{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:21:44Z","timestamp":1787977304327,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To compare the effect between three different reverse curve of Spee (RCOS) archwires: 0.016 \u00d7 0.022-inch Nickel-Titanium and 0.019 \u00d7 0.025-inch stainless steel (SS) with and without crown labial torque (CLT) on lower incisors during deep overbite treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n Eighty subjects with deep overbite were randomly divided into three groups: the first group (mean age: 20.5 years) received SS RCOS with CLT, the second group (mean age: 19.4 years) was treated with 0.019 \u00d7 0.025-inch SS RCOS with zero CLT, the third group (mean age: 18.2 years) was treated with rocking-chair nickel-titanium (NiTi) 0.016 \u00d7 0.022-inch with RCOS. Two lateral cephalometric images were taken for each patient, one after alignment and the second after deep bite correction. These images were superimposed using the corpus axis to study the lower incisor horizontal and vertical changes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The lower incisor angular change was significantly smaller in Group II (\u22120.3\u00b0) compared to Group I (4.8\u00b0) and Group III (6.0\u00b0,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 .001). Lower incisor anterior movement was reduced in Group II compared to Group I (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .014) and Group III (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .008). Group III showed significantly more downward movement of the lower Incisors (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 .001). The three groups showed comparable amounts of true intrusion (1 mm,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .536).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n 0.016 \u00d7 0.022-inch NiTi and 0.019 \u00d7 0.025-inch SS with crown labial torque RCOS archwires resulted in similar proclination and forward movement of the lower incisors. Removal of anterior crown labial torque from the 0.019 \u00d7 0.025-inch SS RCOS archwire prevents lower incisor proclination and forward movement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/051524-376.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T20:01:08Z","timestamp":1727294468000},"page":"27-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparison between effects of reverse curve of Spee nickel titanium archwire and stainless steel archwires with and without torque on the lower incisors in deep overbite treatment: a randomized control study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Farah","family":"Shakhtour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazem","family":"Al-Nimri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of deep-bite cases","volume":"77","author":"Engel","year":"1980","unstructured":"Engel\n G,\n \n \n Cornforth\n G,\n \n \n Damerell\n JM,\n \n et al.\n \n Treatment of deep-bite cases. Am J Orthod. 1980;77:1\u201313."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"363","article-title":"Leveling the curve of Spee with a continuous archwire technique: a long term cephalometric study","volume":"131","author":"Bernstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bernstein\n RL,\n \n \n Preston\n CB,\n \n \n Lampasso\n J.\n \n \n Leveling the curve of Spee with a continuous archwire technique: a long term cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:363\u2013371."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b03","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"311","article-title":"Lower incisor torque: the effects of rectangular archwires with a reverse curve of Spee","volume":"17","author":"Ferguson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ferguson\n JW.\n \n \n Lower incisor torque: the effects of rectangular archwires with a reverse curve of Spee. Br J Orthod. 1990;17:311\u2013315."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"296","article-title":"The six keys to normal occlusion","volume":"62","author":"Andrews","year":"1972","unstructured":"Andrews\n LF.\n \n \n The six keys to normal occlusion. Am J Orthod. 1972;62:296\u2013309."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"522","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of rectangular and round arch wires in leveling the curve of Spee","volume":"116","author":"AlQabandi","year":"1999","unstructured":"AlQabandi\n AK,\n \n \n Sadowsky\n C,\n \n \n BeGole\n EA.\n \n \n A comparison of the effects of rectangular and round arch wires in leveling the curve of Spee. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:522\u2013529."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b06","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"214","article-title":"Bioprogressive therapy: overbite reduction with the lower utility arch","volume":"10","author":"Greig","year":"1983","unstructured":"Greig\n DG.\n \n \n Bioprogressive therapy: overbite reduction with the lower utility arch. Br J Orthod. 1983;10:214\u2013216."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"368","article-title":"A principle of arcial growth of the mandible","volume":"42","author":"Ricketts","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM.\n \n \n A principle of arcial growth of the mandible. Angle Orthod. 1972;42:368\u2013386."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b08","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"7107","article-title":"Efficacy of lower arch leveling, lower incisors' root resorption, and pain associated with the correction of curve of Spee using different orthodontic archwires: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Nasrawi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nasrawi\n YH,\n \n \n Alhaija\n ESA,\n \n \n Al Maaitah\n EF.\n \n \n Efficacy of lower arch leveling, lower incisors' root resorption, and pain associated with the correction of curve of Spee using different orthodontic archwires: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26:7107\u20137120."