{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:25:09Z","timestamp":1792700709427,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the time and pattern of fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in patients with skeletal Class I and Class III malocclusion using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 262 CBCT images were collected: 140 skeletal Class I (0\u00b0 &lt; ANB &lt; 4\u00b0; 71 males, 69 females) and 122 skeletal Class III (ANB \u2264 0\u00b0; 61 males and 61 females). The fusion stages were identified using CBCT images of a six-stage system defined by the appearance of osseous cores and ossifying vestige in the synchondrosis. The age distributions of each stage and the pattern of fusion were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The stages of fusion progressed with increasing age (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .824), and the age distributions in the female groups were generally 1 to 3 years younger than those in the male groups. However, no significant differences were observed between the skeletal Class I and Class III groups regarding the time of ossification of the synchondrosis. The osseous cores appeared most frequently in the supero-center part, followed by the mid-center part of the synchondrosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The time and pattern of fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis are not apparently different between patients with Class I malocclusion and those with Class III malocclusion. The osseous cores appear frequently in the supero-center and mid-center of the synchondrosis with various patterns before the end of the pubertal growth spurt period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/052218-386.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T10:30:26Z","timestamp":1544005826000},"page":"470-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Time and pattern of the fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in patients with skeletal Class I and Class III malocclusion"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Jae-Hee","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate student, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong-Kuen","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Soon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Postgraduate Orthodontic Program, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Ariz; International Scholar, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Insan","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"198","article-title":"Cranial base development: a follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development","volume":"41","author":"Bj\u00f6rk \n              A.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk \n              A. \n            \n          \n          Cranial base development: a follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development. Am J Orthod. 1955;41:198\u2013225."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"498","article-title":"Growth of the human cranial base","volume":"44","author":"Ford \n              EHR.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Ford \n              EHR. \n            \n          \n          Growth of the human cranial base. Am J Orthod. 1958;44:498\u2013506."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b03","series-title":"Am J Anat","first-page":"315","article-title":"Studies in growth changes in the skull and face of anthropoids. II. Ectocranial and endocranial suture closure in anthropoids and Old-World Apes","volume":"46","author":"Krogman \n              WM.","year":"1930","unstructured":"Krogman \n              WM. \n            \n          \n          Studies in growth changes in the skull and face of anthropoids. II. Ectocranial and endocranial suture closure in anthropoids and Old-World Apes. Am J Anat. 1930;46:315\u2013353."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b04","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"73","article-title":"Time of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis determined on dry skulls: a radiographic craniometric study","volume":"27","author":"Melsen \n              B.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Melsen \n              B. \n            \n          \n          Time of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis determined on dry skulls: a radiographic craniometric study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1969;27:73\u201390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b05","series-title":"J Forensic Leg Med","first-page":"304","article-title":"Age-at-death estimation based on the macroscopic examination of spheno-occipital sutures","volume":"17","author":"Akhlaghi \n              M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akhlaghi \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Taghaddosinejad \n              F, \n            \n            \n              Sheikhazadi \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Valizadeh \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Shojaei \n              SM. \n            \n          \n          Age-at-death estimation based on the macroscopic examination of spheno-occipital sutures. J Forensic Leg Med. 2010;17:304\u2013308."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b06","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"349","article-title":"The human spheno-occipital synchondrosis. I. The time of closure appraised macroscopically","volume":"30","author":"Ingervall \n              B,","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ingervall \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Thilander \n              B. \n            \n          \n          The human spheno-occipital synchondrosis. I. The time of closure appraised macroscopically. Acta Odontol Scand. 1972;30:349\u2013356."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b07","series-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)","first-page":"112","article-title":"Time and mode of closure of the spheno-occipital synchrondrosis determined on human autopsy material","volume":"83","author":"Melsen \n              B.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Melsen \n              B. \n            \n          \n          Time and mode of closure of the spheno-occipital synchrondrosis determined on human autopsy material. Acta Anat (Basel). 1972;83:112\u2013118."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b08","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"323","article-title":"The human spheno-occipital synchondrosis. II. A histological and microradiographic study of its growth","volume":"31","author":"Thilander \n              B,","year":"1973","unstructured":"Thilander \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Ingervall \n              B. \n            \n          \n          The human spheno-occipital synchondrosis. II. A histological and microradiographic study of its growth. Acta Odontol Scand. 