{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:54:58Z","timestamp":1781744098451,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To elucidate the retraction effectiveness of extra-alveolar mandibular buccal shelf (MBS) bone screws anchorage relative to the presence of mandibular third molars and ANB angle in Class III patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective study included 45 patients (mean age = 22.2 \u00b1 6.7 years) treated with bilateral MBS stainless steel bone screws (2 \u00d7 12 mm). Patients were subgrouped based on mandibular third molar status and ANB angle (\u2264\u22122\u00b0 vs &gt; \u22122\u00b0). Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalograms were superimposed and analyzed. Statistical tests included analysis of variance, paired and independent\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests, and linear regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean retraction of mandibular first molars and incisors was 1.86 \u00b1 1.36 mm and 2.89 \u00b1 1.64 mm, respectively, over an average of 9.0 months. Retraction \u2265 3 mm was significantly associated with treatment durations \u2265 12 months (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). No significant differences in retraction outcomes were found among third molar subgroups. The severe malocclusion group (ANB \u2264 \u22122\u00b0) showed greater molar retraction and overjet increase. A moderate positive correlation was found between molar crown retraction and retraction duration (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.282,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MBS bone screws provide effective, minimally invasive anchorage for mandibular whole-arch retraction in Class III patients. Treatment outcomes are not hindered by third molars in adolescents, and longer retraction duration enhances distal movement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/051825-395.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T03:16:23Z","timestamp":1772162183000},"page":"412-419","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retraction and rotation of the mandibular arch with buccal shelf bone screws to resolve Class III skeletal malocclusion"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Huang-Ting","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Hsinchu, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Hong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Hsinchu, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Hsinchu, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Eugene","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Emeritus, Indiana University and Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN; and Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; and Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b01","series-title":"Clin Oral Invest","first-page":"6443","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in borderline class III malocclusion: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhammadi MS,\nAlmashraqi AA,\nKhadhi AH, et al. Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in borderline class III malocclusion: a systematic review. Clin Oral Invest. 2022;26(11):6443\u20136455."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b02","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"490","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage versus orthognathic surgery for class III deformity: comparative cephalometric analysis","volume":"46","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martinez P,\nBellot-Arc\u00eds C,\nLlamas J,\nCibrian R,\nGandia J,\nParedes-Gallardo V. Orthodontic camouflage versus orthognathic surgery for class III deformity: comparative cephalometric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;46(4):490\u2013495."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"384","article-title":"Angle Class III malocclusion treated with mandibular first molar extractions","volume":"142","author":"de Oliveira Ruellas","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Oliveira Ruellas AC,\nBaratieri C,\nRoma MB, et al. Angle Class III malocclusion treated with mandibular first molar extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2012;142(3):384\u2013392."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"555","article-title":"Diagnosis and conservative treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion with anterior crossbite and asymmetric maxillary crowding","volume":"149","author":"Tseng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tseng LL,\nChang CH,\nRoberts WE. Diagnosis and conservative treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion with anterior crossbite and asymmetric maxillary crowding. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2016;149(4):555\u2013566."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"212","article-title":"Class III malocclusion: a comparison of extraction and non-extraction techniques","volume":"13","author":"Battagel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Battagel JM,\nOrton HS. Class III malocclusion: a comparison of extraction and non-extraction techniques. Eur J Orthod. 1991;13(3):212\u2013222."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"529","article-title":"Comparison of treatment effects after total mandibular arch distalization with miniscrews vs ramal plates in patients with Class III malocclusion","volume":"161","author":"Yeon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yeon BM,\nLee N-K,\nPark JH,\nKim JM,\nKim S-H,\nKook Y-A. Comparison of treatment effects after total mandibular arch distalization with miniscrews vs ramal plates in patients with Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2022;161(4):529\u2013536."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"943","article-title":"Biology of biomechanics: finite element analysis of a statically determinate system to rotate the occlusal plane for correction of a skeletal Class III open-bite malocclusion","volume":"148","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts WE,\nViecilli RF,\nChang C,\nKatona TR,\nPaydar NH. Biology of biomechanics: finite element analysis of a statically determinate system to rotate the occlusal plane for correction of a skeletal Class III open-bite malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2015;148(6):943\u2013955."