{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:34:16Z","timestamp":1783953256129,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To determine whether the achieved mandibular central incisor lingual root torque (LRT) changes matched the planned changes after treatment with an initial series of Invisalign aligners when \u226510\u00b0 of torque change was planned.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n A sample of adult patients who underwent treatment with the Invisalign appliance between 2013 and 2021 were evaluated. The pretreatment, planned, and achieved posttreatment digital models were measured using Geomagic Control X metrology software. The effect of age, number of prescribed aligners, sex, the presence of power ridges (PRs), and differing weekly wear protocols (WPs) in relation to the achieved LRT changes were determined.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Seventy mandibular central incisors from 35 patients satisfied inclusion criteria. The accuracy of the achieved lower incisor LRT compared with that planned was 58.2%. Underexpression of planned torque changes was observed in most incisors (N = 66; 94.3%), with a clinically significant shortfall (\u22655\u00b0) observed in 68.6% (N = 42) teeth. Patient age, sex, the WP, or the presence of PRs did not influence the differences between planned and achieved outcomes (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > .05). The prescribed number of aligners was influential in the difference between the planned and achieved torque outcomes (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Underexpression of mandibular central incisor root torque was observed in most incisors in patients when \u226510\u00b0 change in LRT was planned. Lower incisor LRT was not significantly affected by the presence of PRs or differences in WPs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/061724-473.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T20:01:09Z","timestamp":1727121669000},"page":"12-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Efficacy of planned moderate to severe torque changes in mandibular central incisors with an initial series of Invisalign aligners: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Nancy","family":"Rajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice J.","family":"Meade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b01","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod","first-page":"12","article-title":"Biomechanics of clear aligners: hidden truths & first principles","volume":"11","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Upadhyay\n M,\n \n \n Arqub\n SA.\n \n \n Biomechanics of clear aligners: hidden truths & first principles. J World Fed Orthod. 2022;11:12\u201321."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e302","article-title":"A survey of orthodontic clear aligner practices among orthodontists","volume":"162","author":"Meade","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meade\n MJ,\n \n \n Weir\n T.\n \n \n A survey of orthodontic clear aligner practices among orthodontists. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2022;162:e302\u2013e311."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b03","series-title":"AJO-DO Clin Companion","first-page":"311","article-title":"Emerging insights and new developments in clear aligner therapy (CAT)\u2014a review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Hartshorne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hartshorne\n J,\n \n \n Wertheimer\n M.\n \n \n Emerging insights and new developments in clear aligner therapy (CAT)\u2014a review of the literature. AJO-DO Clin Companion. 2022;2:311\u2013324."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b04","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"361","article-title":"Digital treatment planning and clear aligner therapy: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Meade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meade\n MJ,\n \n \n Ng,\n E,\n \n \n Weir\n T.\n \n \n Digital treatment planning and clear aligner therapy: a retrospective cohort study. J Orthod. 2023;50:361\u2013366."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"275","article-title":"Occlusal contacts and treatment with the Invisalign\u00ae appliance: a retrospective analysis of predicted versus achieved outcomes","volume":"93","author":"Bowman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bowman\n E,\n \n \n Bowman\n P,\n \n \n Weir\n T,\n \n \n Dreyer\n C,\n \n \n Meade\n MJ.\n \n \n Occlusal contacts and treatment with the Invisalign\u00ae appliance: a retrospective analysis of predicted versus achieved outcomes. Angle Orthod. 2023;93:275\u2013281."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"201","article-title":"Torque expression in stainless steel orthodontic brackets: a systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Archambault","year":"2010","unstructured":"Archambault\n A,\n \n \n Lacoursiere\n R,\n \n \n Badawi\n H,\n \n \n Major\n PW,\n \n \n Carey\n J,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n Torque expression in stainless steel orthodontic brackets: a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:201\u2013210."