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"A comparative study between the effect of reverse curve of Spee archwires and anterior bite turbos in the treatment of deep overbite cases","volume":"92","author":"Al-Zoubi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Zoubi\n EM,\n \n \n Al-Nimri\n KS.\n \n \n A comparative study between the effect of reverse curve of Spee archwires and anterior bite turbos in the treatment of deep overbite cases. Angle Orthod. 2022;92:36\u201344."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"72","article-title":"A comparison of the Ricketts and Tweed-type arch leveling techniques","volume":"95","author":"Dake","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dake\n ML,\n \n \n Sinclair\n PM.\n \n \n A comparison of the Ricketts and Tweed-type arch leveling techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;95:72\u201378."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"271","article-title":"Long-term stability of Class II, Division 1, nonextraction cervical face-bow therapy: I. Model analysis","volume":"109","author":"Elms","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elms\n TN,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH,\n \n \n Alexander\n RG.\n \n \n Long-term stability of Class II, Division 1, nonextraction cervical face-bow therapy: I. Model analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:271\u2013276"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"206","article-title":"The curve of Spee revisited","volume":"110","author":"Braun","year":"1996","unstructured":"Braun\n S,\n \n \n Hnat\n WP,\n \n \n Johnson\n BE.\n \n \n The curve of Spee revisited. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:206\u2013210."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"213","article-title":"The effects of increasing the reverse curve of Spee in a lower archwire examined using a dynamic photo-elastic gelatine model","volume":"21","author":"Clifford","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clifford\n PM,\n \n \n Orr\n JF,\n \n \n Burden\n DJ.\n \n \n The effects of increasing the reverse curve of Spee in a lower archwire examined using a dynamic photo-elastic gelatine model. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:213\u2013222."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b14","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effects of levelling of the curve of Spee on the proclination of mandibular incisors and expansion of dental arches: a prospective clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Pandis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pandis\n N,\n \n \n Polychronopoulou\n A,\n \n \n Sifakakis\n I,\n \n \n Makou\n M,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Effects of levelling of the curve of Spee on the proclination of mandibular incisors and expansion of dental arches: a prospective clinical trial. Aust Orthod J. 2010;26:61\u201365."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep overbite correction by intrusion","volume":"72","author":"Burstone","year":"1977","unstructured":"Burstone\n CR.\n \n \n Deep overbite correction by intrusion. Am J Orthod. 1977;72:1\u201322."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"526","article-title":"Documented leveling of the lower arch using metallic implants for reference","volume":"63","author":"Mitchell","year":"1973","unstructured":"Mitchell\n DL,\n \n \n Stewart\n WL.\n \n \n Documented leveling of the lower arch using metallic implants for reference. Am J Orthod. 1973;63:526\u2013532."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b17","series-title":"A cephalometric comparison of two arch leveling mechanics on adults (dissertation)","author":"Robertson,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robertson,\n RG.\n \n \n A cephalometric comparison of two arch leveling mechanics on adults (dissertation). Houston, TX: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dental Branch, 1996."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of deep-bite cases","volume":"77","author":"Engel","year":"1980","unstructured":"Engel\n G,\n \n \n Cornforth\n G,\n \n \n Damerell\n JM,\n \n et al.\n \n Treatment of deep-bite cases. Am J Orthod. 1980;77:1\u201313."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"363","article-title":"Leveling the curve of Spee with a continuous archwire technique: a long term cephalometric study","volume":"131","author":"Bernstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bernstein\n RL,\n \n \n Preston\n CB,\n \n \n Lampasso\n J.\n \n \n Leveling the curve of Spee with a continuous archwire technique: a long term cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:363\u2013371."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b03","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"311","article-title":"Lower incisor torque: the effects of rectangular archwires with a reverse curve of Spee","volume":"17","author":"Ferguson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ferguson\n JW.\n \n \n Lower incisor torque: the effects of rectangular archwires with a reverse curve of Spee. Br J Orthod. 1990;17:311\u2013315."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"296","article-title":"The six keys to normal occlusion","volume":"62","author":"Andrews","year":"1972","unstructured":"Andrews\n LF.\n \n \n The six keys to normal occlusion. Am J Orthod. 1972;62:296\u2013309."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"522","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of rectangular and round arch wires in leveling the curve of Spee","volume":"116","author":"AlQabandi","year":"1999","unstructured":"AlQabandi\n AK,\n \n \n Sadowsky\n C,\n \n \n BeGole\n EA.\n \n \n A comparison of the effects of rectangular and round arch wires in leveling the curve of Spee. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:522\u2013529."