{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:28:41Z","timestamp":1790166521777,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) on local receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand (RANKL), OPG, and IGF-I expression during orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty Wistar rats (gender: male; age: 7 weeks) were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. A force of 50 g was applied to move the right upper first molars mesially. The experimental and control groups received daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human growth hormone (GH; 2 mg\/kg) and equivalent volumes of saline, respectively. The rats were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Micro\u2013computed tomography\u2013reconstructed images of the upper right first molars were used to survey root resorption and tooth movement. Horizontal sections of the maxillae were prepared for hematoxylin and eosin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and immunohistochemical staining.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resorption lacunae appeared on the compressed side of the distal buccal root of the right first molar on days 7 and 14. Compared with the control groups, GH-treated groups showed more RANKL-positive cells and osteoclasts on day 3 and more OPG- and IGF-I\u2013positive cells and fewer odontoclasts on days 7 and 14. Indexes of root resorption were lower and tooth movement was faster in the GH-treated groups than in the control groups on days 7 and 14.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inhibitory effect of GH on root resorption by heavy force might be mediated by RANKL\/OPG and IGF-I. Short-term GH administration may be a method with which to reduce root resorption and shorten treatment time, especially in patients who are susceptible to root resorption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/052014-361.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]],"date-time":"2014-09-03T10:07:11Z","timestamp":1409738831000},"page":"562-569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand, OPG, and IGF-I expression during orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption in the recombinant human growth hormone\u2013treated rats"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Yajun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Dermatology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenying","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student, Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and Professor, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"175","article-title":"Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part I: the basic science aspects","volume":"72","author":"Brezniak\n              N,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brezniak\n              N, \n            \n              Wasserstein\n              A. \n          \n          Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part I: the basic science aspects. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:175\u2013179."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"469.e1","article-title":"Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force","volume":"129","author":"Krishnan\n              V,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krishnan\n              V, \n            \n              Davidovitch\n              Z. \n          \n          Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. 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Semin Orthod. 2012;18:257\u2013269."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"79","article-title":"Root resorption and its association with alterations in physical properties, mineral contents and resorption craters in human premolars following application of light and heavy controlled orthodontic forces","volume":"7","author":"Darendeliler\n              MA,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Darendeliler\n              MA, \n            \n              Kharbanda\n              OP, \n            \n              Chan\n              EKM, \n            et al. \n          Root resorption and its association with alterations in physical properties, mineral contents and resorption craters in human premolars following application of light and heavy controlled orthodontic forces. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7:79\u201397."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"502","article-title":"Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar","volume":"78","author":"Gonzales\n              C,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzales\n              C, \n            \n              Hotokezaka\n              H, \n            \n              Yoshimatsu\n              M, \n            \n              Yozgatian\n              JH, \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA, \n            \n              Yoshida\n              N. \n          \n          Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:502\u2013509."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys","first-page":"139","article-title":"Functions of RANKL\/RANK\/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling","volume":"473","author":"Boyce\n              BF,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boyce\n              BF, \n            \n              Xing\n              L. \n          \n          Functions of RANKL\/RANK\/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008;473:139\u2013146."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"J Oral Sci","first-page":"367","article-title":"Root resorption and the OPG\/RANKL\/RANK system: a mini review","volume":"50","author":"Tyrovola\n              JB,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tyrovola\n              JB, \n            \n              Spyropoulos\n              MN, \n            \n              Makou\n              M, \n            \n              Perrea\n              D. \n          \n          Root resorption and the OPG\/RANKL\/RANK system: a mini review. J Oral Sci. 2008;50:367\u2013376."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"45","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL) in human deciduous teeth","volume":"71","author":"Lossd\u00f6rfer\n              S,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lossd\u00f6rfer\n              S, \n            \n              G\u00f6tz\n              W, \n            \n              J\u00e4ger\n              A. \n          \n          Immunohistochemical localization of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL) in human deciduous teeth. Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;71:45\u201352."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"335","article-title":"Expressions of RANKL\/RANK and M-CSF\/c-fms in root resorption lacunae in rat molar by heavy orthodontic force","volume":"33","author":"Nakano\n              Y,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nakano\n              Y, \n            \n              Yamaguchi\n              M, \n            \n              Fujita\n              S, \n            \n              Asano\n              M, \n            \n              Saito\n              K, \n            \n              Kasai\n              K. \n          \n          Expressions of RANKL\/RANK and M-CSF\/c-fms in root resorption lacunae in rat molar by heavy orthodontic force. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:335\u2013343."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"497","article-title":"Expression of mRNA for osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL) during root resorption induced by the application of heavy orthodontic forces on rat molars","volume":"128","author":"Low\n              E,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Low\n              E, \n            \n              Zoellner\n              H, \n            \n              Kharbanda\n              OP, \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA. \n          \n          Expression of mRNA for osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL) during root resorption induced by the application of heavy orthodontic forces on rat molars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:497\u2013503."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Endocr Rev","first-page":"535","article-title":"Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton","volume":"29","author":"Andrea\n              G,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andrea\n              G, \n            \n              Gherardo\n              M, \n            \n              Ernesto\n              G. \n          \n          Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. 