curran\n              KM, \n            et al. \n          Evaluation of crown-root angulation of lateral incisors adjacent to palatally impacted canines. Prog Orthod. 2015;16:4."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"355","article-title":"Patterns of intra-osseous transmigration and ectopic eruption of mandibular canines: review of literature and report of nine additional cases","volume":"31","author":"Mupparapu\n              M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mupparapu\n              M. \n          \n          Patterns of intra-osseous transmigration and ectopic eruption of mandibular canines: review of literature and report of nine additional cases. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2002;31:355\u2013360."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"559","article-title":"Early treatment of an ectopic premolar to avoid molar-premolar transposition","volume":"143","author":"Cannavale\n              R,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cannavale\n              R, \n            \n              Matarese\n              G, \n            \n              Isola\n              G, \n            \n              Grassia\n              V, \n            \n              Perillo\n              L. \n          \n          Early treatment of an ectopic premolar to avoid molar-premolar transposition. Am J Orthod. 2013;143:559\u2013569."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Anticancer Res","first-page":"4211","article-title":"Prognostic significance of N-Cadherin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Di Domenico\n              M,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Di Domenico\n              M, \n            \n              Pierantoni\n              GM, \n            \n              Feola\n              A, \n            et al. \n          Prognostic significance of N-Cadherin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2011;31:4211\u20134218."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Clinical, microbiologic, and biochemical effects of subgingival administration of a Xanthan-based chlorhexidine gel in the treatment of periodontitis: a randomized multicenter trial","volume":"80","author":"Paolantonio\n              M,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paolantonio\n              M, \n            \n              D\u2019Ercole\n              S, \n            \n              Pilloni\n              A, \n            et al. \n          Clinical, microbiologic, and biochemical effects of subgingival administration of a Xanthan-based chlorhexidine gel in the treatment of periodontitis: a randomized multicenter trial. J Periodontol. 2009;80:1479\u20131492."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci","first-page":"425","article-title":"Three-dimensional localization of impacted canines and root resorption assessment using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"34","author":"Almuthaseb\n              E,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Almuthaseb\n              E, \n            \n              Mao\n              J, \n            \n              Mahony\n              D, \n            \n              Bader\n              R, \n            \n              Zhang\n              ZX. \n          \n          Three-dimensional localization of impacted canines and root resorption assessment using cone beam computed tomography. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2014;34:425\u2013430."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Quintessence Int","first-page":"395","article-title":"Transmigration of mandibular canines: report of six cases and review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Alaejos-Algarra\n              C,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alaejos-Algarra\n              C, \n            \n              Berini-Aytes\n              L, \n            \n              Gay-Escoda\n              C. \n          \n          Transmigration of mandibular canines: report of six cases and review of the literature. Quintessence Int. 1998;29:395\u2013398."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"195","article-title":"Differences in craniofacial characteristics in Southern Italian children from Naples: a retrospective study by cephalometric analysis","volume":"14","author":"Perillo\n              L,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perillo\n              L, \n            \n              Isola\n              G, \n            \n              Esercizio\n              D, \n            \n              Iovane\n              M, \n            \n              Triolo\n              G, \n            \n              Matarese\n              G. \n          \n          Differences in craniofacial characteristics in Southern Italian children from Naples: a retrospective study by cephalometric analysis. 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Case Rep Dent. 2013;2013:697671."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Quintessence Int","first-page":"231","article-title":"Treatment of infrabony periodontal defects using a resorbable biopolymer of hyaluronic acid: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Briguglio\n              F,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Briguglio\n              F, \n            \n              Briguglio\n              E, \n            \n              Briguglio\n              R, \n            \n              Cafiero\n              C, \n            \n              Isola\n              G. \n          \n          Treatment of infrabony periodontal defects using a resorbable biopolymer of hyaluronic acid: a randomized clinical trial. 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J Nihon Univ Sch Dent. 1964;6:66\u201371."},{"key":"r24","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"224","article-title":"Orthodontic and periodontal considerations in managing teeth exhibiting significant delay in eruption","volume":"5","author":"Kavadia-Tsatala\n              S,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kavadia-Tsatala\n              S, \n            \n              Tsalikis\n              L, \n            \n              Kaklamanos\n              EG, \n            \n              Sidiropoulou\n              S, \n            \n              Antoniades\n              K. \n          \n          Orthodontic and periodontal considerations in managing teeth exhibiting significant delay in eruption. World J Orthod. 2004;5:224\u2013229."},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"515","article-title":"On the phenomenon of intraosseous migration of nonerupting teeth","volume":"113","author":"Peck\n              S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Peck\n              S. \n          \n          On the phenomenon of intraosseous migration of nonerupting teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:515\u2013517."},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"415","article-title":"Resorption of incisors after ectopic eruption of maxillary canines: a CT study","volume":"70","author":"Ericson\n              S,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ericson\n              S, \n            \n              Kurol\n              J. \n          \n          Resorption of incisors after ectopic eruption of maxillary canines: a CT study. 