{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:55:10Z","timestamp":1781744110815,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine failure rates of orthodontic-surgical treatment for maxillary and mandibular impacted canines and identify patient- and treatment-related risk factors of failure, increased duration, and need for surgical reintervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Panoramic radiographs and clinical records of patients who consecutively visited the Postgraduate Clinic of the Department of Orthodontics of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, were retrospectively retrieved and analyzed. Two statistical analyses were conducted, using canine and patient as units of analysis, respectively, to account for bilaterally impacted canines, resulting in multiple observations per individual. Linear and logistic regression models were employed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 84 patients with 106 impacted canines were included. An overall failure rate of 11.3% was reported. With canine as the analysis unit, age was the only significant risk factor for failure, while both age and exposure technique were linked to the need for reintervention. In the mixed-effects regression model, age remained the only significant risk factor for both failure and reintervention. Regarding increased duration, an association was detected with increased angulation, proximity to midline, and closed exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased age is a significant risk factor for treatment failure and surgical reintervention of impacted canines, while greater angulation, proximity to midline, and closed over open exposure may be associated with prolonged treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/061625-486.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T02:54:15Z","timestamp":1771210455000},"page":"404-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Failure rates and associated risk factors of orthodontic-surgical treatment for impacted canines"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Ioannis P.","family":"Zogakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysanthi","family":"Anagnostou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Department of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioulia","family":"Ioannidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor (retired), Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moschos A.","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Chaushu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b01","series-title":"Orthodontic Treatment of Impacted Teeth","first-page":"1","article-title":"General principles related to the diagnosis and treatment of impacted teeth","author":"Becker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Becker A. General principles related to the diagnosis and treatment of impacted teeth. In: Orthodontic Treatment of Impacted Teeth. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2022:1\u201311."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"283","article-title":"Early treatment of palatally erupting maxillary canines by extraction of the primary canines","volume":"10","author":"Ericson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ericson S,\nKurol J. Early treatment of palatally erupting maxillary canines by extraction of the primary canines. Eur J Orthod. 1988;10:283\u2013295. doi:10.1093\/ejo\/10.4.283"},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b03","series-title":"Semin. Orthod","first-page":"27","article-title":"Surgical exposure of impacted canines: open or closed surgery","volume":"22","author":"Becker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Becker A,\nZogakis I,\nLuchian I,\nChaushu S. Surgical exposure of impacted canines: open or closed surgery? Semin. Orthod. 2016;22:27\u201333."},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"509","article-title":"Success rate and duration of orthodontic treatment for adult patients with palatally impacted maxillary canines","volume":"124","author":"Becker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Becker A,\nChaushu S. Success rate and duration of orthodontic treatment for adult patients with palatally impacted maxillary canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:509\u2013514. doi:10.2319\/090812-716.1"},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b05","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"772","article-title":"Assessment of radiographic factors affecting surgical exposure and orthodontic alignment of impacted canines of the palate: a 15-year retrospective study","volume":"107","author":"Motamedi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Motamedi MH,\nTabatabaie FA,\nNavi F,\nShafeie HA,\nFard BK,\nHayati Z. Assessment of radiographic factors affecting surgical exposure and orthodontic alignment of impacted canines of the palate: a 15-year retrospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107:772\u2013775. doi:10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.12.022"},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"342","article-title":"Effect of surgical exposure technique, age, and grade of impaction on ankylosis of an impacted canine, and the effect of rapid palatal expansion on eruption: a prospective clinical study","volume":"143","author":"Koutzoglou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koutzoglou SI,\nKostaki A. Effect of surgical exposure technique, age, and grade of impaction on ankylosis of an impacted canine, and the effect of rapid palatal expansion on eruption: a prospective clinical study. 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Eur Oral Res. 2019;53:132\u2013136. doi:10.26650\/eor.20190055"},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e461","article-title":"Surgically assisted orthodontic alignment of impacted maxillary canines: a retrospective analysis of functional and esthetic outcomes and risk factors for failure","volume":"159","author":"Grisar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grisar K,\nFransen J,\nSmeets M, et al. Surgically assisted orthodontic alignment of impacted maxillary canines: a retrospective analysis of functional and esthetic outcomes and risk factors for failure. 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Angle Orthod. 2007;77:571\u2013577. doi:10.2319\/080406-318.1"},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"442","article-title":"Influence of radiographic position of ectopic canines on the duration of orthodontic treatment","volume":"79","author":"Fleming","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fleming PS,\nScott P,\nHeidari N,\nDibiase AT. Influence of radiographic position of ectopic canines on the duration of orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:442\u2013446. doi:10.2319\/042708-238.1"},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"55","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of treatment time and efficiency of a predictable cantilever system for orthodontic extrusion of impacted maxillary canines","volume":"154","author":"Iancu Potrubacz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iancu Potrubacz M,\nChimenti C,\nMarchione L,\nTepedino M. Retrospective evaluation of treatment time and efficiency of a predictable cantilever system for orthodontic extrusion of impacted maxillary canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;154:55\u201364. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.10.027"},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"808","article-title":"Factors affecting forced eruption duration of impacted and labially displaced canines","volume":"156","author":"Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin H,\nPark M,\nChae JM,\nLee J,\nLim HJ,\nKim BC. Factors affecting forced eruption duration of impacted and labially displaced canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2019;156:808\u2013817. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.12.025"},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"266","article-title":"Factors influencing treatment duration of impacted maxillary canines","volume":"95","author":"Vasovi\u0107","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vasovi\u0107 D,\nPajevi\u0107 T,\nVu\u010di\u0107 L,\nGli\u0161i\u0107 B,\nJuloski J. Factors influencing treatment duration of impacted maxillary canines. Angle Orthod. 2025;95:266\u2013273. doi:10.2319\/080824-643.1"},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b17","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"843","article-title":"Influence of repeat surgery on treatment time in the interdisciplinary management of impacted maxillary canines: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Bertl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertl MH,\nFoltin A,\nGiannis K,\nVasak C,\nBernhart T,\nStrbac GD. Influence of repeat surgery on treatment time in the interdisciplinary management of impacted maxillary canines: a retrospective cohort study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2016;44:843\u2013847. doi:10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.04.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"391","article-title":"Influence of maxillary canine impaction characteristics and factors associated with orthodontic treatment on the duration of active orthodontic traction","volume":"156","author":"Arriola-Guill\u00e9n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arriola-Guill\u00e9n LE,\nAliaga-Del Castillo A,\nRu\u00edz-Mora GA,\nRodr\u00edguez-C\u00e1rdenas YA,\nDias-Da Silveira HL. Influence of maxillary canine impaction characteristics and factors associated with orthodontic treatment on the duration of active orthodontic traction. 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BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):877. doi:10.1186\/s12903-024-04662-3"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b20","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"919","article-title":"Comparisons of different treatment methods and their outcomes for impacted maxillary and mandibular canines: a retrospective study","volume":"152","author":"Stabry\u0142a","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stabry\u0142a J,\nPlakwicz P,\nKuku\u0142a K,\nZadurska M,\nCzochrowska EM. Comparisons of different treatment methods and their outcomes for impacted maxillary and mandibular canines: a retrospective study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2021;152(11):919\u2013926. doi:10.1016\/j.adaj.2021.05.015"},{"key":"i1945-7103-96-4-404-b21","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"511","article-title":"The use of panoramic radiographs to localize displaced maxillary canines","volume":"88","author":"Chaushu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chaushu S,\nChaushu G,\nBecker A. 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