{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:58:26Z","timestamp":1792594706819,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To determine whether apical base size is related to dental crowding.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Digital scans of dental casts were taken of 75 untreated Class I adults to measure maxillary and mandibular tooth size, dental arch perimeters, intermolar widths, and intercanine widths. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were used to measure the apical base of the maxilla and mandible, including the total cross-sectional area, five basal arch perimeters and five basal arch widths. Principal components factor analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between the apical base size and tooth-size-arch-length discrepancies (TSALD).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The dental arch and maxillary apical base measures were significantly larger in males than females. There were only limited sex differences in mandibular apical base size. The dental arch measurements were smaller in subjects with greater upper and lower TSALD. Maxillary and mandibular apical base dimensions were positively interrelated. Low-to-moderate correlations were found between the size of the maxillary apical base and TSALD. The size of the mandibular apical base was not related to upper or lower TSALD. Tooth size showed little to no relationship with TSALD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Although maxillary apical base size is related to maxillary and mandibular crowding in subjects with Class I malocclusion, mandibular apical base size is not.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/051019-324.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T11:04:55Z","timestamp":1569323095000},"page":"216-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Is there a relationship between dental crowding and the size of the maxillary or mandibular apical base?"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Crossley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, McKinney, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip M.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Emeritus, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry P.","family":"Tadlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emet","family":"Schneiderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Buschang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regents Professor and Director of Orthodontic Research, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b01","series-title":"Sem Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"Class I malocclusions\u2014The development and etiology of mandibular malalignments","volume":"20","author":"Buschang \n PH.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buschang \n PH. \n \n \n Class I malocclusions\u2014The development and etiology of mandibular malalignments. Sem Orthod. 2014;20:3\u201315."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"74","article-title":"A philosophy of orthodontic treatment","volume":"31","author":"Tweed \n CH.","year":"1945","unstructured":"Tweed \n CH. \n \n \n A philosophy of orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1945;31:74\u2013103."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"297","article-title":"Orthodontic therapy as limited by ontogenetic growth and the basal arches","volume":"34","author":"Salzmann \n JA.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Salzmann \n JA. \n \n \n Orthodontic therapy as limited by ontogenetic growth and the basal arches. Am J Orthod. 1948;34:297\u2013319."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"363","article-title":"An examination of dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimension","volume":"83","author":"Howe \n RP,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Howe \n RP, \n \n \n McNamara \n Jr\n JA, \n \n \n O'Connor \n KA. \n \n \n An examination of dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimension. Am J Orthod. 1983;83:363\u2013373."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b05","series-title":"Proc Nat Sci Counc Repub China B","first-page":"229","article-title":"The relationship of dental crowding to tooth size, dental arch width, and arch depth","volume":"10","author":"Chang \n HF,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chang \n HF, \n \n \n Shiau \n YY, \n \n \n Chen \n KC. \n \n \n The relationship of dental crowding to tooth size, dental arch width, and arch depth. Proc Nat Sci Counc Repub China B. 1986;10:229\u2013235."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"46","article-title":"Changes in the maxillary and mandibular tooth size-arch length relationship from early adolescence to early adulthood. A longitudinal study","volume":"95","author":"Bishara \n SE,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bishara \n SE, \n \n \n Jakobsen \n JR, \n \n \n Treder \n JE, \n \n \n Stasl \n MJ. \n \n \n Changes in the maxillary and mandibular tooth size-arch length relationship from early adolescence to early adulthood. A longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;95:46\u201359."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"220","article-title":"Intra-arch occlusal indicators of crowding in the permanent dentition","volume":"128","author":"Bernab\u00e9 \n E,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bernab\u00e9 \n E, \n \n \n Del Castillo \n CE, \n \n \n Flores-Mir \n C. \n \n \n Intra-arch occlusal indicators of crowding in the permanent dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:220\u2013225."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b08","series-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract","first-page":"45","article-title":"Tooth size and arch dimension in uncrowded versus crowded class I malocclusions","volume":"8","author":"Poosti \n M,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poosti \n M, \n \n \n Jalali \n T. \n \n \n Tooth size and arch dimension in uncrowded versus crowded class I malocclusions. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2007;8:45\u201352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"759","article-title":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr Sayin M. Relationship between mandibular anterior crowding and lateral dentofacial morphology in the early mixed dentition","volume":"74","author":"T\u00fcrkkahraman \n H,","year":"2004","unstructured":"T\u00fcrkkahraman \n H, \n \n \n \u00d6zg\u00fcr Sayin M. Relationship between mandibular anterior crowding and lateral dentofacial morphology in the early mixed dentition. Angle Orthod. 2004;74:759\u2013764."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"217","article-title":"Relationship between maxillary and mandibular base lengths and dental crowding in patients with complete Class II malocclusions","volume":"81","author":"Janson \n G,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Janson \n G, \n \n \n Goizueta \n OEFM, \n \n \n Garib \n DG, \n \n \n Janson \n M. \n \n \n Relationship between maxillary and mandibular base lengths and dental crowding in patients with complete Class II malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:217\u2013221."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b11","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"281","article-title":"Relationship between dental crowding, skeletal base lengths, and dentofacial measurements","volume":"13","author":"Montasser \n MA,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Montasser \n MA, \n \n \n Taha \n M. \n \n \n Relationship between dental crowding, skeletal base lengths, and dentofacial measurements. Prog Orthod. 2012; 13:281\u2013287."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"41","article-title":"Comparison of dental and apical base arch forms in Class II Division 1 and Class i malocclusions","volume":"138","author":"Ball \n RL,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ball \n RL, \n \n \n Miner \n RM, \n \n \n Will \n LA, \n \n \n Arai \n K. \n \n \n Comparison of dental and apical base arch forms in Class II Division 1 and Class i malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:41\u201350."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.","article-title":"Comparison of the mandibular dental and basal arch forms in adults and children with Class I and Class II malocclusions","volume":"138","author":"Gupta \n D,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gupta \n D, \n \n \n Miner \n RM, \n \n \n Arai \n K, \n \n \n Will \n LA. \n \n \n Comparison of the mandibular dental and basal arch forms in adults and children with Class I and Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2010; 138:10.e1\u20138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b14","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"288","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of the relationship between dental and basal arch forms in normal occlusion","volume":"41","author":"Kim \n KY,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim \n KY, \n \n \n Bayome \n M, \n \n \n Kim \n K, \n \n et al. \n Three-dimensional evaluation of the relationship between dental and basal arch forms in normal occlusion. Korean J Orthod. 2011; 41:288\u2013296."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b15","series-title":"Inter J Orthod Oral Surg Rad","first-page":"591","article-title":"Malocclusion of the teeth regarded as a problem in connection with the apical base","volume":"11","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n AF.","year":"1925","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n AF. \n \n \n Malocclusion of the teeth regarded as a problem in connection with the apical base. Inter J Orthod Oral Surg Rad. 1925;11:591\u2013602."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"645","article-title":"Mandibular anterior bony support and incisor crowding: Is there a relationship?","volume":"142","author":"Uysal \n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uysal \n T, \n \n \n Yagci \n A, \n \n \n Ozer \n T, \n \n \n Veli \n I, \n \n \n Ozturk \n A. \n \n \n Mandibular anterior bony support and incisor crowding: Is there a relationship?\n Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142:645\u2013653."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b17","series-title":"Three-Dimensional Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Assessment of Basal Bone Parameters and Crowding [master's thesis]","author":"Bell \n G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bell \n G. \n \n \n Three-Dimensional Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Assessment of Basal Bone Parameters and Crowding [master's thesis]. St. Louis, Mo: St. Louis University;2008."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b18","series-title":"An Assessment of Mandibular Apical Base and Curve of Spee From a Developmental Perspective [master's thesis]","author":"Athar \n A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Athar \n A. \n \n \n An Assessment of Mandibular Apical Base and Curve of Spee From a Developmental Perspective [master's thesis]. St Louis, Mo.: St. Louis University;2011."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b19","series-title":"Dent Clin North Am","first-page":"431","article-title":"Arch size analysis and tooth size prediction","author":"Huckaba \n G.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Huckaba \n G. \n \n \n Arch size analysis and tooth size prediction. 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Sem Orthod. 1999;5:151\u2013159."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b22","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"371","article-title":"A study of children with unilateral posterior crossbite, treated and untreated, in the deciduous dentition: occlusal and skeletal characteristics of significance in predicting long-term outcome","volume":"63","author":"Thilander \n B,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thilander \n B, \n \n \n Lennartsson \n B. \n \n \n A study of children with unilateral posterior crossbite, treated and untreated, in the deciduous dentition: occlusal and skeletal characteristics of significance in predicting long-term outcome. J Orofac Orthop. 