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Angle Orthod. 2003;73:328\u2013336."},{"key":"r29","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"192","article-title":"Class II malocclusion division 1: a new classification method by cephalometric analysis","volume":"13","author":"Perillo\n              L,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perillo\n              L, \n            \n              Padricelli\n              G, \n            \n              Isola\n              G, \n            \n              Femiano\n              F, \n            \n              Chiodini\n              P, \n            \n              Matarese\n              G. \n          \n          Class II malocclusion division 1: a new classification method by cephalometric analysis. 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J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2012;22:273\u2013279."},{"key":"r34","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"90","article-title":"A contemporary and evidence-based view of canine protected occlusion","volume":"132","author":"Rinchuse\n              DJ,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rinchuse\n              DJ, \n            \n              Kandasamy\n              S, \n            \n              Sciote\n              J. \n          \n          A contemporary and evidence-based view of canine protected occlusion. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:393\u2013403."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"231","article-title":"Long-term results of orthodontic treatment of impacted maxillary canines","volume":"73","author":"D\u2019Amico\n              RM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico\n              RM, \n            \n              Bjerklin\n              K, \n            \n              Kurol\n              J, \n            \n              Falahat\n              B. \n          \n          Long-term results of orthodontic treatment of impacted maxillary canines. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:231\u2013238."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Contemp Clin Dent","first-page":"217","article-title":"Aberrantly placed impacted mandibular canine","volume":"4","author":"Bahl\n              R,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bahl\n              R, \n            \n              Singla\n              J, \n            \n              Gupta\n              M, \n            \n              Malhotra\n              A. \n          \n          Aberrantly placed impacted mandibular canine. Contemp Clin Dent. 2013;4:217\u2013219."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"198","article-title":"Transmigration of impacted canines","volume":"32","author":"Aydin\n              U,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aydin\n              U, \n            \n              Yilmaz\n              HH. \n          \n          Transmigration of impacted canines. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2003;32:198\u2013200."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"753","article-title":"Transmigration of mandibular canines\u2014a review of the literature and a report of five cases","volume":"73","author":"Camilleri\n              S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Camilleri\n              S, \n            \n              Scerri\n              E. \n          \n          Transmigration of mandibular canines\u2014a review of the literature and a report of five cases. 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Angle Orthod. 2001;71:12\u201322."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Pol J Radiol","first-page":"20","article-title":"Transmigration of mandibular canine\u2014case report","volume":"79","author":"Gruszka\n              K,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gruszka\n              K, \n            \n              R\u00f3\u017cy\u0142o\n              TK, \n            \n              R\u00f3\u017cy\u0142o-Kalinowska\n              I, \n            \n              Denkiewicz\n              K, \n            \n              Maslowska\n              K. \n          \n          Transmigration of mandibular canine\u2014case report. Pol J Radiol. 2014;79:20\u201323."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"738","article-title":"Intrabony migration of impacted teeth","volume":"73","author":"Shapira\n              Y,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shapira\n              Y, \n            \n              Kuftinec\n              MM. \n          \n          Intrabony migration of impacted teeth. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:738\u2013743."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"4","article-title":"Evaluation of crown-root angulation of lateral incisors adjacent to palatally impacted canines","volume":"16","author":"Kanavakis\n              G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kanavakis\n              G, \n            \n              Curran\n              KM, \n            et al. \n          Evaluation of crown-root angulation of lateral incisors adjacent to palatally impacted canines. Prog Orthod. 2015;16:4."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol","first-page":"355","article-title":"Patterns of intra-osseous transmigration and ectopic eruption of mandibular canines: review of literature and report of nine additional cases","volume":"31","author":"Mupparapu\n              M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mupparapu\n              M. \n          \n          Patterns of intra-osseous transmigration and ectopic eruption of mandibular canines: review of literature and report of nine additional cases. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2002;31:355\u2013360."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"559","article-title":"Early treatment of an ectopic premolar to avoid molar-premolar transposition","volume":"143","author":"Cannavale\n              R,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cannavale\n              R, \n            \n              Matarese\n              G, \n            \n              Isola\n              G, \n            \n              Grassia\n              V, \n            \n              Perillo\n              L. \n          \n          Early treatment of an ectopic premolar to avoid molar-premolar transposition. Am J Orthod. 2013;143:559\u2013569."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Anticancer Res","first-page":"4211","article-title":"Prognostic significance of N-Cadherin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Di Domenico\n              M,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Di Domenico\n              M, \n            \n              Pierantoni\n              GM, \n            \n              Feola\n              A, \n            et al. \n          Prognostic significance of N-Cadherin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. 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