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"314.e1","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of interradicular spaces and cortical bone thickness for the placement and initial stability of microimplants in adults","volume":"136","author":"Park","year":"2009","unstructured":"Park J,\nCho HJ. Three-dimensional evaluation of interradicular spaces and cortical bone thickness for the placement and initial stability of microimplants in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2009;136(3):314.e1\u2013314.e12."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"745","article-title":"Bone and cortical bone thickness of mandibular buccal shelf for mini-screw insertion in adults","volume":"87","author":"Nucera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nucera R,\nLo Giudice A,\nBellocchio AM, et al. Bone and cortical bone thickness of mandibular buccal shelf for mini-screw insertion in adults. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(5):745\u2013751."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"554","article-title":"Severe unilateral scissors-bite with a constricted mandibular arch: bite turbos and extra-alveolar bone screws in the infrazygomatic crests and mandibular buccal shelf","volume":"154","author":"Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee S-A,\nChang CC,\nRoberts WE. Severe unilateral scissors-bite with a constricted mandibular arch: bite turbos and extra-alveolar bone screws in the infrazygomatic crests and mandibular buccal shelf. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2018;154(4):554\u2013569."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"287","article-title":"Nonsurgical treatment of a hyperdivergent skeletal Class III patient with mini-screw\u2013assisted mandibular dentition distalization and flattening of the occlusal plane","volume":"92","author":"He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He Y,\nWang Y,\nWang X,\nWang J,\nBai D,\nGuo Y. Nonsurgical treatment of a hyperdivergent skeletal Class III patient with mini-screw\u2013assisted mandibular dentition distalization and flattening of the occlusal plane. Angle Orthod. 2022;92(2):287\u2013293."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"556","article-title":"Comparison of hand-traced and computerized cephalograms: landmark identification, measurement, and superimposition accuracy","volume":"133","author":"Roden-Johnson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roden-Johnson D,\nEnglish J,\nGallerano R. Comparison of hand-traced and computerized cephalograms: landmark identification, measurement, and superimposition accuracy. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2008;133(4):556\u2013564."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b13","series-title":"Materials","first-page":"684","article-title":"Comparing torque transmission of different bracket systems in combination with various archwires considering play in the bracket slot: an in vitro study","volume":"17","author":"Wichelhaus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wichelhaus A,\nGuggenb\u00fchl S,\nH\u00f6tzel L,\nSeidel CL,\nSabbagh H,\nHoffmann L. Comparing torque transmission of different bracket systems in combination with various archwires considering play in the bracket slot: an in vitro study. Materials. 2024;17(3):684."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b14","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1422.e1\u20131422","article-title":"Orthodontic extrusion of mandibular third molar with a miniscrew and cross-arch elastic","volume":"79","author":"Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung S,\nLee J-H,\nHuh J,\nPark W. Orthodontic extrusion of mandibular third molar with a miniscrew and cross-arch elastic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;79(7):1422.e1\u20131422.e8."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"190","article-title":"Mandibular posterior anatomic limit for molar distalization","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim S-J,\nChoi T-H,\nBaik H-S,\nPark Y-C,\nLee K-J. Mandibular posterior anatomic limit for molar distalization. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2014;146(2):190\u2013197."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"330","article-title":"Bone and cortical bone characteristics of mandibular retromolar trigone and anterior ramus region for miniscrew insertion in adults","volume":"155","author":"Nucera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nucera R,\nBellocchio AM,\nOteri G, et al. Bone and cortical bone characteristics of mandibular retromolar trigone and anterior ramus region for miniscrew insertion in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2019;155(3):330\u2013338."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b17","series-title":"Clin Oral Invest","first-page":"671","article-title":"Assessment of mandibular retromolar space in adults with regard to third molar eruption status","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo X,\nGao Y,\nZhang F, et al. Assessment of mandibular retromolar space in adults with regard to third molar eruption status. Clin Oral Invest. 2023;27(2):671\u2013680."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"414","article-title":"Deepbite correction with incisor intrusion in adults: a long-term cephalometric study","volume":"144","author":"Varl\u0131k","year":"2013","unstructured":"Varl\u0131k SK,\nAlpakan \u00d6O,\nT\u00fcrk\u00f6z \u00c7. Deepbite correction with incisor intrusion in adults: a long-term cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2013;144(3):414\u2013419."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"505","article-title":"Anatomic assessment of the mandibular buccal shelf for miniscrew insertion in white patients","volume":"153","author":"Elshebiny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elshebiny T,\nPalomo JM,\nBaumgaertel S. Anatomic assessment of the mandibular buccal shelf for miniscrew insertion in white patients. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2018;153(4):505\u2013511."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b20","series-title":"Curr Osteoporosis Rep","first-page":"387","article-title":"Extra-alveolar bone screws for conservative correction of severe malocclusion without extractions or orthognathic surgery","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang CC,\nLin JS,\nYeh H. Extra-alveolar bone screws for conservative correction of severe malocclusion without extractions or orthognathic surgery. Curr Osteoporosis Rep. 2018;16:387\u2013394."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b21","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"75","article-title":"Orthodontic bone screws: a quick update and its promising future","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang CH,\nLin LY,\nRoberts WE. Orthodontic bone screws: a quick update and its promising future. