{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:16:08Z","timestamp":1791321368826,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To obtain through the use of discriminant analysis a relatively bias-free sample of extraction and nonextraction, Class I, equally susceptible to both treatments' malocclusions and to analyze retrospectively the soft tissue changes between the two different treatment groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cephalometric, model, and demographic data of 215 patients (females and males) fueled a stepwise discriminant analysis that provided the borderline homogenous subsample (30 extraction and 32 nonextraction cases). The pretreatment and postreatment cephalograms of the borderline sample were then subjected to a thorough soft tissue cephalometric analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results indicated that the three variables that played the most important role in the clinician's treatment decision were indicators of lower crowding, soft tissue convexity, and lower incisor protrusion. Significant differences (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) regarding upper and lower lip protrusion, upper lip thickness (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05), and the nasiolabial angle (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05) occurred.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extraction treatment of Class I borderline malocclusions led to significant soft tissue changes regarding the upper and lower lip position and thickness as well as the nasiolabial angle, whereas the nonextraction treatment resulted in significant upper lip retraction and lower lip protraction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/051911-339.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,20]],"date-time":"2011-09-20T11:07:16Z","timestamp":1316516836000},"page":"209-217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["The impact of extraction vs nonextraction treatment on soft tissue changes in Class I borderline malocclusions"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Konstantonis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece, and in Private Practice of Orthodontics, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b01","series-title":"Dental Times","first-page":"97","article-title":"Regulating teeth.","volume":"4","author":"Marvin, C. 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J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Burstone, C. J.\n          \n          The integumental profile.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1958. 44:1\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"A soft tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I.","volume":"84","author":"Holdaway, R. A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holdaway, R. A.\n          \n          A soft tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1983. 84:1\u201328."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"14","article-title":"Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth.","volume":"27","author":"Ricketts, R. M.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Ricketts, R. 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H.\n          \n          A philosophy for orthodontic treatment.\n          Am J Orthod Oral Surg\n          1945. 31:74\u2013103."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"220","article-title":"Changes in facial profile during orthodontic treatment with extraction of four first premolars.","volume":"95","author":"Drobocky, O. B.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Drobocky, O. B. and R. J.Smith. Changes in facial profile during orthodontic treatment with extraction of four first premolars.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1989. 95:220\u2013230."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"452","article-title":"Effects of orthodontics on the facial profile: a comparison of changes during nonextraction and four premolar extraction treatment.","volume":"103","author":"Young, T. M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Young, T. M. and R. J.Smith. 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E.JohnstonJr. The perceived impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on matched samples of African American patients.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1999. 116:352\u2013360."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"386","article-title":"The effects of commonly prescribed premolar extraction sequences on the curvature of the upper and lower lips.","volume":"73","author":"Wholley, C. J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wholley, C. J. and M. G.Woods. The effects of commonly prescribed premolar extraction sequences on the curvature of the upper and lower lips.Angle Orthod2003. 73:386\u2013395."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"51","article-title":"Lip curve changes in females with premolar extraction or nonextraction treatment.","volume":"74","author":"Moseling, K. P.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moseling, K. P. and M. G.Woods. 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Comparison of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment outcomes for borderline Chinese patients.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2006. 129:672\u2013677."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"729.e1","article-title":"Soft-tissue treatment changes in Class II division 1 malocclusion with and without extraction of maxillary premolar.","volume":"132","author":"Janson, G.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Janson, G., A.Fuziy, M. R.de Freitas, J. F.Castanha Henriques, and R. R.de Almeida. 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A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Livieratos, F. A. and L. E.JohnstonJr. A comparison of one-stage and two-stage nonextraction alternatives in matched Class II samples.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1995. 108:118\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b29","series-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis With Readings","author":"Hair\n              Jr, J. F.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hair\n              Jr, J. F., R. E.Anderson, R. L.Tatham, and W. C.Black. Multivariate Data Analysis With Readings. 1992. NewYork, NYMacmillan."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"507","article-title":"The effect of two contrasting forms of orthodontic treatment on facial profile.","volume":"89","author":"Looi, L. K.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Looi, L. K. and J. R. E.Mills. The effect of two contrasting forms of orthodontic treatment on facial profile.Am J Orthod1986. 89:507\u2013517."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b31","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"154","article-title":"The relationship between hard and soft tissue changes following treatment of Class II division I malocclusions using Edgewise and Fr\u00e4nkel appliance techniques.","volume":"12","author":"Battagel, J. M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Battagel, J. M.\n          \n          The relationship between hard and soft tissue changes following treatment of Class II division I malocclusions using Edgewise and Fr\u00e4nkel appliance techniques.\n          Eur J Orthod\n          1990. 12:154\u2013165."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b32","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"444","article-title":"The functional impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments: a long-term comparison in patients with \u201cborderline,\u201d equally susceptible Class II malocclusions.","volume":"105","author":"Beattie, J. R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beattie, J. R., D. E.Paquette, and L. E.JohnstonJr. The functional impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments: a long-term comparison in patients with \u201cborderline,\u201d equally susceptible Class II malocclusions.