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"296","article-title":"The six keys to normal occlusion","volume":"62","author":"Andrews","year":"1972","unstructured":"Andrews\n LF.\n \n \n The six keys to normal occlusion. Am J Orthod. 1972;62:296\u2013309."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b08","series-title":"J Dent","first-page":"198","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of anterior teeth torque values on the space occupied by six anterior teeth: a finite element analysis","volume":"23","author":"Edini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edini\n HZ,\n \n \n Fatemipour\n B,\n \n \n Mousavi\n M,\n \n \n Darijani\n H,\n \n \n Moeini\n M,\n \n \n Dehghan\n A.\n \n \n Evaluation of the effect of anterior teeth torque values on the space occupied by six anterior teeth: a finite element analysis. J Dent. 2022;23:198."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b09","series-title":"Br Dent J","first-page":"739","article-title":"The rationale for orthodontic retention: piecing together the jigsaw","volume":"230","author":"Millett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Millett\n D.\n \n \n The rationale for orthodontic retention: piecing together the jigsaw. Br Dent J. 2021;230:739\u2013749."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b10","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"9341821","article-title":"Buccolingual inclination control of upper central incisors of aligners: a comparison with conventional and self-ligating brackets","author":"Sfondrini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sfondrini\n MF,\n \n \n Gandini\n P,\n \n \n Castroflorio\n T,\n \n et al.\n \n Buccolingual inclination control of upper central incisors of aligners: a comparison with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Biomed Res Int. 2018;9341821."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"12.e1","article-title":"Influence of thermoplastic appliance thickness on the magnitude of force delivered to a maxillary central incisor during tipping","volume":"136","author":"Hahn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hahn\n W,\n \n \n Dathe\n H,\n \n \n Fialka-Fricke\n J,\n \n et al.\n \n Influence of thermoplastic appliance thickness on the magnitude of force delivered to a maxillary central incisor during tipping. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:12.e1\u201312.e17."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b12","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"3","article-title":"Reliability of torque expression by the Invisalign appliance: a retrospective study","volume":"37","author":"Gaddam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaddam\n R,\n \n \n Freer\n E,\n \n \n Kerr\n B,\n \n \n Weir\n T.\n \n \n Reliability of torque expression by the Invisalign appliance: a retrospective study. Aust Orthod J. 2021;37:3\u201313."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b13","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"4289","article-title":"Are aligners capable of inducing palatal bodily translation or palatal root torque of upper central incisors? A biomechanical in vitro study","volume":"27","author":"Elkholy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elkholy\n F,\n \n \n Weber\n S,\n \n \n Repky\n S,\n \n \n J\u00e4ger\n R,\n \n \n Schmidt\n F,\n \n \n Lapatki\n BG.\n \n \n Are aligners capable of inducing palatal bodily translation or palatal root torque of upper central incisors? A biomechanical in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27:4289\u20134300."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"420","article-title":"Has Invisalign improved? A prospective follow-up study on the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign","volume":"158","author":"Haouili","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haouili\n N,\n \n \n Kravitz\n ND,\n \n \n Vaid\n NR,\n \n \n Ferguson\n DJ,\n \n \n Makki\n L.\n \n \n Has Invisalign improved? A prospective follow-up study on the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2020;158:420\u2013425."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b15","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"133","article-title":"Effectiveness of clear aligner therapy for orthodontic treatment: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Robertson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robertson\n L,\n \n \n Kaur\n H,\n \n \n Fagundes\n NC,\n \n \n Romanyk\n D,\n \n \n Major\n P,\n \n \n Flores Mir\n C.\n \n \n Effectiveness of clear aligner therapy for orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2020;23:133\u2013142."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b16","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficacy of upper-incisor torque control with clear aligners: a retrospective study using cone-beam computed tomography","author":"Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong\n Y-Y,\n \n \n Zhou\n M-Q,\n \n \n Cai\n C-Y,\n \n et al.