1973;31:323\u2013334."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b09","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"450","article-title":"Roentgen determination of the time of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis","volume":"75","author":"Irwin \n              GL.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Irwin \n              GL. \n            \n          \n          Roentgen determination of the time of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Radiology. 1960;75:450\u2013453."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b10","series-title":"Anat Rec","first-page":"15","article-title":"Closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis","volume":"147","author":"Powell \n              TV,","year":"1963","unstructured":"Powell \n              TV, \n            \n            \n              Brodie \n              AG. \n            \n          \n          Closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Anat Rec. 1963;147:15\u201323."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b11","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"569","article-title":"Spheno-occipital synchondrosis in three-month-old children with clefts of the lip and palate: a radiographic study","volume":"30","author":"Molsted \n              K,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Molsted \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Kjaer \n              I, \n            \n            \n              Dahl \n              E. \n            \n          \n          Spheno-occipital synchondrosis in three-month-old children with clefts of the lip and palate: a radiographic study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1993;30:569\u2013573."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b12","series-title":"Acta Morphol Neerl Scand","first-page":"197","article-title":"The morphology of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis at the age of eight evaluated by tomography","volume":"11","author":"Ericson \n              S,","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ericson \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Myrberg \n              N. \n            \n          \n          The morphology of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis at the age of eight evaluated by tomography. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand. 1973;11:197\u2013208."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b13","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"161","article-title":"Analysis of time of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis using computed tomography","volume":"200","author":"Bassed \n              RB,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bassed \n              RB, \n            \n            \n              Briggs \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Drummer \n              OH. \n            \n          \n          Analysis of time of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis using computed tomography. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;200:161\u2013164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b14","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"117","article-title":"High-resolution CT findings in the development of the sphenooccipital synchondrosis","volume":"17","author":"Okamoto \n              K,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Okamoto \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Ito \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Tokiguchi \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Furusawa \n              T. \n            \n          \n          High-resolution CT findings in the development of the sphenooccipital synchondrosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:117\u2013120."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b15","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"41","article-title":"Neelam, Suri S. Time of fusion of the basisphenoid with the basilar part of the occipital bone in northwest Indian subjects","volume":"98","author":"Sahni \n              D,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sahni \n              D, \n            \n            \n              Jit \n              I, \n            \n          \n          Neelam, Suri S. Time of fusion of the basisphenoid with the basilar part of the occipital bone in northwest Indian subjects. Forensic Sci Int. 1998;98:41\u201345."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b16","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"42","article-title":"Ontogeny of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in a modern Queensland, Australian population using computed tomography","volume":"157","author":"Lottering \n              N,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lottering \n              N, \n            \n            \n              MacGregor \n              DM, \n            \n            \n              Alston \n              CL, \n            \n            \n              Gregory \n              LS. \n            \n          \n          Ontogeny of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in a modern Queensland, Australian population using computed tomography. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2014;157:42\u201357."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b17","series-title":"J Forensic Sci","first-page":"580","article-title":"Spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion in modern Americans","volume":"56","author":"Shirley \n              NR,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shirley \n              NR, \n            \n            \n              Jantz \n              RL. \n            \n          \n          Spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion in modern Americans. J Forensic Sci. 2011;56:580\u2013585."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b18","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"213","article-title":"Cranial base and jaw relationship","volume":"77","author":"Kerr \n              WJ,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kerr \n              WJ, \n            \n            \n              Adams \n              CP. \n            \n          \n          Cranial base and jaw relationship. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1988;77:213\u2013220."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b19","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"694","article-title":"Morphometry of the cranial base in subjects with Class III malocclusion","volume":"76","author":"Singh \n              GD,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Singh \n              GD, \n            \n            \n              McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n            \n              Lozanoff \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Morphometry of the cranial base in subjects with Class III malocclusion. J Dent Res. 1997;76:694\u2013703."