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1994. 105:444\u2013449."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b33","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"163","article-title":"Contemporary trends in orthodontic practice: a national survey.","volume":"103","author":"O'Connor, B. M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"O'Connor, B. M.\n          \n          Contemporary trends in orthodontic practice: a national survey.\n          Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop\n          1993. 103:163\u2013170."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b34","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"68","article-title":"A cephalometric evaluation of fifty-seven consecutive cases treated by Charles H. Tweed.","volume":"26","author":"Stoner, M. M.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Stoner, M. M. and J. T.Lindquist. 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Comparison of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment outcomes for borderline Chinese patients.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2006. 129:672\u2013677."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b01","series-title":"Dental Times","first-page":"97","article-title":"Regulating teeth.","volume":"4","author":"Marvin, C. A.","year":"1866","unstructured":"Marvin, C. A.\n          \n          Regulating teeth.\n          Dental Times\n          1866. 4:97\u2013100, 105\u2013108, 156\u2013160."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"284","article-title":"A concept of facial esthetics.","volume":"40","author":"Peck, H.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Peck, H. and S.Peck. A concept of facial esthetics.Angle Orthod1970. 40:284\u2013315."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"168","article-title":"Esthetics and its relation to orthodontic therapy.","volume":"20","author":"Riedel, R. A.","year":"1950","unstructured":"Riedel, R. A.\n          \n          Esthetics and its relation to orthodontic therapy.\n          Angle Orthod\n          1950. 20:168\u2013178."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"The integumental profile.","volume":"44","author":"Burstone, C. J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Burstone, C. J.\n          \n          The integumental profile.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1958. 44:1\u201325."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"A soft tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I.","volume":"84","author":"Holdaway, R. A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holdaway, R. A.\n          \n          A soft tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. 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Changes in facial profile during orthodontic treatment with extraction of four first premolars.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1989. 95:220\u2013230."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"452","article-title":"Effects of orthodontics on the facial profile: a comparison of changes during nonextraction and four premolar extraction treatment.","volume":"103","author":"Young, T. M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Young, T. M. and R. J.Smith. Effects of orthodontics on the facial profile: a comparison of changes during nonextraction and four premolar extraction treatment.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1993. 103:452\u2013458."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"31","article-title":"Soft tissue profile changes after orthodontic treatment with four premolars extracted.","volume":"64","author":"Bravo, L. A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bravo, L. A.\n          \n          Soft tissue profile changes after orthodontic treatment with four premolars extracted.\n          Angle Orthod\n          1993. 64:31\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"257","article-title":"The effects of premolar-extraction: a long-term comparison of outcomes in \u201cclear-cut\u201d extraction and non extraction Class II patients.","volume":"63","author":"Luppanapornlarp, S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Luppanapornlarp, S. and L. E.JohnstonJr. The effects of premolar-extraction: a long-term comparison of outcomes in \u201cclear-cut\u201d extraction and non extraction Class II patients.Angle Orthod1993. 63:257\u2013272."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"633","article-title":"A computer assisted photogrammetric analysis of soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment. Part I: methodology and reliability.","volume":"107","author":"Bishara, S. E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bishara, S. E., D. M.Cummins, G. J.Jorgensen, and J. R.Jakobsen. A computer assisted photogrammetric analysis of soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment. Part I: methodology and reliability.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1995. 107:633\u2013639."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"138","article-title":"A computer assisted photometric analysis of soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment. Part II: results.","volume":"108","author":"Cummins, D. M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cummins, D. M., S. E.Bishara, and G. J.Jakobsen. A computer assisted photometric analysis of soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment. Part II: results.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1995. 108:138\u2013147."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"352","article-title":"The perceived impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on matched samples of African American patients.","volume":"116","author":"Scott, S. H.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scott, S. H. and L. E.JohnstonJr. The perceived impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on matched samples of African American patients.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1999. 116:352\u2013360."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"386","article-title":"The effects of commonly prescribed premolar extraction sequences on the curvature of the upper and lower lips.","volume":"73","author":"Wholley, C. J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wholley, C. J. and M. G.Woods. The effects of commonly prescribed premolar extraction sequences on the curvature of the upper and lower lips.Angle Orthod2003. 73:386\u2013395."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"51","article-title":"Lip curve changes in females with premolar extraction or nonextraction treatment.","volume":"74","author":"Moseling, K. P.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moseling, K. P. and M. G.Woods. Lip curve changes in females with premolar extraction or nonextraction treatment.Angle Orthod2004. 74:51\u201362."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"324","article-title":"Profile changes of patients treated with and without premolar extractions.","volume":"132","author":"Erdinc, A. E.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Erdinc, A. E., R. S.Nanda, and T. C.Dandajena. Profile changes of patients treated with and without premolar extractions.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2007. 132:324\u2013331."