2002;63:371\u2013383."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"300","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography transverse analysis. Part I: Normative data","volume":"142","author":"Miner \n RM,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miner \n RM, \n \n \n Al Quabandi \n S, \n \n \n Rigali \n PH, \n \n \n Will \n LA. \n \n \n Cone-beam computed tomography transverse analysis. Part I: Normative data. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142:300\u2013307."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b24","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"20","article-title":"Comparison between rapid and mixed maxillary expansion through an assessment of arch changes on dental casts","volume":"16","author":"Grassia \n V,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grassia \n V, \n \n \n d'Apuzzo \n F, \n \n \n Jamilian \n A, \n \n et al. \n Comparison between rapid and mixed maxillary expansion through an assessment of arch changes on dental casts. Prog Orthod. 2015;16:20."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b25","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"570","article-title":"Dental arch response to Haas-type rapid maxillary expansion anchored to deciduous vs permanent molars: a multicentric randomized controlled trial","volume":"85","author":"Ugolini \n A,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ugolini \n A, \n \n \n Cerruto \n C, \n \n \n Di Vece \n L, \n \n et al. \n Dental arch response to Haas-type rapid maxillary expansion anchored to deciduous vs permanent molars: a multicentric randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:570\u2013576."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b26","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"286","article-title":"Rapid palatal expansion in the absence of posterior cross-bite to intercept maxillary incisor crowding in the mixed dentition: a CBCT evaluation of spontaneous changes of untouched permanent molars","volume":"17","author":"Rosa \n M,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosa \n M, \n \n \n Lucchi \n P, \n \n \n Manti \n G, \n \n \n Caprioglio \n A. \n \n \n Rapid palatal expansion in the absence of posterior cross-bite to intercept maxillary incisor crowding in the mixed dentition: a CBCT evaluation of spontaneous changes of untouched permanent molars. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2016;17:286\u2013294."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"75","article-title":"Maxillary and mandibular width changes studied using metallic implants","volume":"117","author":"Gandini \n LG, \n Jr.,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gandini \n LG, \n Jr., \n \n \n Buschang \n PH. \n \n \n Maxillary and mandibular width changes studied using metallic implants. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117:75\u201380."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b28","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"229","article-title":"Change in the width of the mandibular body from 6 to 23 years of age: an implant study","volume":"22","author":"Iseri \n H,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Iseri \n H, \n \n \n Solow \n B. \n \n \n Change in the width of the mandibular body from 6 to 23 years of age: an implant study. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:795\u2013804."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b31","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"50","article-title":"Dental crowding and its relationship to mesiodistal crown diameters and arch dimensions","volume":"94","author":"Radnzic \n D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Radnzic \n D. \n \n \n Dental crowding and its relationship to mesiodistal crown diameters and arch dimensions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;94:50\u201356."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b01","series-title":"Sem Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"Class I malocclusions\u2014The development and etiology of mandibular malalignments","volume":"20","author":"Buschang \n PH.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buschang \n PH. \n \n \n Class I malocclusions\u2014The development and etiology of mandibular malalignments. Sem Orthod. 2014;20:3\u201315."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"74","article-title":"A philosophy of orthodontic treatment","volume":"31","author":"Tweed \n CH.","year":"1945","unstructured":"Tweed \n CH. \n \n \n A philosophy of orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1945;31:74\u2013103."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"297","article-title":"Orthodontic therapy as limited by ontogenetic growth and the basal arches","volume":"34","author":"Salzmann \n JA.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Salzmann \n JA. \n \n \n Orthodontic therapy as limited by ontogenetic growth and the basal arches. Am J Orthod. 1948;34:297\u2013319."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"363","article-title":"An examination of dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimension","volume":"83","author":"Howe \n RP,","year":"1983","unstructured":"Howe \n RP, \n \n \n McNamara \n Jr\n JA, \n \n \n O'Connor \n KA. \n \n \n An examination of dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimension. Am J Orthod. 1983;83:363\u2013373."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b05","series-title":"Proc Nat Sci Counc Repub China B","first-page":"229","article-title":"The relationship of dental crowding to tooth size, dental arch width, and arch depth","volume":"10","author":"Chang \n HF,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chang \n HF, \n \n \n Shiau \n YY, \n \n \n Chen \n KC. \n \n \n The relationship of dental crowding to tooth size, dental arch width, and arch depth. Proc Nat Sci Counc Repub China B. 1986;10:229\u2013235."