\n \n Efficacy of upper-incisor torque control with clear aligners: a retrospective study using cone-beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Investig. 2023:1\u201311."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"27","article-title":"How well does Invisalign work? A prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign","volume":"135","author":"Kravitz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kravitz\n ND,\n \n \n Kusnoto\n B,\n \n \n Begole\n A,\n \n \n Obrez\n A,\n \n \n Agran\n B.\n \n \n How well does Invisalign work? A prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:27\u201335."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b18","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"7","article-title":"Treatment outcome and efficacy of an aligner technique\u2014regarding incisor torque, premolar derotation and molar distalization","volume":"14","author":"Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon\n M,\n \n \n Keilig\n L,\n \n \n Schwarze\n J,\n \n \n Jung\n BA,\n \n \n Bourauel\n C.\n \n \n Treatment outcome and efficacy of an aligner technique\u2014regarding incisor torque, premolar derotation and molar distalization. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:1\u20137."},{"issue":"24","key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S0889","article-title":"Efficacy of planned moderate to severe torque changes in maxillary central incisors with the Invisalign appliance: a retrospective investigation","author":"Rajan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rajan\n N,\n \n \n Weir\n T,\n \n \n Meade\n MJ.\n \n \n Efficacy of planned moderate to severe torque changes in maxillary central incisors with the Invisalign appliance: a retrospective investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2024:S0889-5406(24)00234-8. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2024.06.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b20","series-title":"Prog Orthod","article-title":"Predictability of orthodontic movement with orthodontic aligners: a retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Lombardo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lombardo\n L,\n \n \n Arreghini\n A,\n \n \n Ramina\n F,\n \n \n Huanca Ghislanzoni\n LT,\n \n \n Siciliani\n G.\n \n \n Predictability of orthodontic movement with orthodontic aligners: a retrospective study. Prog Orthod. 2017;18:1\u201312."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b21","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predictability of lower incisor tip using clear aligner therapy","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith\n JM,\n \n \n Weir\n T,\n \n \n Kaang\n A,\n \n \n Farella\n M.\n \n \n Predictability of lower incisor tip using clear aligner therapy. Prog Orthod. 2022;23:1\u20132."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b22","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"9","article-title":"Movement of anterior teeth using clear aligners: a three-dimensional, retrospective evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Tepedino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tepedino\n M,\n \n \n Paoloni\n V,\n \n \n Cozza\n P,\n \n \n Chimenti\n C.\n \n \n Movement of anterior teeth using clear aligners: a three-dimensional, retrospective evaluation. Prog Orthod. 2018;19:9."},{"issue":"24","key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b23","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S0889","article-title":"Comparison of digital study model superimposition methods using implant supported crowns and best fit algorithms","author":"Meade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meade\n MJ,\n \n \n Weir\n T,\n \n \n Byrne\n G.\n \n \n Comparison of digital study model superimposition methods using implant supported crowns and best fit algorithms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2024:S0889-5406(24)00235-X. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2024.06.009"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b24","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"151","article-title":"Comparison of labio-palatal incisor movement between two wear protocols: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"94","author":"Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei\n M,\n \n \n Weir\n T,\n \n \n Kerr\n B,\n \n \n Freer\n E.\n \n \n Comparison of labio-palatal incisor movement between two wear protocols: a retrospective cohort study. Angle Orthod. 2024;94:151\u2013158."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"635","article-title":"A cone-beam computed tomographic study evaluating the efficacy of incisor movement with clear aligners: assessment of incisor pure tipping, controlled tipping, translation, and torque","volume":"159","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang\n T,\n \n \n Jiang\n Y-N,\n \n \n Chu\n F-T,\n \n \n Lu\n P-J,\n \n \n Tang\n G-H.\n \n \n A cone-beam computed tomographic study evaluating the efficacy of incisor movement with clear aligners: assessment of incisor pure tipping, controlled tipping, translation, and torque. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2021;159:635\u2013643."