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b06","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"214","article-title":"Bioprogressive therapy: overbite reduction with the lower utility arch","volume":"10","author":"Greig","year":"1983","unstructured":"Greig\n DG.\n \n \n Bioprogressive therapy: overbite reduction with the lower utility arch. Br J Orthod. 1983;10:214\u2013216."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"368","article-title":"A principle of arcial growth of the mandible","volume":"42","author":"Ricketts","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM.\n \n \n A principle of arcial growth of the mandible. Angle Orthod. 1972;42:368\u2013386."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b08","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"7107","article-title":"Efficacy of lower arch leveling, lower incisors' root resorption, and pain associated with the correction of curve of Spee using different orthodontic archwires: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Nasrawi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nasrawi\n YH,\n \n \n Alhaija\n ESA,\n \n \n Al Maaitah\n EF.\n \n \n Efficacy of lower arch leveling, lower incisors' root resorption, and pain associated with the correction of curve of Spee using different orthodontic archwires: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26:7107\u20137120."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"36","article-title":"A comparative study between the effect of reverse curve of Spee archwires and anterior bite turbos in the treatment of deep overbite cases","volume":"92","author":"Al-Zoubi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Zoubi\n EM,\n \n \n Al-Nimri\n KS.\n \n \n A comparative study between the effect of reverse curve of Spee archwires and anterior bite turbos in the treatment of deep overbite cases. Angle Orthod. 2022;92:36\u201344."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"72","article-title":"A comparison of the Ricketts and Tweed-type arch leveling techniques","volume":"95","author":"Dake","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dake\n ML,\n \n \n Sinclair\n PM.\n \n \n A comparison of the Ricketts and Tweed-type arch leveling techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;95:72\u201378."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"271","article-title":"Long-term stability of Class II, Division 1, nonextraction cervical face-bow therapy: I. Model analysis","volume":"109","author":"Elms","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elms\n TN,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH,\n \n \n Alexander\n RG.\n \n \n Long-term stability of Class II, Division 1, nonextraction cervical face-bow therapy: I. Model analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:271\u2013276"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"206","article-title":"The curve of Spee revisited","volume":"110","author":"Braun","year":"1996","unstructured":"Braun\n S,\n \n \n Hnat\n WP,\n \n \n Johnson\n BE.\n \n \n The curve of Spee revisited. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:206\u2013210."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"213","article-title":"The effects of increasing the reverse curve of Spee in a lower archwire examined using a dynamic photo-elastic gelatine model","volume":"21","author":"Clifford","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clifford\n PM,\n \n \n Orr\n JF,\n \n \n Burden\n DJ.\n \n \n The effects of increasing the reverse curve of Spee in a lower archwire examined using a dynamic photo-elastic gelatine model. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:213\u2013222."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b14","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"61","article-title":"Effects of levelling of the curve of Spee on the proclination of mandibular incisors and expansion of dental arches: a prospective clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Pandis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pandis\n N,\n \n \n Polychronopoulou\n A,\n \n \n Sifakakis\n I,\n \n \n Makou\n M,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Effects of levelling of the curve of Spee on the proclination of mandibular incisors and expansion of dental arches: a prospective clinical trial. Aust Orthod J. 2010;26:61\u201365."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep overbite correction by intrusion","volume":"72","author":"Burstone","year":"1977","unstructured":"Burstone\n CR.\n \n \n Deep overbite correction by intrusion. Am J Orthod. 1977;72:1\u201322."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"526","article-title":"Documented leveling of the lower arch using metallic implants for reference","volume":"63","author":"Mitchell","year":"1973","unstructured":"Mitchell\n DL,\n \n \n Stewart\n WL.\n \n \n Documented leveling of the lower arch using metallic implants for reference. Am J Orthod. 1973;63:526\u2013532."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-27-b17","series-title":"A cephalometric comparison of two arch leveling mechanics on adults (dissertation)","author":"Robertson,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robertson,\n RG.\n \n \n A cephalometric comparison of two arch leveling mechanics on adults (dissertation). Houston, TX: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dental Branch, 1996."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p27.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/95\/1\/27\/3465627\/i1945-7103-95-1-27.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p27.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p27.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:46:11Z","timestamp":1780065971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/95\/1\/article-p27.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/051524-376.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1945-7103","0003-3219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}