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021;24:75\u201382."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"598","article-title":"Anatomical limitations and factors influencing molar distalization","volume":"92","author":"Hui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hui VLZ,\nXie Y,\nZhang K, et al. Anatomical limitations and factors influencing molar distalization. Angle Orthod. 2022;92(5):598\u2013605."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b23","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"321","article-title":"Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients","volume":"23","author":"Buschang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nRoldan SI,\nTadlock LP. Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients. Semin Orthod. 2017;23:321\u2013335."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b24","series-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res","first-page":"92","article-title":"Bone density and its importance in orthodontics","volume":"3","author":"Chugh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chugh T,\nJain AK,\nJaiswal RK,\nMehrotra P,\nMehrotra R. Bone density and its importance in orthodontics. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2013;3(2):92\u201397."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b01","series-title":"Clin Oral Invest","first-page":"6443","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in borderline class III malocclusion: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhammadi MS,\nAlmashraqi AA,\nKhadhi AH, et al. Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in borderline class III malocclusion: a systematic review. Clin Oral Invest. 2022;26(11):6443\u20136455."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b02","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"490","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage versus orthognathic surgery for class III deformity: comparative cephalometric analysis","volume":"46","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martinez P,\nBellot-Arc\u00eds C,\nLlamas J,\nCibrian R,\nGandia J,\nParedes-Gallardo V. Orthodontic camouflage versus orthognathic surgery for class III deformity: comparative cephalometric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;46(4):490\u2013495."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"384","article-title":"Angle Class III malocclusion treated with mandibular first molar extractions","volume":"142","author":"de Oliveira Ruellas","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Oliveira Ruellas AC,\nBaratieri C,\nRoma MB, et al. Angle Class III malocclusion treated with mandibular first molar extractions. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2012;142(3):384\u2013392."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"555","article-title":"Diagnosis and conservative treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion with anterior crossbite and asymmetric maxillary crowding","volume":"149","author":"Tseng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tseng LL,\nChang CH,\nRoberts WE. Diagnosis and conservative treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion with anterior crossbite and asymmetric maxillary crowding. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2016;149(4):555\u2013566."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b05","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"212","article-title":"Class III malocclusion: a comparison of extraction and non-extraction techniques","volume":"13","author":"Battagel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Battagel JM,\nOrton HS. Class III malocclusion: a comparison of extraction and non-extraction techniques. Eur J Orthod. 1991;13(3):212\u2013222."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"529","article-title":"Comparison of treatment effects after total mandibular arch distalization with miniscrews vs ramal plates in patients with Class III malocclusion","volume":"161","author":"Yeon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yeon BM,\nLee N-K,\nPark JH,\nKim JM,\nKim S-H,\nKook Y-A. Comparison of treatment effects after total mandibular arch distalization with miniscrews vs ramal plates in patients with Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2022;161(4):529\u2013536."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"943","article-title":"Biology of biomechanics: finite element analysis of a statically determinate system to rotate the occlusal plane for correction of a skeletal Class III open-bite malocclusion","volume":"148","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts WE,\nViecilli RF,\nChang C,\nKatona TR,\nPaydar NH. Biology of biomechanics: finite element analysis of a statically determinate system to rotate the occlusal plane for correction of a skeletal Class III open-bite malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2015;148(6):943\u2013955."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"314.e1","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of interradicular spaces and cortical bone thickness for the placement and initial stability of microimplants in adults","volume":"136","author":"Park","year":"2009","unstructured":"Park J,\nCho HJ. Three-dimensional evaluation of interradicular spaces and cortical bone thickness for the placement and initial stability of microimplants in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2009;136(3):314.e1\u2013314.e12."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"745","article-title":"Bone and cortical bone thickness of mandibular buccal shelf for mini-screw insertion in adults","volume":"87","author":"Nucera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nucera R,\nLo Giudice A,\nBellocchio AM, et al. Bone and cortical bone thickness of mandibular buccal shelf for mini-screw insertion in adults. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(5):745\u2013751."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"554","article-title":"Severe unilateral scissors-bite with a constricted mandibular arch: bite turbos and extra-alveolar bone screws in the infrazygomatic crests and mandibular buccal shelf","volume":"154","author":"Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee S-A,\nChang CC,\nRoberts WE. Severe unilateral scissors-bite with a constricted mandibular arch: bite turbos and extra-alveolar bone screws in the infrazygomatic crests and mandibular buccal shelf. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2018;154(4):554\u2013569."