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b26","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dimensional variability of orthodontic slots and archwires: an analysis of torque expression and clinical implications","volume":"21","author":"Tepedino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tepedino\n M,\n \n \n Paiella\n G,\n \n \n Iancu Potrubacz\n M,\n \n \n Monaco\n A,\n \n \n Gatto\n R,\n \n \n Chimenti\n C.\n \n \n Dimensional variability of orthodontic slots and archwires: an analysis of torque expression and clinical implications. Prog Orthod. 2020;21:1\u20132."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b01","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod","first-page":"12","article-title":"Biomechanics of clear aligners: hidden truths & first principles","volume":"11","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Upadhyay\n M,\n \n \n Arqub\n SA.\n \n \n Biomechanics of clear aligners: hidden truths & first principles. J World Fed Orthod. 2022;11:12\u201321."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e302","article-title":"A survey of orthodontic clear aligner practices among orthodontists","volume":"162","author":"Meade","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meade\n MJ,\n \n \n Weir\n T.\n \n \n A survey of orthodontic clear aligner practices among orthodontists. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2022;162:e302\u2013e311."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b03","series-title":"AJO-DO Clin Companion","first-page":"311","article-title":"Emerging insights and new developments in clear aligner therapy (CAT)\u2014a review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Hartshorne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hartshorne\n J,\n \n \n Wertheimer\n M.\n \n \n Emerging insights and new developments in clear aligner therapy (CAT)\u2014a review of the literature. AJO-DO Clin Companion. 2022;2:311\u2013324."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b04","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"361","article-title":"Digital treatment planning and clear aligner therapy: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Meade","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meade\n MJ,\n \n \n Ng,\n E,\n \n \n Weir\n T.\n \n \n Digital treatment planning and clear aligner therapy: a retrospective cohort study. J Orthod. 2023;50:361\u2013366."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"275","article-title":"Occlusal contacts and treatment with the Invisalign\u00ae appliance: a retrospective analysis of predicted versus achieved outcomes","volume":"93","author":"Bowman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bowman\n E,\n \n \n Bowman\n P,\n \n \n Weir\n T,\n \n \n Dreyer\n C,\n \n \n Meade\n MJ.\n \n \n Occlusal contacts and treatment with the Invisalign\u00ae appliance: a retrospective analysis of predicted versus achieved outcomes. Angle Orthod. 2023;93:275\u2013281."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"201","article-title":"Torque expression in stainless steel orthodontic brackets: a systematic review","volume":"80","author":"Archambault","year":"2010","unstructured":"Archambault\n A,\n \n \n Lacoursiere\n R,\n \n \n Badawi\n H,\n \n \n Major\n PW,\n \n \n Carey\n J,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n Torque expression in stainless steel orthodontic brackets: a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:201\u2013210."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"296","article-title":"The six keys to normal occlusion","volume":"62","author":"Andrews","year":"1972","unstructured":"Andrews\n LF.\n \n \n The six keys to normal occlusion. Am J Orthod. 1972;62:296\u2013309."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b08","series-title":"J Dent","first-page":"198","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of anterior teeth torque values on the space occupied by six anterior teeth: a finite element analysis","volume":"23","author":"Edini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edini\n HZ,\n \n \n Fatemipour\n B,\n \n \n Mousavi\n M,\n \n \n Darijani\n H,\n \n \n Moeini\n M,\n \n \n Dehghan\n A.\n \n \n Evaluation of the effect of anterior teeth torque values on the space occupied by six anterior teeth: a finite element analysis. J Dent. 2022;23:198."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b09","series-title":"Br Dent J","first-page":"739","article-title":"The rationale for orthodontic retention: piecing together the jigsaw","volume":"230","author":"Millett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Millett\n D.\n \n \n The rationale for orthodontic retention: piecing together the jigsaw. Br Dent J. 2021;230:739\u2013749."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b10","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"9341821","article-title":"Buccolingual inclination control of upper central incisors of aligners: a comparison with conventional and self-ligating brackets","author":"Sfondrini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sfondrini\n MF,\n \n \n Gandini\n P,\n \n \n Castroflorio\n T,\n \n et al.