{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:59:47Z","timestamp":1780484387946,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the body of evidence in the literature about the most favorable time for initiating orthodontic treatment in patients with severe crowding caused by tooth size arch length deficiency (TSALD).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Electronic databases (PubMed, Ovid Medline, Scopus, Virtual Health Library, and The Cochrane Library) were searched for articles published between 1900 and April 2014. Studies were included that evaluated treatment of patients with severe crowding caused TSALD, who were treated with first premolar extraction. The association between the stage of development of occlusion at which treatment was started, and the primary and\/or secondary outcomes of early and late treatment were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n After application of the eligibility criteria and reading of the full texts, six articles were included in the final review. Of these six articles, all of which were retrospective, four showed that the primary outcome (correction of severe crowding) of the early and late groups was improved, but without statistically significant differences after treatment. Therefore, the findings of secondary outcomes in the literature (postretention crowding relapse, duration of total and active treatment [treatment with appliances], external apical root resorption, and soft tissue profile) were the target of this study. These studies presented low or moderate methodological quality and control of bias.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n \n Both early and late extraction had a similar effect on correction of crowding. Early treatment had two favorable secondary outcomes (less relapse and reduced active treatment time) vs late treatment. However, the levels of evidence were not sufficient to assert which protocol was superior. (\n Angle Orthod<\/jats:italic>\n . 2015;85:510\u2013517.)\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/050814-332.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]],"date-time":"2014-12-08T11:00:18Z","timestamp":1418036418000},"page":"510-517","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Early vs late orthodontic treatment of tooth crowding by first premolar extraction: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Hibernon Lopes","family":"Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Pediatrics and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Dental School, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00facio H.","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Pediatrics and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Dental School, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago C. L.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Pediatrics and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Dental School, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margareth M. G.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Dental School, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucianne Cople","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Dental School, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"349","article-title":"Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment\u2014first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics","volume":"80","author":"Little\n RM,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Little\n RM, \n \n Wallen\n TR, \n \n Riedel\n RA. \n \n Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment\u2014first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics. 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Trans Eur Orthod Soc. 1947;48:34\u201347."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"65","article-title":"The effects of eruption guidance and serial extraction on the developing dentition","volume":"9","author":"Little\n RM.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Little\n RM. \n \n The effects of eruption guidance and serial extraction on the developing dentition. Pediatr Dent. 1987;9:65\u201370."},{"issue":"5","key":"r5","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"613","article-title":"Early orthodontic treatment: what are the imperatives","volume":"131","author":"Kluemper\n GT,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kluemper\n GT, \n \n Beeman\n CS, \n \n Hicks\n EP. \n \n Early orthodontic treatment: what are the imperatives? J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131(5):613\u2013620."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"5","article-title":"Proceedings of the workshop discussions on early treatment","volume":"113","author":"Bishara\n SE,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bishara\n SE, \n \n Justus\n R, \n \n Graber\n TM. \n \n Proceedings of the workshop discussions on early treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:5\u20136."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Clinical Orthodontics. Vol I","first-page":"248","author":"Tweed\n CH.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Tweed\n CH. \n \n Clinical Orthodontics. Vol I. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1966:248\u2013268."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"424","article-title":"A critical analysis of serial extraction in orthodontic treatment","volume":"45","author":"Dewel\n BF.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Dewel\n BF. \n \n A critical analysis of serial extraction in orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod. 1959;45:424\u2013455."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"149","article-title":"Serial extraction","volume":"35","author":"Norman\n F.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Norman\n F. \n \n Serial extraction. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:149\u2013157."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"541","article-title":"Serial extraction: a continuous diagnostic and decisional process","volume":"60","author":"Graber\n TM.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Graber\n TM. \n \n Serial extraction: a continuous diagnostic and decisional process. Am J Orthod. 1971;60:541\u2013575."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Current Orthodontics","first-page":"259","article-title":"Serial extraction","author":"Mayne\n WR.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mayne\n WR. \n \n Serial extraction. In: GraberTM, ed. Current Orthodontics. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby Company; 1975:259\u2013364."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques","first-page":"259","article-title":"Guidance of occlusion: serial extraction","author":"Dale\n JG.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dale\n JG. \n \n Guidance of occlusion: serial extraction. In: GraberTM, SwainBF, eds. Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby Company; 1985:259\u2013366."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"721","article-title":"Updated CONSORT and PRISMA documents now available","volume":"137","author":"Turpin\n DL.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Turpin\n DL. \n \n Updated CONSORT and PRISMA documents now available. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:721\u2013722."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"The Guidelines Manual","year":"2009","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The Guidelines Manual. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2009. Available at: http:\/\/www.nice.org.uk. Accessed October 18, 2011."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"588","article-title":"A systematic review concerning early orthodontic treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite","volume":"73","author":"Petr\u00e9n\n S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petr\u00e9n\n S, \n \n Bondemark\n L, \n \n S\u00f6derfeldt\n B. \n \n A systematic review concerning early orthodontic treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:588\u2013596."},{"issue":"2","key":"r16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"133","article-title":"Mandibular second premolar extraction\u2014postretention evaluation of stability and relapse","volume":"61","author":"McReynolds\n DC,","year":"1990","unstructured":"McReynolds\n DC, \n \n Little\n RM. \n \n Mandibular second premolar extraction\u2014postretention evaluation of stability and relapse. 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St Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1966:248\u2013268."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"424","article-title":"A critical analysis of serial extraction in orthodontic treatment","volume":"45","author":"Dewel\n BF.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Dewel\n BF. \n \n A critical analysis of serial extraction in orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod. 1959;45:424\u2013455."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"149","article-title":"Serial extraction","volume":"35","author":"Norman\n F.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Norman\n F. \n \n Serial extraction. Angle Orthod. 1965;35:149\u2013157."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"541","article-title":"Serial extraction: a continuous diagnostic and decisional process","volume":"60","author":"Graber\n TM.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Graber\n TM. \n \n Serial extraction: a continuous diagnostic and decisional process. Am J Orthod. 1971;60:541\u2013575."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Current Orthodontics","first-page":"259","article-title":"Serial extraction","author":"Mayne\n WR.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mayne\n WR. \n \n Serial extraction. In: GraberTM, ed. Current Orthodontics. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby Company; 1975:259\u2013364."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques","first-page":"259","article-title":"Guidance of occlusion: serial extraction","author":"Dale\n JG.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dale\n JG. \n \n Guidance of occlusion: serial extraction. In: GraberTM, SwainBF, eds. Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby Company; 1985:259\u2013366."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"721","article-title":"Updated CONSORT and PRISMA documents now available","volume":"137","author":"Turpin\n DL.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Turpin\n DL. \n \n Updated CONSORT and PRISMA documents now available. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:721\u2013722."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"The Guidelines Manual","year":"2009","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The Guidelines Manual. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2009. Available at: http:\/\/www.nice.org.uk. Accessed October 18, 2011."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"588","article-title":"A systematic review concerning early orthodontic treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite","volume":"73","author":"Petr\u00e9n\n S,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petr\u00e9n\n S, \n \n Bondemark\n L, \n \n S\u00f6derfeldt\n B. \n \n A systematic review concerning early orthodontic treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:588\u2013596."},{"issue":"2","key":"r16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"133","article-title":"Mandibular second premolar extraction\u2014postretention evaluation of stability and relapse","volume":"61","author":"McReynolds\n DC,","year":"1990","unstructured":"McReynolds\n DC, \n \n Little\n RM. \n \n Mandibular second premolar extraction\u2014postretention evaluation of stability and relapse. 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