{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:36:06Z","timestamp":1782480966004,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the periodontal health of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth retained with two types of fixed retainers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A fixed straight retainer (SR) group had 39 subjects, and a fixed wave retainer (WR) group had 35 subjects. Subjects were between the ages of 13 and 22 years and had been in fixed retention for 2 to 4 years. Pocket probing depths, bleeding on probing, plaque index, calculus index, recession, and gingival crevicular fluid volume were compared between the two retainer groups. A four-question oral hygiene survey was given to each subject. The Mann-Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test and Fisher exact test was used to analyze the data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was no clinically significant difference between the retainer groups regarding plaque index, gingival crevicular fluid volume, calculus index, recession, bleeding on probing, and pocket probing depths. A statistically significant increase in the reported frequency of flossing (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a .006) and ease of flossing (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) was associated with the WR group. There was no significant difference between the groups in reported frequency of brushing and comfort of the retainer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under the conditions of this study, no clinical difference was found in the periodontal health of anterior teeth retained with a SR or WR for a period of 2 to 4 years. Subjects in the WR group reported an increase in frequency and ease of flossing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/060314-398.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T10:04:13Z","timestamp":1412676253000},"page":"699-705","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Periodontal health of anterior teeth with two types of fixed retainers"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Andrew I.","family":"Corbett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practice, Ukiah, Calif."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. Leroy","family":"Leggitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Loma Linda University, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, Calif."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Angelov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Dentistry, Houston, Tex."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Departments of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Loma Linda University, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, Calif."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Dean for Strategic Initiatives and Faculty Practice; Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthodontics, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, Calif."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"553","article-title":"JCO study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures. Part 1. Results and trends","volume":"36","author":"Keim\n              RG,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keim\n              RG, \n            \n              Gottlieb\n              EL, \n            \n              Nelson\n              AH, \n            \n              Vogels\n              DS\n              3rd. \n          \n          JCO study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures. Part 1. Results and trends. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36:553\u2013568."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"520","article-title":"Evaluation of retention protocols among members of the American Association of Orthodontists in the United States","volume":"140","author":"Prat\n              MC,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Prat\n              MC, \n            \n              Kluemper\n              GT, \n            \n              Hartsfield\n              JK\n              Jr, \n            \n              Fardo\n              D, \n            \n              Nash\n              DA. \n          \n          Evaluation of retention protocols among members of the American Association of Orthodontists in the United States. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:520\u2013526."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"112","article-title":"Caries and periodontal reactions associated with long-term use of different types of bonded lingual retainers","volume":"86","author":"Artun\n              J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Artun\n              J. \n          \n          Caries and periodontal reactions associated with long-term use of different types of bonded lingual retainers. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:112\u2013118."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"490","article-title":"Direct-bonded lingual retainer","volume":"23","author":"Lew\n              K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lew\n              K. \n          \n          Direct-bonded lingual retainer. J Clin Orthod. 1989;23:490\u2013491."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"2087","article-title":"The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health","volume":"79","author":"Levin\n              L,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levin\n              L, \n            \n              Samorodnitzky-Naveh\n              GR, \n            \n              Machtei\n              EE. \n          \n          The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health. J Periodontol. 2008;79:2087\u20132092."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"89","article-title":"Hygiene status associated with different types of bonded, orthodontic canine-to-canine retainers","volume":"14","author":"\u00c2rtun\n              J,","year":"1987","unstructured":"\u00c2rtun\n              J, \n            \n              Spadafora\n              AT, \n            \n              Shapiro\n              PA, \n            \n              McNeill\n              RW, \n            \n              Chapko\n              MK. \n          \n          Hygiene status associated with different types of bonded, orthodontic canine-to-canine retainers. J Clin Periodontol. 1987;14:89\u201394."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"471","article-title":"Long-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention","volume":"29","author":"Pandis\n              N,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pandis\n              N, \n            \n              Vlahopoulos\n              K, \n            \n              Madianos\n              P, \n            \n              Eliades\n              T. \n          \n          Long-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:471\u2013476."