{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:05:52Z","timestamp":1780067152912,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the effects of long-term use of the lower lingual arch (LLA) on the sagittal and vertical positions of the permanent lower incisors and first molars.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n The sample consisted of 98 patients who were treated with an LLA (LLA group) and 39 patients who were treated without an LLA (no-LLA group). The positional changes of the lower incisors and first molars were analyzed after performing mandibular structural superimpositions on lateral cephalometric radiographs taken before treatment (T1) and at the end of LLA therapy (T2). The mean ages at T1 and T2 were 8.5 years and 13.2 years, respectively. Study casts were analyzed to quantify arch dimensional changes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Mesial movement of the lower molar cusp was similar between the LLA and no-LLA groups, but the vertical position was slightly greater at T2 in the LLA group. In the LLA group, there was a molar tip-back effect, and the lower incisors were proclined 4.2\u00b0 more than in the no-LLA group. Arch perimeter decreased 3.6 \u00b1 2.6 mm without an LLA and 0.97 \u00b1 3.7 mm with an LLA. Intercanine and intermolar widths both increased about 1 mm more with an LLA (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The LLA does not seem to restrict mesial movement and vertical eruption of the lower incisors and molars in the long term. The LLA effectively preserves the arch perimeter at the expense of a slight lower incisor proclination.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/052221-408.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T18:41:45Z","timestamp":1637692905000},"page":"189-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of long-term use of the lower lingual arch from 8.5 years to 13.2 years"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Joosse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mungcal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Boero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heesoo","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b01","series-title":"Handbook of Orthodontics. 4th ed.","author":"Moyers","year":"1988","unstructured":"Moyers\n RE.\n \n \n \n Handbook of Orthodontics. 4th ed.\n Ann Arbor, MI:\n\t\t\t\t\tYear Book Medical Publishers Inc;1988:\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u2013140."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"114","article-title":"Maturation of untreated normal occlusions","volume":"83;","author":"Sinclair","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sinclair\n P,\n \n \n Little\n R.\n \n \n Maturation of untreated normal occlusions.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1983:\n\t\t\t\t\t83;114\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t123."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"824","article-title":"Dimensional changes of the dental arches: a longitudinal study from birth to 25 years","volume":"50","author":"Sillman","year":"1964","unstructured":"Sillman\n JH.\n \n \n Dimensional changes of the dental arches: a longitudinal study from birth to 25 years.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1964;\n\t\t\t\t\t50:\n\t\t\t\t\t824\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t841."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"81","article-title":"The use of the lingual arch in the mixed dentition to resolve incisor crowding","volume":"117","author":"Brennan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brennan\n MM,\n \n \n Gianelly\n AA.\n \n \n The use of the lingual arch in the mixed dentition to resolve incisor crowding.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t117:\n\t\t\t\t\t81\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t85."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b05","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"73","article-title":"The pseudo Class I: a newly defined type of malocclusion","volume":"29","author":"DeBaets","year":"1995","unstructured":"DeBaets\n J,\n \n \n Chiarini\n M.\n \n \n The pseudo Class I: a newly defined type of malocclusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t29:\n\t\t\t\t\t73\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t88."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"311","article-title":"Early mixed dentition treatment: postretention evaluation of stability and relapse","volume":"65","author":"Dugoni","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dugoni\n SA,\n \n \n Lee\n JA,\n \n \n Varela\n J,\n \n \n Dugoni\n AA.\n \n \n Early mixed dentition treatment: postretention evaluation of stability and relapse.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t65:\n\t\t\t\t\t311\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t320."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"449","article-title":"Lower arch perimeter preservation using the lingual arch","volume":"112","author":"Rebellato","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rebellato\n J,\n \n \n Lindauer\n SJ,\n \n \n Rubenstein\n LK,\n \n \n Isaacson\n RJ,\n \n \n Davidovitch\n M,\n \n \n Vroom\n K.\n \n \n Lower arch perimeter preservation using the lingual arch.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t112:\n\t\t\t\t\t449\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t456."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"146","article-title":"The effect of the passive lingual archwire on the lower denture","volume":"44","author":"Singer","year":"1974","unstructured":"Singer\n J.\n \n \n The effect of the passive lingual archwire on the lower denture.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1974;\n\t\t\t\t\t44:\n\t\t\t\t\t146\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t155."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b09","series-title":"Euro J Orthod","first-page":"37","article-title":"Effectiveness of a lower lingual arch as a space holding device","volume":"33","author":"Owais","year":"2011","unstructured":"Owais\n AI,\n \n \n Rousan\n ME,\n \n \n Badran\n SA,\n \n \n Abu Alhaija\n ES.\n \n \n Effectiveness of a lower lingual arch as a space holding device.\n\t\t\t\t\tEuro J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t37\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t42."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"366","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of vertical and sagittal control in the mandibular arch by the mandibular fixed lingual arch","volume":"118","author":"Villalobos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Villalobos\n FJ,\n \n \n Sinha\n PK,\n \n \n Nanda\n RS.\n \n \n Longitudinal assessment of vertical and sagittal control in the mandibular arch by the mandibular fixed lingual arch.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t118:\n\t\t\t\t\t366\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t370."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"329","article-title":"Mixed dentition treatment with cervical traction and lower lingual arch","volume":"53","author":"Odom","year":"1983","unstructured":"Odom\n WM.\n \n \n Mixed dentition treatment with cervical traction and lower lingual arch.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1983;\n\t\t\t\t\t53:\n\t\t\t\t\t329\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t342."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"382.e1","article-title":"Effects of lingual arch used as space maintainer on mandibular arch dimension: a systematic review","volume":"138","author":"Viglianisi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viglianisi\n A.\n \n \n Effects of lingual arch used as space maintainer on mandibular arch dimension: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t138:\n\t\t\t\t\t382.e1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t382.e4."