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"46","article-title":"Changes in the maxillary and mandibular tooth size-arch length relationship from early adolescence to early adulthood. A longitudinal study","volume":"95","author":"Bishara \n SE,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bishara \n SE, \n \n \n Jakobsen \n JR, \n \n \n Treder \n JE, \n \n \n Stasl \n MJ. \n \n \n Changes in the maxillary and mandibular tooth size-arch length relationship from early adolescence to early adulthood. A longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;95:46\u201359."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"220","article-title":"Intra-arch occlusal indicators of crowding in the permanent dentition","volume":"128","author":"Bernab\u00e9 \n E,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bernab\u00e9 \n E, \n \n \n Del Castillo \n CE, \n \n \n Flores-Mir \n C. \n \n \n Intra-arch occlusal indicators of crowding in the permanent dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:220\u2013225."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b08","series-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract","first-page":"45","article-title":"Tooth size and arch dimension in uncrowded versus crowded class I malocclusions","volume":"8","author":"Poosti \n M,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poosti \n M, \n \n \n Jalali \n T. \n \n \n Tooth size and arch dimension in uncrowded versus crowded class I malocclusions. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2007;8:45\u201352."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"759","article-title":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr Sayin M. Relationship between mandibular anterior crowding and lateral dentofacial morphology in the early mixed dentition","volume":"74","author":"T\u00fcrkkahraman \n H,","year":"2004","unstructured":"T\u00fcrkkahraman \n H, \n \n \n \u00d6zg\u00fcr Sayin M. Relationship between mandibular anterior crowding and lateral dentofacial morphology in the early mixed dentition. Angle Orthod. 2004;74:759\u2013764."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"217","article-title":"Relationship between maxillary and mandibular base lengths and dental crowding in patients with complete Class II malocclusions","volume":"81","author":"Janson \n G,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Janson \n G, \n \n \n Goizueta \n OEFM, \n \n \n Garib \n DG, \n \n \n Janson \n M. \n \n \n Relationship between maxillary and mandibular base lengths and dental crowding in patients with complete Class II malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:217\u2013221."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b11","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"281","article-title":"Relationship between dental crowding, skeletal base lengths, and dentofacial measurements","volume":"13","author":"Montasser \n MA,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Montasser \n MA, \n \n \n Taha \n M. \n \n \n Relationship between dental crowding, skeletal base lengths, and dentofacial measurements. Prog Orthod. 2012; 13:281\u2013287."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"41","article-title":"Comparison of dental and apical base arch forms in Class II Division 1 and Class i malocclusions","volume":"138","author":"Ball \n RL,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ball \n RL, \n \n \n Miner \n RM, \n \n \n Will \n LA, \n \n \n Arai \n K. \n \n \n Comparison of dental and apical base arch forms in Class II Division 1 and Class i malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:41\u201350."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.","article-title":"Comparison of the mandibular dental and basal arch forms in adults and children with Class I and Class II malocclusions","volume":"138","author":"Gupta \n D,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gupta \n D, \n \n \n Miner \n RM, \n \n \n Arai \n K, \n \n \n Will \n LA. \n \n \n Comparison of the mandibular dental and basal arch forms in adults and children with Class I and Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2010; 138:10.e1\u20138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b14","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"288","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of the relationship between dental and basal arch forms in normal occlusion","volume":"41","author":"Kim \n KY,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim \n KY, \n \n \n Bayome \n M, \n \n \n Kim \n K, \n \n et al. \n Three-dimensional evaluation of the relationship between dental and basal arch forms in normal occlusion. Korean J Orthod. 2011; 41:288\u2013296."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b15","series-title":"Inter J Orthod Oral Surg Rad","first-page":"591","article-title":"Malocclusion of the teeth regarded as a problem in connection with the apical base","volume":"11","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n AF.","year":"1925","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n AF. \n \n \n Malocclusion of the teeth regarded as a problem in connection with the apical base. Inter J Orthod Oral Surg Rad. 1925;11:591\u2013602."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"645","article-title":"Mandibular anterior bony support and incisor crowding: Is there a relationship?","volume":"142","author":"Uysal \n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uysal \n T, \n \n \n Yagci \n A, \n \n \n Ozer \n T, \n \n \n Veli \n I, \n \n \n Ozturk \n A. \n \n \n Mandibular anterior bony support and incisor crowding: Is there a relationship?\n Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142:645\u2013653."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-2-216-b17","series-title":"Three-Dimensional Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Assessment of Basal Bone Parameters and Crowding [master's thesis]","author":"Bell \n G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bell \n G. \n \n \n Three-Dimensional Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Assessment of Basal Bone Parameters and Crowding [master's thesis]. 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