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"J Ir Dent Assoc","first-page":"29","article-title":"Orthodontic bonded retainers","volume":"51","author":"Butler\n              J,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Butler\n              J, \n            \n              Dowling\n              P. \n          \n          Orthodontic bonded retainers. J Ir Dent Assoc. 2005;51:29\u201332."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Impact of orthodontic retainers on periodontal health status assessed by biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"81","author":"Rody\n              WJ\n              Jr,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rody\n              WJ\n              Jr, \n            \n              Akhlaghi\n              H, \n            \n              Akyalcin\n              S, \n            \n              Wiltshire\n              WA, \n            \n              Wijegunasinghe\n              M, \n            \n              Filho\n              GN. \n          \n          Impact of orthodontic retainers on periodontal health status assessed by biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:1083\u20131089."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"70","article-title":"Twenty-year follow-up of patients with permanently bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers","volume":"133","author":"Booth\n              FA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Booth\n              FA, \n            \n              Edelman\n              JM, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR. \n          \n          Twenty-year follow-up of patients with permanently bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:70\u201376."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"142","article-title":"Gingival health and relapse tendency: a prospective study of two types of lower fixed retainers","volume":"25","author":"Al-Nimri\n              K,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al-Nimri\n              K, \n            \n              Al Habashneh\n              R, \n            \n              Obeidat\n              M. \n          \n          Gingival health and relapse tendency: a prospective study of two types of lower fixed retainers. Aust Orthod J. 2009;25:142\u2013146."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"610","article-title":"The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index Systems","volume":"38","author":"L\u00f6e\n              H.","year":"1967","unstructured":"L\u00f6e\n              H. \n          \n          The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index Systems. J Periodontol. 1967;38:610."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"7","article-title":"The simplified oral hygiene index","volume":"68","author":"Greene\n              JC,","year":"1964","unstructured":"Greene\n              JC, \n            \n              Vermilion\n              JR. \n          \n          The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc. 1964;68:7\u201313."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"481","article-title":"Methodological considerations in the assessment of gingival crevicular fluid volume","volume":"27","author":"Deinzer\n              R,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deinzer\n              R, \n            \n              Mossanen\n              BS, \n            \n              Herforth\n              A. \n          \n          Methodological considerations in the assessment of gingival crevicular fluid volume. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27:481\u2013488."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Periodontology 2000","first-page":"43","article-title":"Gingival crevice fluid flow","volume":"31","author":"Goodson\n              JM.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goodson\n              JM. \n          \n          Gingival crevice fluid flow. Periodontology 2000. 2003;31:43\u201354."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Int J Dent Hyg","first-page":"265","article-title":"The efficacy of dental floss in addition to a toothbrush on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Bercheir\n              CE,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bercheir\n              CE, \n            \n              Slot\n              DE, \n            \n              Haps\n              S, \n            \n              Van der Weijden\n              GA. \n          \n          The efficacy of dental floss in addition to a toothbrush on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6:265\u2013279."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD008829","article-title":"Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults","volume":"12","author":"Sambunjak\n              D,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sambunjak\n              D, \n            \n              Nickerson\n              JW, \n            \n              Poklepovic\n              T, \n            et al. \n          Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;12:CD008829."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"553","article-title":"JCO study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures. Part 1. Results and trends","volume":"36","author":"Keim\n              RG,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keim\n              RG, \n            \n              Gottlieb\n              EL, \n            \n              Nelson\n              AH, \n            \n              Vogels\n              DS\n              3rd. \n          \n          JCO study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures. Part 1. Results and trends. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36:553\u2013568."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"520","article-title":"Evaluation of retention protocols among members of the American Association of Orthodontists in the United States","volume":"140","author":"Prat\n              MC,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Prat\n              MC, \n            \n              Kluemper\n              GT, \n            \n              Hartsfield\n              JK\n              Jr, \n            \n              Fardo\n              D, \n            \n              Nash\n              DA. \n          \n          Evaluation of retention protocols among members of the American Association of Orthodontists in the United States. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:520\u2013526."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"112","article-title":"Caries and periodontal reactions associated with long-term use of different types of bonded lingual retainers","volume":"86","author":"Artun\n              J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Artun\n              J. \n          \n          Caries and periodontal reactions associated with long-term use of different types of bonded lingual retainers. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:112\u2013118."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"490","article-title":"Direct-bonded lingual retainer","volume":"23","author":"Lew\n              K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lew\n              K. \n          \n          Direct-bonded lingual retainer. J Clin Orthod. 