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"287","article-title":"Nonsurgical treatment of a hyperdivergent skeletal Class III patient with mini-screw\u2013assisted mandibular dentition distalization and flattening of the occlusal plane","volume":"92","author":"He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He Y,\nWang Y,\nWang X,\nWang J,\nBai D,\nGuo Y. Nonsurgical treatment of a hyperdivergent skeletal Class III patient with mini-screw\u2013assisted mandibular dentition distalization and flattening of the occlusal plane. Angle Orthod. 2022;92(2):287\u2013293."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"556","article-title":"Comparison of hand-traced and computerized cephalograms: landmark identification, measurement, and superimposition accuracy","volume":"133","author":"Roden-Johnson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roden-Johnson D,\nEnglish J,\nGallerano R. Comparison of hand-traced and computerized cephalograms: landmark identification, measurement, and superimposition accuracy. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2008;133(4):556\u2013564."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b13","series-title":"Materials","first-page":"684","article-title":"Comparing torque transmission of different bracket systems in combination with various archwires considering play in the bracket slot: an in vitro study","volume":"17","author":"Wichelhaus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wichelhaus A,\nGuggenb\u00fchl S,\nH\u00f6tzel L,\nSeidel CL,\nSabbagh H,\nHoffmann L. Comparing torque transmission of different bracket systems in combination with various archwires considering play in the bracket slot: an in vitro study. Materials. 2024;17(3):684."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b14","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1422.e1\u20131422","article-title":"Orthodontic extrusion of mandibular third molar with a miniscrew and cross-arch elastic","volume":"79","author":"Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung S,\nLee J-H,\nHuh J,\nPark W. Orthodontic extrusion of mandibular third molar with a miniscrew and cross-arch elastic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;79(7):1422.e1\u20131422.e8."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"190","article-title":"Mandibular posterior anatomic limit for molar distalization","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim S-J,\nChoi T-H,\nBaik H-S,\nPark Y-C,\nLee K-J. Mandibular posterior anatomic limit for molar distalization. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2014;146(2):190\u2013197."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"330","article-title":"Bone and cortical bone characteristics of mandibular retromolar trigone and anterior ramus region for miniscrew insertion in adults","volume":"155","author":"Nucera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nucera R,\nBellocchio AM,\nOteri G, et al. Bone and cortical bone characteristics of mandibular retromolar trigone and anterior ramus region for miniscrew insertion in adults. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2019;155(3):330\u2013338."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b17","series-title":"Clin Oral Invest","first-page":"671","article-title":"Assessment of mandibular retromolar space in adults with regard to third molar eruption status","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo X,\nGao Y,\nZhang F, et al. Assessment of mandibular retromolar space in adults with regard to third molar eruption status. Clin Oral Invest. 2023;27(2):671\u2013680."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"414","article-title":"Deepbite correction with incisor intrusion in adults: a long-term cephalometric study","volume":"144","author":"Varl\u0131k","year":"2013","unstructured":"Varl\u0131k SK,\nAlpakan \u00d6O,\nT\u00fcrk\u00f6z \u00c7. Deepbite correction with incisor intrusion in adults: a long-term cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2013;144(3):414\u2013419."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"505","article-title":"Anatomic assessment of the mandibular buccal shelf for miniscrew insertion in white patients","volume":"153","author":"Elshebiny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elshebiny T,\nPalomo JM,\nBaumgaertel S. Anatomic assessment of the mandibular buccal shelf for miniscrew insertion in white patients. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2018;153(4):505\u2013511."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b20","series-title":"Curr Osteoporosis Rep","first-page":"387","article-title":"Extra-alveolar bone screws for conservative correction of severe malocclusion without extractions or orthognathic surgery","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang CC,\nLin JS,\nYeh H. Extra-alveolar bone screws for conservative correction of severe malocclusion without extractions or orthognathic surgery. Curr Osteoporosis Rep. 2018;16:387\u2013394."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b21","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"75","article-title":"Orthodontic bone screws: a quick update and its promising future","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang CH,\nLin LY,\nRoberts WE. Orthodontic bone screws: a quick update and its promising future. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021;24:75\u201382."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"598","article-title":"Anatomical limitations and factors influencing molar distalization","volume":"92","author":"Hui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hui VLZ,\nXie Y,\nZhang K, et al. Anatomical limitations and factors influencing molar distalization. Angle Orthod. 2022;92(5):598\u2013605."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b23","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"321","article-title":"Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients","volume":"23","author":"Buschang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buschang PH,\nRoldan SI,\nTadlock LP. Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients. Semin Orthod. 2017;23:321\u2013335."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-412-b24","series-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res","first-page":"92","article-title":"Bone density and its importance in orthodontics","volume":"3","author":"Chugh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chugh T,\nJain AK,\nJaiswal RK,\nMehrotra P,\nMehrotra R. Bone density and its importance in orthodontics. 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