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b20","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"382","article-title":"Morphologic determinants in the etiology of class III malocclusions: a review","volume":"12","author":"Singh \n              GD.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Singh \n              GD. \n            \n          \n          Morphologic determinants in the etiology of class III malocclusions: a review. Clin Anat. 1999;12:382\u2013405."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"7","article-title":"Components of class III malocclusion in juveniles and adolescents","volume":"56","author":"Guyer \n              EC,","year":"1986","unstructured":"Guyer \n              EC, \n            \n            \n              Ellis \n              EE\n              III, \n            \n            \n              McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n            \n              Behrents \n              RG. \n            \n          \n          Components of class III malocclusion in juveniles and adolescents. 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Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130:681e\u2013689e."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b24","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"119","article-title":"Cephalometric characteristics of Korean Class III surgical patients and their relationship to plans for surgical treatment","volume":"15","author":"Baik \n              HS,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baik \n              HS, \n            \n            \n              Han \n              HK, \n            \n            \n              Kim \n              DJ, \n            \n            \n              Proffit \n              WR. \n            \n          \n          Cephalometric characteristics of Korean Class III surgical patients and their relationship to plans for surgical treatment. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2000;15:119\u2013128."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"679","article-title":"Do Class III patients have a different growth spurt than the general population?","volume":"142","author":"Lee \n              YS,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee \n              YS, \n            \n            \n              Lee \n              SJ, \n            \n            \n              An \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Donatelli \n              RE, \n            \n            \n              Kim \n              SH. \n            \n          \n          Do Class III patients have a different growth spurt than the general population?\n          Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142:679\u2013689."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b26","series-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)","first-page":"13","article-title":"Age estimation by an analysis of spheno-occipital synchondrosis using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"18","author":"Sinanoglu \n              A,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sinanoglu \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Kocasarac \n              HD, \n            \n            \n              Noujeim \n              M. \n            \n          \n          Age estimation by an analysis of spheno-occipital synchondrosis using cone-beam computed tomography. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2016;18:13\u201319."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"198","article-title":"Cranial base development: a follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development","volume":"41","author":"Bj\u00f6rk \n              A.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk \n              A. \n            \n          \n          Cranial base development: a follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development. 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Anat Rec. 1963;147:15\u201323."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b11","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"569","article-title":"Spheno-occipital synchondrosis in three-month-old children with clefts of the lip and palate: a radiographic study","volume":"30","author":"Molsted \n              K,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Molsted \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Kjaer \n              I, \n            \n            \n              Dahl \n              E. \n            \n          \n          Spheno-occipital synchondrosis in three-month-old children with clefts of the lip and palate: a radiographic study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1993;30:569\u2013573."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b12","series-title":"Acta Morphol Neerl Scand","first-page":"197","article-title":"The morphology of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis at the age of eight evaluated by tomography","volume":"11","author":"Ericson \n              S,","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ericson \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Myrberg \n              N. \n            \n          \n          The morphology of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis at the age of eight evaluated by tomography. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand. 1973;11:197\u2013208."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b13","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"161","article-title":"Analysis of time of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis using computed tomography","volume":"200","author":"Bassed \n              RB,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bassed \n              RB, \n            \n            \n              Briggs \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Drummer \n              OH. \n            \n          \n          Analysis of time of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis using computed tomography. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;200:161\u2013164."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b14","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"117","article-title":"High-resolution CT findings in the development of the sphenooccipital synchondrosis","volume":"17","author":"Okamoto \n              K,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Okamoto \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Ito \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Tokiguchi \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Furusawa \n              T. \n            \n          \n          High-resolution CT findings in the development of the sphenooccipital synchondrosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:117\u2013120."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-3-470-b15","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"41","article-title":"Neelam, Suri S. 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