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"56","article-title":"A retrospective study of Class II mixed-dentition treatment","volume":"87","author":"Oh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oh\n H,\n \n \n Baumrind\n S,\n \n \n Korn\n E,\n \n et al.\n \n A retrospective study of Class II mixed-dentition treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t87:\n\t\t\t\t\t56\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t67."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Computer-aided head film analysis: the University of California San Francisco method","volume":"78","author":"Baumrind","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baumrind\n S,\n \n \n Miller\n D.\n \n \n Computer-aided head film analysis: the University of California San Francisco method.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t78:\n\t\t\t\t\t41\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t65."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b01","series-title":"Handbook of Orthodontics. 4th ed.","author":"Moyers","year":"1988","unstructured":"Moyers\n RE.\n \n \n \n Handbook of Orthodontics. 4th ed.\n Ann Arbor, MI:\n\t\t\t\t\tYear Book Medical Publishers Inc;1988:\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u2013140."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"114","article-title":"Maturation of untreated normal occlusions","volume":"83;","author":"Sinclair","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sinclair\n P,\n \n \n Little\n R.\n \n \n Maturation of untreated normal occlusions.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1983:\n\t\t\t\t\t83;114\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t123."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"824","article-title":"Dimensional changes of the dental arches: a longitudinal study from birth to 25 years","volume":"50","author":"Sillman","year":"1964","unstructured":"Sillman\n JH.\n \n \n Dimensional changes of the dental arches: a longitudinal study from birth to 25 years.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1964;\n\t\t\t\t\t50:\n\t\t\t\t\t824\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t841."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"81","article-title":"The use of the lingual arch in the mixed dentition to resolve incisor crowding","volume":"117","author":"Brennan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brennan\n MM,\n \n \n Gianelly\n AA.\n \n \n The use of the lingual arch in the mixed dentition to resolve incisor crowding.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t117:\n\t\t\t\t\t81\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t85."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b05","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"73","article-title":"The pseudo Class I: a newly defined type of malocclusion","volume":"29","author":"DeBaets","year":"1995","unstructured":"DeBaets\n J,\n \n \n Chiarini\n M.\n \n \n The pseudo Class I: a newly defined type of malocclusion.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t29:\n\t\t\t\t\t73\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t88."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"311","article-title":"Early mixed dentition treatment: postretention evaluation of stability and relapse","volume":"65","author":"Dugoni","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dugoni\n SA,\n \n \n Lee\n JA,\n \n \n Varela\n J,\n \n \n Dugoni\n AA.\n \n \n Early mixed dentition treatment: postretention evaluation of stability and relapse.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t65:\n\t\t\t\t\t311\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t320."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"449","article-title":"Lower arch perimeter preservation using the lingual arch","volume":"112","author":"Rebellato","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rebellato\n J,\n \n \n Lindauer\n SJ,\n \n \n Rubenstein\n LK,\n \n \n Isaacson\n RJ,\n \n \n Davidovitch\n M,\n \n \n Vroom\n K.\n \n \n Lower arch perimeter preservation using the lingual arch.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t112:\n\t\t\t\t\t449\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t456."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"146","article-title":"The effect of the passive lingual archwire on the lower denture","volume":"44","author":"Singer","year":"1974","unstructured":"Singer\n J.\n \n \n The effect of the passive lingual archwire on the lower denture.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1974;\n\t\t\t\t\t44:\n\t\t\t\t\t146\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t155."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b09","series-title":"Euro J Orthod","first-page":"37","article-title":"Effectiveness of a lower lingual arch as a space holding device","volume":"33","author":"Owais","year":"2011","unstructured":"Owais\n AI,\n \n \n Rousan\n ME,\n \n \n Badran\n SA,\n \n \n Abu Alhaija\n ES.\n \n \n Effectiveness of a lower lingual arch as a space holding device.\n\t\t\t\t\tEuro J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t33:\n\t\t\t\t\t37\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t42."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"366","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of vertical and sagittal control in the mandibular arch by the mandibular fixed lingual arch","volume":"118","author":"Villalobos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Villalobos\n FJ,\n \n \n Sinha\n PK,\n \n \n Nanda\n RS.\n \n \n Longitudinal assessment of vertical and sagittal control in the mandibular arch by the mandibular fixed lingual arch.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t118:\n\t\t\t\t\t366\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t370."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"329","article-title":"Mixed dentition treatment with cervical traction and lower lingual arch","volume":"53","author":"Odom","year":"1983","unstructured":"Odom\n WM.\n \n \n Mixed dentition treatment with cervical traction and lower lingual arch.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1983;\n\t\t\t\t\t53:\n\t\t\t\t\t329\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t342."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"382.e1","article-title":"Effects of lingual arch used as space maintainer on mandibular arch dimension: a systematic review","volume":"138","author":"Viglianisi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viglianisi\n A.\n \n \n Effects of lingual arch used as space maintainer on mandibular arch dimension: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t138:\n\t\t\t\t\t382.e1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t382.e4."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"56","article-title":"A retrospective study of Class II mixed-dentition treatment","volume":"87","author":"Oh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oh\n H,\n \n \n Baumrind\n S,\n \n \n Korn\n E,\n \n et al.\n \n A retrospective study of Class II mixed-dentition treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t87:\n\t\t\t\t\t56\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t67."},{"key":"i1945-7103-92-2-189-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"41","article-title":"Computer-aided head film analysis: the University of California San Francisco method","volume":"78","author":"Baumrind","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baumrind\n S,\n \n \n Miller\n D.\n \n \n Computer-aided head film analysis: the University of California San Francisco method.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1980;\n\t\t\t\t\t78:\n\t\t\t\t\t41\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t65."}],"container-title":["The Angle 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