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"333","article-title":"Bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion: traits and orthodontic correction.","volume":"75","author":"Bills, D. A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bills, D. A., C. S.Handelman, and E. A.BeGole. Bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion: traits and orthodontic correction.Angle Orthod2005. 75:333\u2013339."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"524","article-title":"Esthetic impact of premolar extraction and nonextraction treatments on Korean borderline patients.","volume":"133","author":"Lim, H. J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lim, H. J., K. T.Ko, and H. S.Hwang. Esthetic impact of premolar extraction and nonextraction treatments on Korean borderline patients.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2008. 133:524\u2013531."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"672","article-title":"Comparison of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment outcomes for borderline Chinese patients.","volume":"129","author":"Xu, T. M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu, T. M., Y.Liu, M. Z.Yang, and W.Huang. Comparison of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment outcomes for borderline Chinese patients.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2006. 129:672\u2013677."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"729.e1","article-title":"Soft-tissue treatment changes in Class II division 1 malocclusion with and without extraction of maxillary premolar.","volume":"132","author":"Janson, G.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Janson, G., A.Fuziy, M. R.de Freitas, J. F.Castanha Henriques, and R. R.de Almeida. Soft-tissue treatment changes in Class II division 1 malocclusion with and without extraction of maxillary premolar.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2007. 132:729.e1\u2013e8."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"1","article-title":"A long-term comparison of non extraction and premolar extraction edgewise therapy in \u201cborderline\u201d Class II patients.","volume":"102","author":"Paquette, D. E.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Paquette, D. E., J. R.Beattie, and L. E.JohnstonJr. A long-term comparison of non extraction and premolar extraction edgewise therapy in \u201cborderline\u201d Class II patients.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1992. 102:1\u201314."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b28","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"118","article-title":"A comparison of one-stage and two-stage nonextraction alternatives in matched Class II samples.","volume":"108","author":"Livieratos, F. A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Livieratos, F. A. and L. E.JohnstonJr. A comparison of one-stage and two-stage nonextraction alternatives in matched Class II samples.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1995. 108:118\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b29","series-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis With Readings","author":"Hair\n              Jr, J. F.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hair\n              Jr, J. F., R. E.Anderson, R. L.Tatham, and W. C.Black. Multivariate Data Analysis With Readings. 1992. NewYork, NYMacmillan."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"507","article-title":"The effect of two contrasting forms of orthodontic treatment on facial profile.","volume":"89","author":"Looi, L. K.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Looi, L. K. and J. R. E.Mills. The effect of two contrasting forms of orthodontic treatment on facial profile.Am J Orthod1986. 89:507\u2013517."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b31","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"154","article-title":"The relationship between hard and soft tissue changes following treatment of Class II division I malocclusions using Edgewise and Fr\u00e4nkel appliance techniques.","volume":"12","author":"Battagel, J. M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Battagel, J. M.\n          \n          The relationship between hard and soft tissue changes following treatment of Class II division I malocclusions using Edgewise and Fr\u00e4nkel appliance techniques.\n          Eur J Orthod\n          1990. 12:154\u2013165."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b32","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"444","article-title":"The functional impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments: a long-term comparison in patients with \u201cborderline,\u201d equally susceptible Class II malocclusions.","volume":"105","author":"Beattie, J. R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beattie, J. R., D. E.Paquette, and L. E.JohnstonJr. The functional impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments: a long-term comparison in patients with \u201cborderline,\u201d equally susceptible Class II malocclusions.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1994. 105:444\u2013449."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b33","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"163","article-title":"Contemporary trends in orthodontic practice: a national survey.","volume":"103","author":"O'Connor, B. M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"O'Connor, B. M.\n          \n          Contemporary trends in orthodontic practice: a national survey.\n          Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop\n          1993. 103:163\u2013170."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b34","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"68","article-title":"A cephalometric evaluation of fifty-seven consecutive cases treated by Charles H. Tweed.","volume":"26","author":"Stoner, M. M.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Stoner, M. M. and J. T.Lindquist. A cephalometric evaluation of fifty-seven consecutive cases treated by Charles H. Tweed.Angle Orthod1956. 26:68\u201398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b35","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"279","article-title":"The perioral profile changes in orthodontic treatment.","volume":"47","author":"Bloom, L. A.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Bloom, L. A.\n          \n          The perioral profile changes in orthodontic treatment.\n          Am J Orthod\n          1961. 47:279\u2013288."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b36","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"68","article-title":"Changes in soft tissue profile during and after orthodontic treatment.","volume":"9","author":"Finn\u00f6y, J. P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Finn\u00f6y, J. P., P. J.Wisth, and O. E.Boe. 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Soft tissue profile changes resulting from retraction of maxillary incisors.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop1987. 91:385\u2013394."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b38","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"67","article-title":"Changes in soft tissue profile after orthodontic treatment with and without extractions.","volume":"122","author":"Kocadereli, I.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kocadereli, I.\n          \n          Changes in soft tissue profile after orthodontic treatment with and without extractions.\n          Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop\n          2002. 122:67\u201372."},{"key":"i0003-3219-82-2-209-b39","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"672","article-title":"Comparison of extraction versus nonextraction orthodontic treatment outcomes for borderline Chinese patients.","volume":"129","author":"Xu, T. M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu, T. M., Y.Liu, M. Z.Yang, and W.Huang. 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