1989;23:490\u2013491."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"2087","article-title":"The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health","volume":"79","author":"Levin\n              L,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levin\n              L, \n            \n              Samorodnitzky-Naveh\n              GR, \n            \n              Machtei\n              EE. \n          \n          The association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health. J Periodontol. 2008;79:2087\u20132092."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"89","article-title":"Hygiene status associated with different types of bonded, orthodontic canine-to-canine retainers","volume":"14","author":"\u00c2rtun\n              J,","year":"1987","unstructured":"\u00c2rtun\n              J, \n            \n              Spadafora\n              AT, \n            \n              Shapiro\n              PA, \n            \n              McNeill\n              RW, \n            \n              Chapko\n              MK. \n          \n          Hygiene status associated with different types of bonded, orthodontic canine-to-canine retainers. J Clin Periodontol. 1987;14:89\u201394."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"471","article-title":"Long-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention","volume":"29","author":"Pandis\n              N,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pandis\n              N, \n            \n              Vlahopoulos\n              K, \n            \n              Madianos\n              P, \n            \n              Eliades\n              T. \n          \n          Long-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:471\u2013476."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"J Ir Dent Assoc","first-page":"29","article-title":"Orthodontic bonded retainers","volume":"51","author":"Butler\n              J,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Butler\n              J, \n            \n              Dowling\n              P. \n          \n          Orthodontic bonded retainers. J Ir Dent Assoc. 2005;51:29\u201332."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Impact of orthodontic retainers on periodontal health status assessed by biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"81","author":"Rody\n              WJ\n              Jr,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rody\n              WJ\n              Jr, \n            \n              Akhlaghi\n              H, \n            \n              Akyalcin\n              S, \n            \n              Wiltshire\n              WA, \n            \n              Wijegunasinghe\n              M, \n            \n              Filho\n              GN. \n          \n          Impact of orthodontic retainers on periodontal health status assessed by biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:1083\u20131089."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"70","article-title":"Twenty-year follow-up of patients with permanently bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers","volume":"133","author":"Booth\n              FA,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Booth\n              FA, \n            \n              Edelman\n              JM, \n            \n              Proffit\n              WR. \n          \n          Twenty-year follow-up of patients with permanently bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:70\u201376."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"142","article-title":"Gingival health and relapse tendency: a prospective study of two types of lower fixed retainers","volume":"25","author":"Al-Nimri\n              K,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al-Nimri\n              K, \n            \n              Al Habashneh\n              R, \n            \n              Obeidat\n              M. \n          \n          Gingival health and relapse tendency: a prospective study of two types of lower fixed retainers. Aust Orthod J. 2009;25:142\u2013146."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"610","article-title":"The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index Systems","volume":"38","author":"L\u00f6e\n              H.","year":"1967","unstructured":"L\u00f6e\n              H. \n          \n          The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index Systems. J Periodontol. 1967;38:610."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"7","article-title":"The simplified oral hygiene index","volume":"68","author":"Greene\n              JC,","year":"1964","unstructured":"Greene\n              JC, \n            \n              Vermilion\n              JR. \n          \n          The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc. 1964;68:7\u201313."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"J Clin Periodontol","first-page":"481","article-title":"Methodological considerations in the assessment of gingival crevicular fluid volume","volume":"27","author":"Deinzer\n              R,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deinzer\n              R, \n            \n              Mossanen\n              BS, \n            \n              Herforth\n              A. \n          \n          Methodological considerations in the assessment of gingival crevicular fluid volume. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27:481\u2013488."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Periodontology 2000","first-page":"43","article-title":"Gingival crevice fluid flow","volume":"31","author":"Goodson\n              JM.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goodson\n              JM. \n          \n          Gingival crevice fluid flow. Periodontology 2000. 2003;31:43\u201354."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Int J Dent Hyg","first-page":"265","article-title":"The efficacy of dental floss in addition to a toothbrush on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Bercheir\n              CE,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bercheir\n              CE, \n            \n              Slot\n              DE, \n            \n              Haps\n              S, \n            \n              Van der Weijden\n              GA. \n          \n          The efficacy of dental floss in addition to a toothbrush on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6:265\u2013279."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD008829","article-title":"Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults","volume":"12","author":"Sambunjak\n              D,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sambunjak\n              D, \n            \n              Nickerson\n              JW, \n            \n              Poklepovic\n              T, \n            et al. \n          Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults. 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