\n \n Buccolingual inclination control of upper central incisors of aligners: a comparison with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Biomed Res Int. 2018;9341821."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"12.e1","article-title":"Influence of thermoplastic appliance thickness on the magnitude of force delivered to a maxillary central incisor during tipping","volume":"136","author":"Hahn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hahn\n W,\n \n \n Dathe\n H,\n \n \n Fialka-Fricke\n J,\n \n et al.\n \n Influence of thermoplastic appliance thickness on the magnitude of force delivered to a maxillary central incisor during tipping. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:12.e1\u201312.e17."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b12","series-title":"Aust Orthod J","first-page":"3","article-title":"Reliability of torque expression by the Invisalign appliance: a retrospective study","volume":"37","author":"Gaddam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaddam\n R,\n \n \n Freer\n E,\n \n \n Kerr\n B,\n \n \n Weir\n T.\n \n \n Reliability of torque expression by the Invisalign appliance: a retrospective study. Aust Orthod J. 2021;37:3\u201313."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b13","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"4289","article-title":"Are aligners capable of inducing palatal bodily translation or palatal root torque of upper central incisors? A biomechanical in vitro study","volume":"27","author":"Elkholy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elkholy\n F,\n \n \n Weber\n S,\n \n \n Repky\n S,\n \n \n J\u00e4ger\n R,\n \n \n Schmidt\n F,\n \n \n Lapatki\n BG.\n \n \n Are aligners capable of inducing palatal bodily translation or palatal root torque of upper central incisors? A biomechanical in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27:4289\u20134300."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"420","article-title":"Has Invisalign improved? A prospective follow-up study on the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign","volume":"158","author":"Haouili","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haouili\n N,\n \n \n Kravitz\n ND,\n \n \n Vaid\n NR,\n \n \n Ferguson\n DJ,\n \n \n Makki\n L.\n \n \n Has Invisalign improved? A prospective follow-up study on the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2020;158:420\u2013425."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b15","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"133","article-title":"Effectiveness of clear aligner therapy for orthodontic treatment: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Robertson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robertson\n L,\n \n \n Kaur\n H,\n \n \n Fagundes\n NC,\n \n \n Romanyk\n D,\n \n \n Major\n P,\n \n \n Flores Mir\n C.\n \n \n Effectiveness of clear aligner therapy for orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2020;23:133\u2013142."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b16","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficacy of upper-incisor torque control with clear aligners: a retrospective study using cone-beam computed tomography","author":"Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong\n Y-Y,\n \n \n Zhou\n M-Q,\n \n \n Cai\n C-Y,\n \n et al.\n \n Efficacy of upper-incisor torque control with clear aligners: a retrospective study using cone-beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Investig. 2023:1\u201311."},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"27","article-title":"How well does Invisalign work? A prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign","volume":"135","author":"Kravitz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kravitz\n ND,\n \n \n Kusnoto\n B,\n \n \n Begole\n A,\n \n \n Obrez\n A,\n \n \n Agran\n B.\n \n \n How well does Invisalign work? A prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:27\u201335."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b18","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"7","article-title":"Treatment outcome and efficacy of an aligner technique\u2014regarding incisor torque, premolar derotation and molar distalization","volume":"14","author":"Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon\n M,\n \n \n Keilig\n L,\n \n \n Schwarze\n J,\n \n \n Jung\n BA,\n \n \n Bourauel\n C.\n \n \n Treatment outcome and efficacy of an aligner technique\u2014regarding incisor torque, premolar derotation and molar distalization. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:1\u20137."},{"issue":"24","key":"i1945-7103-95-1-12-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"S0889","article-title":"Efficacy of planned moderate to severe torque changes in maxillary central incisors with the Invisalign appliance: a retrospective investigation","author":"Rajan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rajan\n N,\n \n \n Weir\n T,\n \n \n Meade\n MJ.\n \n \n Efficacy of planned moderate to severe torque changes in maxillary central incisors with the Invisalign appliance: a retrospective investigation. 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