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J Endocrinol. 2007;192:639\u2013645."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","first-page":"185","article-title":"GH replacement therapy increases plasma osteoprotegerin levels in GH-deficient adults","volume":"148","author":"Lanzi\n              R,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lanzi\n              R, \n            \n              Losa\n              M, \n            \n              Villa\n              I, \n            et al. \n          GH replacement therapy increases plasma osteoprotegerin levels in GH-deficient adults. 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Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:153\u2013162."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"457","article-title":"Expression of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB ligand in root resorption induced by heavy force in rats","volume":"72","author":"Zhou\n              J,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhou\n              J, \n            \n              Feng\n              G, \n            \n              Zhou\n              W, \n            et al. \n          Expression of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB ligand in root resorption induced by heavy force in rats. J Orofac Orthop. 2011;72:457\u2013468."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"318","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor system components in the periodontium during tooth root resorption and early repair processes in the rat","volume":"114","author":"G\u00f6tz\n              W,","year":"2006","unstructured":"G\u00f6tz\n              W, \n            \n              Kunert\n              D, \n            \n              Zhang\n              D, \n            \n              Kawarizadeh\n              A, \n            \n              Lossd\u00f6rfer\n              S, \n            \n              J\u00e4ger\n              A. \n          \n          Insulin-like growth factor system components in the periodontium during tooth root resorption and early repair processes in the rat. 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Endocrinology. 1998;139:1965\u20131971."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Acta","first-page":"253","article-title":"MAPK signaling pathways as molecular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy\u2014from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic benefits","volume":"1754","author":"Bozena\n              K.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bozena\n              K. \n          \n          MAPK signaling pathways as molecular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy\u2014from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic benefits. 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Part I: the basic science aspects","volume":"72","author":"Brezniak\n              N,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brezniak\n              N, \n            \n              Wasserstein\n              A. \n          \n          Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part I: the basic science aspects. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:175\u2013179."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"469.e1","article-title":"Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force","volume":"129","author":"Krishnan\n              V,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krishnan\n              V, \n            \n              Davidovitch\n              Z. \n          \n          Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. 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Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7:79\u201397."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"502","article-title":"Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar","volume":"78","author":"Gonzales\n              C,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzales\n              C, \n            \n              Hotokezaka\n              H, \n            \n              Yoshimatsu\n              M, \n            \n              Yozgatian\n              JH, \n            \n              Darendeliler\n              MA, \n            \n              Yoshida\n              N. \n          \n          Force magnitude and duration effects on amount of tooth movement and root resorption in the rat molar. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:502\u2013509."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys","first-page":"139","article-title":"Functions of RANKL\/RANK\/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling","volume":"473","author":"Boyce\n              BF,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boyce\n              BF, \n            \n              Xing\n              L. \n          \n          Functions of RANKL\/RANK\/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008;473:139\u2013146."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"J Oral Sci","first-page":"367","article-title":"Root resorption and the OPG\/RANKL\/RANK system: a mini review","volume":"50","author":"Tyrovola\n              JB,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tyrovola\n              JB, \n            \n              Spyropoulos\n              MN, \n            \n              Makou\n              M, \n            \n              Perrea\n              D. \n          \n          Root resorption and the OPG\/RANKL\/RANK system: a mini review. J Oral Sci. 2008;50:367\u2013376."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Calcif Tissue Int","first-page":"45","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL) in human deciduous teeth","volume":"71","author":"Lossd\u00f6rfer\n              S,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lossd\u00f6rfer\n              S, \n            \n              G\u00f6tz\n              W, \n            \n              J\u00e4ger\n              A. \n          \n          Immunohistochemical localization of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANK) and its ligand (RANKL) in human deciduous teeth. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:497\u2013503."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Endocr Rev","first-page":"535","article-title":"Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton","volume":"29","author":"Andrea\n              G,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andrea\n              G, \n            \n              Gherardo\n              M, \n            \n              Ernesto\n              G. \n          \n          Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. 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J Endocrinol. 2007;192:639\u2013645."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","first-page":"185","article-title":"GH replacement therapy increases plasma osteoprotegerin levels in GH-deficient adults","volume":"148","author":"Lanzi\n              R,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lanzi\n              R, \n            \n              Losa\n              M, \n            \n              Villa\n              I, \n            et al. \n          GH replacement therapy increases plasma osteoprotegerin levels in GH-deficient adults. 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J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2760\u20132763."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"69","article-title":"Craniofacial growth in growth hormone-deficient rats after growth hormone supplementation","volume":"130","author":"Singleton\n              DA,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Singleton\n              DA, \n            \n              Buschang\n              PH, \n            \n              Behrents\n              RG, \n            \n              Hinton\n              RJ. \n          \n          Craniofacial growth in growth hormone-deficient rats after growth hormone supplementation. 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Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:153\u2013162."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"457","article-title":"Expression of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB ligand in root resorption induced by heavy force in rats","volume":"72","author":"Zhou\n              J,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhou\n              J, \n            \n              Feng\n              G, \n            \n              Zhou\n              W, \n            et al. \n          Expression of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB ligand in root resorption induced by heavy force in rats. 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